Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.1177/00952443231184608
P. Saranya, D. Vanitha, K. Sundaramahalingam, M. Nandhinilakshmi
Biodegradable polymer films composed of Iota-Carrageenan and Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) were prepared by using the Solution Casting process. To investigate the optical property, different wt.% of CuSO4.5H2O were added to I-carrageenan polymer films. X-Ray diffraction analysis was used to study the structural properties of prepared electrolytes. FTIR study revealed the complexation between the polymer and the salt. The increase in the amorphous nature of the film by the addition of the salt was confirmed using an X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern. The functional group and interaction between the different components present in the polymer film are observed from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, implying that the addition of (CuSO4.5H2O) salt causes microstructural differences in the polymer film. The UV-Visible Spectrometer was used to record the optical properties like the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and optical bandgap energy of the polymer blend electrolytes. From this, it was observed that the absorption value was increased with the addition of salt. The optical band gap was also recorded and it was observed that 20 wt.% of CuSO4.5H2O added film was found to have a higher energy gap (4.3 eV) compared with the other.
{"title":"A study of optical properties of copper sulphate pentahydrate doped IOTA-carrageenan polymer electrolytes","authors":"P. Saranya, D. Vanitha, K. Sundaramahalingam, M. Nandhinilakshmi","doi":"10.1177/00952443231184608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231184608","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradable polymer films composed of Iota-Carrageenan and Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) were prepared by using the Solution Casting process. To investigate the optical property, different wt.% of CuSO4.5H2O were added to I-carrageenan polymer films. X-Ray diffraction analysis was used to study the structural properties of prepared electrolytes. FTIR study revealed the complexation between the polymer and the salt. The increase in the amorphous nature of the film by the addition of the salt was confirmed using an X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern. The functional group and interaction between the different components present in the polymer film are observed from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, implying that the addition of (CuSO4.5H2O) salt causes microstructural differences in the polymer film. The UV-Visible Spectrometer was used to record the optical properties like the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and optical bandgap energy of the polymer blend electrolytes. From this, it was observed that the absorption value was increased with the addition of salt. The optical band gap was also recorded and it was observed that 20 wt.% of CuSO4.5H2O added film was found to have a higher energy gap (4.3 eV) compared with the other.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"1 1","pages":"884 - 895"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76134746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-08DOI: 10.1177/00952443231183141
N. G. Karsli
Although petroleum-based polymers require a long process to decompose in nature, they still have a wide range of uses. However, due to many important reasons such as the environmental pollution problem caused by these polymers, there is an increasing interest in biodegradable polymers. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer with comparable performance to conventional polymers. However, due to its poor tribological, mechanical and thermal properties, the usage area of PLA cannot expand and its use is limited to short-term material applications. In this study, it was aimed to contribute to the expansion of the usage area of PLA by improving its poor properties. For this purpose, efficiency of graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) and/or Joncryl® addition to carbon fiber (CF) reinforced PLA matrix composites to improve the composite performance by means of improved interface interaction fiber and matrix was investigated. Within this scope, effects the separately and/or simultaneously addition of CF, GnP and Joncryl® to PLA on properties were investigated by tensile test, adhesive wear test, DSC, TGA and SEM analyses. All results revealed that the composite composition prepared by simultaneously addition of 10, 0.5 and 2 wt.% CF, GnP and Joncryl®, respectively, to pure PLA performed the best in all tests and analyses.
{"title":"Carbon fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites: Investigation the effects of graphene nanoplatelet and coupling agent addition","authors":"N. G. Karsli","doi":"10.1177/00952443231183141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231183141","url":null,"abstract":"Although petroleum-based polymers require a long process to decompose in nature, they still have a wide range of uses. However, due to many important reasons such as the environmental pollution problem caused by these polymers, there is an increasing interest in biodegradable polymers. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer with comparable performance to conventional polymers. However, due to its poor tribological, mechanical and thermal properties, the usage area of PLA cannot expand and its use is limited to short-term material applications. In this study, it was aimed to contribute to the expansion of the usage area of PLA by improving its poor properties. For this purpose, efficiency of graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) and/or Joncryl® addition to carbon fiber (CF) reinforced PLA matrix composites to improve the composite performance by means of improved interface interaction fiber and matrix was investigated. Within this scope, effects the separately and/or simultaneously addition of CF, GnP and Joncryl® to PLA on properties were investigated by tensile test, adhesive wear test, DSC, TGA and SEM analyses. All results revealed that the composite composition prepared by simultaneously addition of 10, 0.5 and 2 wt.% CF, GnP and Joncryl®, respectively, to pure PLA performed the best in all tests and analyses.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"50 1","pages":"858 - 883"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89795826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluorosilane-grafted iron oxide (F-Fe2O3) was prepared via surface grafting reaction between iron oxide and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. The effect of F-Fe2O3 on the tracking resistance (TR) of addition-cured liquid silicone rubber (ALSR) was investigated by the inclined-plane test (IPT), surface potential decay test (SPDT), thermogravimetry (TGA), corona aging test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). F-Fe2O3 delayed the occurrence of the intensive arc discharge and reduced the number of arc discharges. The corona resistance and TR of ALSR were effectively improved. ALSR/F-Fe2O3 with 0.15 phr F-Fe2O3 content passed the IPT at 4.5 kV, showing an erosion mass of 3.17%. The hydrophobicity and thermal stability of ALSR were also enhanced. The SPDT showed that F-Fe2O3 effectively dissipated charge. The results of thermal stability and corona resistance tests revealed that F-Fe2O3 could capture free radicals generated by the oxidation of methyl side groups of ALSR chains and thus inhibit the thermal degradation of ALSR during the arc discharge. Moreover, the charge dissipation by F-Fe2O3 could diminish the accumulation of charges in ALSR and reduce the damage of charges to the chains during arc discharge. Therefore, the TR of ALSR was enhanced.
{"title":"Enhancement of tracking resistance of silicone rubber through charge dissipation and radical capture by fluorosilane-grafted iron oxide","authors":"Chixin Xie, Xingrong Zeng, Hengchao Huang, Jinbo Jiang, Wanjuan Chen","doi":"10.1177/00952443231181854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231181854","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorosilane-grafted iron oxide (F-Fe2O3) was prepared via surface grafting reaction between iron oxide and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. The effect of F-Fe2O3 on the tracking resistance (TR) of addition-cured liquid silicone rubber (ALSR) was investigated by the inclined-plane test (IPT), surface potential decay test (SPDT), thermogravimetry (TGA), corona aging test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). F-Fe2O3 delayed the occurrence of the intensive arc discharge and reduced the number of arc discharges. The corona resistance and TR of ALSR were effectively improved. ALSR/F-Fe2O3 with 0.15 phr F-Fe2O3 content passed the IPT at 4.5 kV, showing an erosion mass of 3.17%. The hydrophobicity and thermal stability of ALSR were also enhanced. The SPDT showed that F-Fe2O3 effectively dissipated charge. The results of thermal stability and corona resistance tests revealed that F-Fe2O3 could capture free radicals generated by the oxidation of methyl side groups of ALSR chains and thus inhibit the thermal degradation of ALSR during the arc discharge. Moreover, the charge dissipation by F-Fe2O3 could diminish the accumulation of charges in ALSR and reduce the damage of charges to the chains during arc discharge. Therefore, the TR of ALSR was enhanced.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"124 1","pages":"838 - 857"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88019486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finding a relation between microstructure and properties of nanocomposites is challenging for engineers to control properties of polymeric systems by controlling their microstructure or to estimate their microstructure parameters by studying their properties. Since rheological properties can be obtained in stress or strain modes, sweep of temperatures, sweep of frequencies, amplitudes of applied stress or strains sweep and over the time, creating a relationship between rheological properties and microstructure of nanocomposites has a higher practical freedom. Also, rheological properties are highly affected by mixing quality, which is defined microstructure parameters of systems, so rheology can be applied as a tool to estimate the mixing quality of polymeric systems. Therefore, the present study aims to present the structural model for the rheological behavior of nanocomposites were produced under different mixing conditions and establish the relationship between rheological properties and microstructure of these nanocomposites and evaluate the presented structure with Small-angle X-ray scattering data. Thus, elastomeric nanocomposites were produced at different mixing speeds and times. The results indicated at the lower mixing intensity the agglomerates of nanoparticles are first distributed in the rubber system by increasing the time and speed of mixing so at those mixing condition rheological properties decreased. Finally at the higher mixing intensity the aggregates of these particles start to break so the rheological properties increased. Based on the rheological properties, distributing of particles reduces the rheological properties of nanocomposites, while breaking aggregates increases the rheological properties.
{"title":"Application of rheology as a tool to estimate the mixing quality of elastomeric nanocomposites and comparing with small-angle X-ray scattering microstructural study","authors":"Shahrzad Mahdizadeh Farsangi, Hajir Kourki, Hojatollah Moradi Shahrbabaki","doi":"10.1177/00952443231177694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231177694","url":null,"abstract":"Finding a relation between microstructure and properties of nanocomposites is challenging for engineers to control properties of polymeric systems by controlling their microstructure or to estimate their microstructure parameters by studying their properties. Since rheological properties can be obtained in stress or strain modes, sweep of temperatures, sweep of frequencies, amplitudes of applied stress or strains sweep and over the time, creating a relationship between rheological properties and microstructure of nanocomposites has a higher practical freedom. Also, rheological properties are highly affected by mixing quality, which is defined microstructure parameters of systems, so rheology can be applied as a tool to estimate the mixing quality of polymeric systems. Therefore, the present study aims to present the structural model for the rheological behavior of nanocomposites were produced under different mixing conditions and establish the relationship between rheological properties and microstructure of these nanocomposites and evaluate the presented structure with Small-angle X-ray scattering data. Thus, elastomeric nanocomposites were produced at different mixing speeds and times. The results indicated at the lower mixing intensity the agglomerates of nanoparticles are first distributed in the rubber system by increasing the time and speed of mixing so at those mixing condition rheological properties decreased. Finally at the higher mixing intensity the aggregates of these particles start to break so the rheological properties increased. Based on the rheological properties, distributing of particles reduces the rheological properties of nanocomposites, while breaking aggregates increases the rheological properties.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"21 1","pages":"822 - 837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80833483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.1177/00952443231177695
Edson Souza Cordeiro, C. Luna, Renata Arcelino da Silva, Renate Maria Ramos Wellen, L. D. de Carvalho, Dayanne Diniz de Souza
The addition effects of zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), and magnesium (Mg) based metallic stearates into poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix were investigated through torque rheometry, thermogravimetry (TG) and in the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). PLA compounds/metallic stearates were processed using an internal laboratory mixer with 0.25 wt% Zn, Co, and Mg. Torque rheometry results indicated that PLA/stearate compounds showed higher thermomechanical degradation during processing related to PLA. PLA viscosity is reduced upon stearates addition, especially in the compound with Zn. This behavior suggested PLA chain scission in the presence of metallic stearates during processing, corroborating the decrease in the torque plots. PLA/Zn started to lose weight at lower temperatures than the other compounds, indicating higher pro-oxidant potential. It was observed that Co and Zn significantly reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as PLA’s crystalline parameters, which suggests PLA’s molecular scission during processing, heading to greater flexibility and reducing Tg. Zn stearate was the most aggressive to PLA’s thermomechanical degradation, suggesting a stronger pro-degradant effect.
{"title":"On the Production of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Compounds with Metallic Stearates Based on Zinc, Magnesium and Cobalt. Investigation of Torque Rheometry and Thermal Properties","authors":"Edson Souza Cordeiro, C. Luna, Renata Arcelino da Silva, Renate Maria Ramos Wellen, L. D. de Carvalho, Dayanne Diniz de Souza","doi":"10.1177/00952443231177695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231177695","url":null,"abstract":"The addition effects of zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), and magnesium (Mg) based metallic stearates into poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix were investigated through torque rheometry, thermogravimetry (TG) and in the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). PLA compounds/metallic stearates were processed using an internal laboratory mixer with 0.25 wt% Zn, Co, and Mg. Torque rheometry results indicated that PLA/stearate compounds showed higher thermomechanical degradation during processing related to PLA. PLA viscosity is reduced upon stearates addition, especially in the compound with Zn. This behavior suggested PLA chain scission in the presence of metallic stearates during processing, corroborating the decrease in the torque plots. PLA/Zn started to lose weight at lower temperatures than the other compounds, indicating higher pro-oxidant potential. It was observed that Co and Zn significantly reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as PLA’s crystalline parameters, which suggests PLA’s molecular scission during processing, heading to greater flexibility and reducing Tg. Zn stearate was the most aggressive to PLA’s thermomechanical degradation, suggesting a stronger pro-degradant effect.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"85 1","pages":"805 - 821"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76340684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.1177/00952443231176046
Pushpendra Kumar, S. Penta, S. P. Mahapatra
Fluoroelastomer nanocomposites have been prepared using different concentrations (1-5 wt%) of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles through mechanical mixing and compression molding. The surface morphology of prepared fluoroelastomer/GO nanocomposites has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites show increase in hardness, tensile strength, modulus, toughness and decrease in elongation at break with the increasing of GO’s concentration. This can be attributed towards excellent distribution of GO nanoparticles in the fluoroelastomer matrix. The effect of GO nanoparticle concentration on rheological properties of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites like: loss factor, storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity have been studied as a function of temperature (5-100°C) and at different frequency 1, 10, and 100 Hz. The non-linear relationship between storage and loss moduli have been observed through Cole-Cole plots of fluoroelastomer/GO nanocomposites. The linear relationship of loss factor and storage modulus plots was explained on the basis of fluoroelastomer/GO interactions. The visco-elastic properties show increase in loss modulus, storage modulus, complex viscosity and decrease in loss factor with GO concentration, which can be attributed towards better fluoroelastomer-nanoparticle interactions.
{"title":"Effects of graphene oxide concentration and frequency on morphology, mechanical and rheological studies of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites","authors":"Pushpendra Kumar, S. Penta, S. P. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1177/00952443231176046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231176046","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoroelastomer nanocomposites have been prepared using different concentrations (1-5 wt%) of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles through mechanical mixing and compression molding. The surface morphology of prepared fluoroelastomer/GO nanocomposites has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites show increase in hardness, tensile strength, modulus, toughness and decrease in elongation at break with the increasing of GO’s concentration. This can be attributed towards excellent distribution of GO nanoparticles in the fluoroelastomer matrix. The effect of GO nanoparticle concentration on rheological properties of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites like: loss factor, storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity have been studied as a function of temperature (5-100°C) and at different frequency 1, 10, and 100 Hz. The non-linear relationship between storage and loss moduli have been observed through Cole-Cole plots of fluoroelastomer/GO nanocomposites. The linear relationship of loss factor and storage modulus plots was explained on the basis of fluoroelastomer/GO interactions. The visco-elastic properties show increase in loss modulus, storage modulus, complex viscosity and decrease in loss factor with GO concentration, which can be attributed towards better fluoroelastomer-nanoparticle interactions.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"40 1","pages":"787 - 802"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81531698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.1177/00952443231173827
Ruedee Jaratrotkamjorn, N. Hayeemasae, Z. Zakaria, A. Masa
Properties of cyclized natural rubbers (NR) with various degrees of cyclization (∼4-22%) were investigated in this study. Prior to compounding with rubber additives, the cyclized rubbers were initially prepared by dropping various concentrations of acid (5-30 wt%) to the NR latex, followed by coagulation and drying. The results revealed that the degree of cyclization increased with acid concentration. Increased ring structure formation in the modified NR tended to increase the torque difference during crosslinking, as the cyclic ring structures acted as steric hindrances. The crosslink density was found to decrease with increasing cyclization level due to the loss of active sites for crosslink formation, increasing swelling capability of the cyclized rubbers. The 100% and 300% moduli, tensile strength and extensibility of the NR reduced with increasing degree of cyclization due to a reduction of crosslink density. As a result of cyclic structure formation and a reduction of unsaturated double bonds in the NR, the stability of cyclized NR at elevated temperatures was improved over the pure NR, in a manner dependent on the level of cyclization. Single glass transition temperature was seen in the NR while two glass transition temperatures were noticed in the cyclized NR. The thermal stability of 22% cyclized NR was 50°C higher than that of the pure NR and the aging properties of the cyclized NRs were also greater mainly due to a reduction of unsaturated double bonds. This suggests that cyclized NR may find applications in products requiring thermal resistance.
{"title":"Influence of acid concentration on thermomechanical, tensile and thermal properties of cyclized natural rubber","authors":"Ruedee Jaratrotkamjorn, N. Hayeemasae, Z. Zakaria, A. Masa","doi":"10.1177/00952443231173827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231173827","url":null,"abstract":"Properties of cyclized natural rubbers (NR) with various degrees of cyclization (∼4-22%) were investigated in this study. Prior to compounding with rubber additives, the cyclized rubbers were initially prepared by dropping various concentrations of acid (5-30 wt%) to the NR latex, followed by coagulation and drying. The results revealed that the degree of cyclization increased with acid concentration. Increased ring structure formation in the modified NR tended to increase the torque difference during crosslinking, as the cyclic ring structures acted as steric hindrances. The crosslink density was found to decrease with increasing cyclization level due to the loss of active sites for crosslink formation, increasing swelling capability of the cyclized rubbers. The 100% and 300% moduli, tensile strength and extensibility of the NR reduced with increasing degree of cyclization due to a reduction of crosslink density. As a result of cyclic structure formation and a reduction of unsaturated double bonds in the NR, the stability of cyclized NR at elevated temperatures was improved over the pure NR, in a manner dependent on the level of cyclization. Single glass transition temperature was seen in the NR while two glass transition temperatures were noticed in the cyclized NR. The thermal stability of 22% cyclized NR was 50°C higher than that of the pure NR and the aging properties of the cyclized NRs were also greater mainly due to a reduction of unsaturated double bonds. This suggests that cyclized NR may find applications in products requiring thermal resistance.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"37 1","pages":"768 - 786"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75855476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1177/00952443231166145
E. Norton, A. Isayev
A correlation between the steady shear viscosity and complex dynamic viscosity of carbon black (CB) filled rubbers was found by evaluating the Cox-Merz rule and an alternative approach originally proposed by Philippoff for dilute polymer solutions, but since applied to amorphous polymers and concentrated suspensions. This was done by measuring the rheological properties of 16 industrially important rubber mixes containing CB N660 at concentrations of 20 and 35% by volume. A capillary rheometer at various shear rates and a dynamic oscillatory shear rheometer at small and large amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS and LAOS) were used. The apparent viscosity, storage and loss moduli, complex dynamic viscosity and Fourier transform harmonics were measured. Generally, the shear stress, storage and loss moduli increased with increasing CB loading. Also, the ratio of third and fifth stress harmonics to first harmonics increased with increasing strain amplitude and filler loading. Viscous Lissajous figures (shear stress versus shear rate) at a strain amplitude of 14% showed a nearly linear response for compounds containing CB at 20% by volume. All other shear stress responses demonstrated a strong nonlinearity. The stress waveforms at a strain amplitude of 140% for compounds containing 35% CB by volume displayed a backwards tilted shape expected for highly filled compounds. The stress waveforms at a strain amplitude of 1,000% tended toward a rectangular shape expected for pure polymer. Generally, the nonlinear response of the compounds appeared to be dominated by the filler at strain amplitudes of 14% and 140% and by the rubber matrix at a strain amplitude of 1,000%. The Cox-Merz rule was not applicable for any of the compounds with their complex dynamic viscosity being greater than the apparent viscosity. However, a modification of the approach proposed by Philippoff provided reasonable agreement between the apparent viscosity and complex dynamic viscosity.
{"title":"Steady State and Dynamic Oscillatory Shear Properties of Carbon Black Filled Elastomers","authors":"E. Norton, A. Isayev","doi":"10.1177/00952443231166145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231166145","url":null,"abstract":"A correlation between the steady shear viscosity and complex dynamic viscosity of carbon black (CB) filled rubbers was found by evaluating the Cox-Merz rule and an alternative approach originally proposed by Philippoff for dilute polymer solutions, but since applied to amorphous polymers and concentrated suspensions. This was done by measuring the rheological properties of 16 industrially important rubber mixes containing CB N660 at concentrations of 20 and 35% by volume. A capillary rheometer at various shear rates and a dynamic oscillatory shear rheometer at small and large amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS and LAOS) were used. The apparent viscosity, storage and loss moduli, complex dynamic viscosity and Fourier transform harmonics were measured. Generally, the shear stress, storage and loss moduli increased with increasing CB loading. Also, the ratio of third and fifth stress harmonics to first harmonics increased with increasing strain amplitude and filler loading. Viscous Lissajous figures (shear stress versus shear rate) at a strain amplitude of 14% showed a nearly linear response for compounds containing CB at 20% by volume. All other shear stress responses demonstrated a strong nonlinearity. The stress waveforms at a strain amplitude of 140% for compounds containing 35% CB by volume displayed a backwards tilted shape expected for highly filled compounds. The stress waveforms at a strain amplitude of 1,000% tended toward a rectangular shape expected for pure polymer. Generally, the nonlinear response of the compounds appeared to be dominated by the filler at strain amplitudes of 14% and 140% and by the rubber matrix at a strain amplitude of 1,000%. The Cox-Merz rule was not applicable for any of the compounds with their complex dynamic viscosity being greater than the apparent viscosity. However, a modification of the approach proposed by Philippoff provided reasonable agreement between the apparent viscosity and complex dynamic viscosity.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"10 1","pages":"719 - 767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84447100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite being one of the potential candidates for a suitable elastomeric additive to modify asphalt binders, there is a lack of research on using chloroprene rubber (CR). This study evaluates the suitability of using CR to enhance asphalt binder properties, particularly rutting and fatigue performances. Two different grades of asphalt binder (60/70 and 85/100 penetration grade) were modified by 3.5% and 7% CR to meet this end. The conventional physical, high-temperature storage stability, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests were used to examine various features of the CR-modified asphalt binder. Results indicate that CR decreases penetration, ductility, and temperature susceptibility and increases softening point and viscosity of the asphalt binder. Additionally, the CR-modified binder can present acceptable pumpability and workability within the construction temperature range. However, the CR-modified binder has phase separation potential, particularly at high modification contents. Based on the results of MSCR and LAS tests, CR can effectively increase the rutting resistance, elastic recovery, and fatigue life of the asphalt binder. Nevertheless, the CR-modified asphalt binder’s rutting and fatigue behaviors depend mainly on the grade of the base asphalt binder.
{"title":"Characterization of chloroprene rubber-modified asphalt binders","authors":"Mahdi Moazami Goodarzi, Hossein Nazari, Koorosh Naderi, F. Moghadas Nejad, Eshagh Babaii Ashourabadi","doi":"10.1177/00952443231167508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231167508","url":null,"abstract":"Despite being one of the potential candidates for a suitable elastomeric additive to modify asphalt binders, there is a lack of research on using chloroprene rubber (CR). This study evaluates the suitability of using CR to enhance asphalt binder properties, particularly rutting and fatigue performances. Two different grades of asphalt binder (60/70 and 85/100 penetration grade) were modified by 3.5% and 7% CR to meet this end. The conventional physical, high-temperature storage stability, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests were used to examine various features of the CR-modified asphalt binder. Results indicate that CR decreases penetration, ductility, and temperature susceptibility and increases softening point and viscosity of the asphalt binder. Additionally, the CR-modified binder can present acceptable pumpability and workability within the construction temperature range. However, the CR-modified binder has phase separation potential, particularly at high modification contents. Based on the results of MSCR and LAS tests, CR can effectively increase the rutting resistance, elastic recovery, and fatigue life of the asphalt binder. Nevertheless, the CR-modified asphalt binder’s rutting and fatigue behaviors depend mainly on the grade of the base asphalt binder.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"143 1","pages":"693 - 718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86749263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-24DOI: 10.1177/00952443231167521
William Urrego, Manuel A Guzmán Sánchez, D. Giraldo, J. C. Posada Correa, Carlos Mario Rodríguez Ledezma
In this article, the effect of leather residues from chrome tanning on the vulcanization kinetics and rheometric properties of a natural rubber composite was evaluated using three kinetic models proposed in the literature. Leather wastes were classified according to their size as fine (smaller than 0.6 mm) or coarse (between 0.84 and 2 mm). Subsequently, they were chemically treated with a sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize their acidic nature derived from the tanning processes. The composites studied in this paper were obtained using a torque rheometer. Fine and coarse leather wastes were added to a natural rubber matrix in proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 phr. The rheometric properties of all the composites were monitored during the curing process using a moving die rheometer. The addition of leather wastes increased the vulcanization time and stiffness of the composites; however, materials with fine leather wastes achieved lower vulcanization times than materials with coarse residues. The curves obtained during vulcanization rheometry were fitted to the three kinetic models, which made it possible to determine the kinetic parameters k and n. The fits for the three models were satisfactory based on the R-squared results. The values and trends of the kinetic parameters of each model were analyzed and related to the vulcanization phenomenon of each composite.
{"title":"Comparative study of three vulcanization kinetic models for natural rubber/leather wastes composites","authors":"William Urrego, Manuel A Guzmán Sánchez, D. Giraldo, J. C. Posada Correa, Carlos Mario Rodríguez Ledezma","doi":"10.1177/00952443231167521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231167521","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the effect of leather residues from chrome tanning on the vulcanization kinetics and rheometric properties of a natural rubber composite was evaluated using three kinetic models proposed in the literature. Leather wastes were classified according to their size as fine (smaller than 0.6 mm) or coarse (between 0.84 and 2 mm). Subsequently, they were chemically treated with a sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize their acidic nature derived from the tanning processes. The composites studied in this paper were obtained using a torque rheometer. Fine and coarse leather wastes were added to a natural rubber matrix in proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 phr. The rheometric properties of all the composites were monitored during the curing process using a moving die rheometer. The addition of leather wastes increased the vulcanization time and stiffness of the composites; however, materials with fine leather wastes achieved lower vulcanization times than materials with coarse residues. The curves obtained during vulcanization rheometry were fitted to the three kinetic models, which made it possible to determine the kinetic parameters k and n. The fits for the three models were satisfactory based on the R-squared results. The values and trends of the kinetic parameters of each model were analyzed and related to the vulcanization phenomenon of each composite.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"40 1","pages":"677 - 692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73173620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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