Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1177/00952443231195619
Woo Seok Jin, Pranabesh Sahu, Sarbaranjan Paria, Seongrok Jeong, Jun Ha Jeon, Ju-ho Yun, Jae Hyeon Lee, S. Park, N. I. Kim, J. Oh
This work evaluates the effects of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM-g-MAH) on the processing characteristics, compatibility and mechanical properties of EPDM/Ionomer blends. Dynamic vulcanization process was used to fabricate thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) of different compositions using EPDM polymers and high acid (HA60D) or mid acid (MA60D) containing thermoplastic ionomers. The addition of EPDM-g-MAH in EPDM/Ionomer blends had a predominant role as a compatibilizing agent, which affected the processability and properties of the final material. The tensile properties showed significant improvement with increasing the content of compatibilizer in the vulcanizates. The microscopical analysis of fracture surfaces further supported the heterogeneous nature of the blends and compatibility of the polymer phases. The concept was based on a simple ionic crosslinking reaction between carboxyl groups present in the ionomer and zinc oxide (ZnO), where the formation of reversible Zn2+ covalent crosslinks exhibits the self-healing behavior. The combination of blending and ionic cross-linking improved not only mechanical properties but also improved self-healing performance. The self-healing nature of the TPVs has been identified by scratch resistance test, where the ternary blends (EPDM/Ionomer/EPDM-g-MAH) showed 100% healing efficiency of the scratch surface at 89°C for 24 h.
{"title":"Preparation of self-healing EPDM/ionomer thermoplastic vulcanizates with ionic network for automotive application: Effects of maleic anhydride grafted EPDM as compatibilizer","authors":"Woo Seok Jin, Pranabesh Sahu, Sarbaranjan Paria, Seongrok Jeong, Jun Ha Jeon, Ju-ho Yun, Jae Hyeon Lee, S. Park, N. I. Kim, J. Oh","doi":"10.1177/00952443231195619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231195619","url":null,"abstract":"This work evaluates the effects of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM-g-MAH) on the processing characteristics, compatibility and mechanical properties of EPDM/Ionomer blends. Dynamic vulcanization process was used to fabricate thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) of different compositions using EPDM polymers and high acid (HA60D) or mid acid (MA60D) containing thermoplastic ionomers. The addition of EPDM-g-MAH in EPDM/Ionomer blends had a predominant role as a compatibilizing agent, which affected the processability and properties of the final material. The tensile properties showed significant improvement with increasing the content of compatibilizer in the vulcanizates. The microscopical analysis of fracture surfaces further supported the heterogeneous nature of the blends and compatibility of the polymer phases. The concept was based on a simple ionic crosslinking reaction between carboxyl groups present in the ionomer and zinc oxide (ZnO), where the formation of reversible Zn2+ covalent crosslinks exhibits the self-healing behavior. The combination of blending and ionic cross-linking improved not only mechanical properties but also improved self-healing performance. The self-healing nature of the TPVs has been identified by scratch resistance test, where the ternary blends (EPDM/Ionomer/EPDM-g-MAH) showed 100% healing efficiency of the scratch surface at 89°C for 24 h.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"17 1","pages":"1096 - 1110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84714086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.1177/00952443231191764
Preeti Nair, Meenakshi Hn
We are now well on the path of transitioning away from the fossil fuel resources on cutting down their consumption as much as possible. The fuels chosen for this study include ethanol-butanol (EB) -gasoline, acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) -gasoline and methanol-butanol (MB) -gasoline blends. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a polymer that is extensively used in several auto parts and fuelling infrastructure materials. Incompatibility between these blends and fueling infrastructure system should be studied comprehensively for the adoption of these alternative fuels to be faster and hassle free. This study intends to gauge the changes in HDPE because of its immersion in the gasoline-alcohol blends mentioned for a period of 4, 30 & 90 days. The changes were ascertained by studying the mass, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness of the samples before and after immersion into blends. Sophisticated techniques were used to characterize the morphological and chemical changes of the polymer. The results showed that there was an increase in the mass of the HDPE samples as a result of the absorption of the blends by the polymeric samples. A decrease in tensile strength and hardness values were recorded for the samples whereas the elongation values were found to increase. Studies revealed that there was neither fuel degradation nor any oxidative degradation of the polymeric sample. The results indicated an increase in the mass and elongation of the HDPE as a result of the absorption of the fuel leads to lesser stable polymeric matrix and decrease in the percentage crystallinity. Hence this investigation led us to the conclusion that all the fuels blends studied are highly compatible with HDPE, even in instances where a change in the mechanical properties is seen, it is similar to that seen in gasoline.
{"title":"High density polyethylene and butanol-gasoline blends: A material compatibility study","authors":"Preeti Nair, Meenakshi Hn","doi":"10.1177/00952443231191764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231191764","url":null,"abstract":"We are now well on the path of transitioning away from the fossil fuel resources on cutting down their consumption as much as possible. The fuels chosen for this study include ethanol-butanol (EB) -gasoline, acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) -gasoline and methanol-butanol (MB) -gasoline blends. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a polymer that is extensively used in several auto parts and fuelling infrastructure materials. Incompatibility between these blends and fueling infrastructure system should be studied comprehensively for the adoption of these alternative fuels to be faster and hassle free. This study intends to gauge the changes in HDPE because of its immersion in the gasoline-alcohol blends mentioned for a period of 4, 30 & 90 days. The changes were ascertained by studying the mass, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness of the samples before and after immersion into blends. Sophisticated techniques were used to characterize the morphological and chemical changes of the polymer. The results showed that there was an increase in the mass of the HDPE samples as a result of the absorption of the blends by the polymeric samples. A decrease in tensile strength and hardness values were recorded for the samples whereas the elongation values were found to increase. Studies revealed that there was neither fuel degradation nor any oxidative degradation of the polymeric sample. The results indicated an increase in the mass and elongation of the HDPE as a result of the absorption of the fuel leads to lesser stable polymeric matrix and decrease in the percentage crystallinity. Hence this investigation led us to the conclusion that all the fuels blends studied are highly compatible with HDPE, even in instances where a change in the mechanical properties is seen, it is similar to that seen in gasoline.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"65 1","pages":"1077 - 1095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85619648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.1177/00952443231191183
Ravi P Sharma, Mukesh Kumar, Ashiwani Kumar
This research work examines the physical, mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, and dry sliding wear performance of hybrid waste flyash particulates (F-class; 0-20 wt% @ step of 5%) – Lapinus fibres (fixed 10 wt%) reinforced Polyamide 66 polymer composites fabricated using the twin screw extruder and injection moulding machine. This follows worn surface morphology to understand the prevailing wear mechanisms responsible for surface damage during sliding. Optimization of control parameters and identification of their order of significance in the dry sliding wear process is performed using Taguchi’s design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further, ranking optimization of the hybrid composite specimens based on their performance metrics is analysed using the hybrid AHP-R method. It has been observed that the hybrid composite specimens having 10 wt% flyash particulates optimize the overall performance metrics; therefore, it may be recommended to fabricate parts or components for industrial usage. It tends to have an experimental density of 1.18 g/cc, voids content of 7.11%, water absorption of 3.87%, tensile strength of 105.95 MPa, flexural strength of 144.86 MPa, Rockwell hardness of 58.12 HRM, fracture toughness of 4.11 MPa√m, Impact strength of 1.86 J, thermal conductivity of 1.08 W/mK, and specific wear rate of 1.12 × 10−3 mm3/Nm. This observation was attuned to the ranking analysis using the hybrid AHP-R method.
{"title":"Dry sliding wear and mechanical investigations on flyash particulates - Lapinus fibre - polyamide 66 polymer composites: Ranking analysis using hybrid Analytic Hierarchy Process-R method","authors":"Ravi P Sharma, Mukesh Kumar, Ashiwani Kumar","doi":"10.1177/00952443231191183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231191183","url":null,"abstract":"This research work examines the physical, mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, and dry sliding wear performance of hybrid waste flyash particulates (F-class; 0-20 wt% @ step of 5%) – Lapinus fibres (fixed 10 wt%) reinforced Polyamide 66 polymer composites fabricated using the twin screw extruder and injection moulding machine. This follows worn surface morphology to understand the prevailing wear mechanisms responsible for surface damage during sliding. Optimization of control parameters and identification of their order of significance in the dry sliding wear process is performed using Taguchi’s design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further, ranking optimization of the hybrid composite specimens based on their performance metrics is analysed using the hybrid AHP-R method. It has been observed that the hybrid composite specimens having 10 wt% flyash particulates optimize the overall performance metrics; therefore, it may be recommended to fabricate parts or components for industrial usage. It tends to have an experimental density of 1.18 g/cc, voids content of 7.11%, water absorption of 3.87%, tensile strength of 105.95 MPa, flexural strength of 144.86 MPa, Rockwell hardness of 58.12 HRM, fracture toughness of 4.11 MPa√m, Impact strength of 1.86 J, thermal conductivity of 1.08 W/mK, and specific wear rate of 1.12 × 10−3 mm3/Nm. This observation was attuned to the ranking analysis using the hybrid AHP-R method.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"33 1","pages":"1035 - 1076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89973150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1177/00952443231191765
Romi Dhakad, Dattatraya R. Hipparkar, Anil Kumar, S. Chandel
Elastomer materials are widely used as shock absorbers in a variety of practical applications including the automotive, aerospace, marine industries and structures. The straightforward Hooke’s law is insufficient to adequately describe the behavior of elastomeric materials due to their nonlinear elastic and viscous properties. This study proposes a hyper-viscoelastic model to describe the mechanical behavior of Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) 62 Duro shore A and Polychloroprene Rubber (PCR) 55 Duro shore A. Six distinct hyperelastic models—Yeoh, Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce, Mooney-Rivlin, Neo-Hookean, and Ogden— are compared herein to explain the nonlinear elastic behavior of elastomers. While the time-dependent characteristics of the considered materials have been described using the four parameters Generalised Maxwell (GM) model. The material parameters of models are determined using the least square fit (LSF) optimization algorithm from the uniaxial, planar, and stress relaxation test data. The stability and suitability of each hyperelastic model is assessed using the Drucker stability. The accuracy of each model is represented by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of curve fitting between theoretical and experimental data. On this basis, the Ogden order three (N = 3) model and the four-parameter GM models are selected which well agreed with the experimental test data and they are integrated to generate the hyper-viscoelastic constitutive model. In addition, the hyper-viscoelastic model is used to simulate the HNBR and PCR dampers under shock load. The numerically generated response is finally compared with the experimental test result of natural rubber (NR) 60 IRH from the existing literature to confirm accuracy of the proposed model.
{"title":"A hyper-viscoelastic constitutive model for elastomers: A case study of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and polychloroprene rubber","authors":"Romi Dhakad, Dattatraya R. Hipparkar, Anil Kumar, S. Chandel","doi":"10.1177/00952443231191765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231191765","url":null,"abstract":"Elastomer materials are widely used as shock absorbers in a variety of practical applications including the automotive, aerospace, marine industries and structures. The straightforward Hooke’s law is insufficient to adequately describe the behavior of elastomeric materials due to their nonlinear elastic and viscous properties. This study proposes a hyper-viscoelastic model to describe the mechanical behavior of Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) 62 Duro shore A and Polychloroprene Rubber (PCR) 55 Duro shore A. Six distinct hyperelastic models—Yeoh, Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce, Mooney-Rivlin, Neo-Hookean, and Ogden— are compared herein to explain the nonlinear elastic behavior of elastomers. While the time-dependent characteristics of the considered materials have been described using the four parameters Generalised Maxwell (GM) model. The material parameters of models are determined using the least square fit (LSF) optimization algorithm from the uniaxial, planar, and stress relaxation test data. The stability and suitability of each hyperelastic model is assessed using the Drucker stability. The accuracy of each model is represented by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of curve fitting between theoretical and experimental data. On this basis, the Ogden order three (N = 3) model and the four-parameter GM models are selected which well agreed with the experimental test data and they are integrated to generate the hyper-viscoelastic constitutive model. In addition, the hyper-viscoelastic model is used to simulate the HNBR and PCR dampers under shock load. The numerically generated response is finally compared with the experimental test result of natural rubber (NR) 60 IRH from the existing literature to confirm accuracy of the proposed model.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"38 1","pages":"1013 - 1034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82238002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1177/00952443231189848
F. Rony, J. Lou, S. Ilias
Polymeric proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are vital components of fuel cells, as they enable the transport of protons while preventing the crossover of fuel and oxidant gases. However, conventional PEMs have limitations such as low use temperature, low proton conductivity, and poor mechanical and thermal stability. Various types of nanoparticles have been investigated to modify PEMs to overcome these limitations, as they can increase proton conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Metal oxides such as SiO2 and TiO2 have been shown to improve the proton conductivity and mechanical properties of PEMs. Carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide have been found to enhance both the proton conductivity and thermal stability of PEMs. The use of nanoparticles in modified polymeric PEMs for fuel cells shows excellent potential for improving the performance and durability of fuel cells. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective and scalable methods for nanoparticle synthesis and incorporation into PEMs. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is the most widely studied high-temperature polymer for preparing composite PEMs. This review provides the recent development of PBI composite PEMs modified with different types of nanoparticles.
{"title":"Application of nanoparticles in modified polybenzimidazole-based high temperature proton exchange membranes","authors":"F. Rony, J. Lou, S. Ilias","doi":"10.1177/00952443231189848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231189848","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are vital components of fuel cells, as they enable the transport of protons while preventing the crossover of fuel and oxidant gases. However, conventional PEMs have limitations such as low use temperature, low proton conductivity, and poor mechanical and thermal stability. Various types of nanoparticles have been investigated to modify PEMs to overcome these limitations, as they can increase proton conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Metal oxides such as SiO2 and TiO2 have been shown to improve the proton conductivity and mechanical properties of PEMs. Carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide have been found to enhance both the proton conductivity and thermal stability of PEMs. The use of nanoparticles in modified polymeric PEMs for fuel cells shows excellent potential for improving the performance and durability of fuel cells. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective and scalable methods for nanoparticle synthesis and incorporation into PEMs. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is the most widely studied high-temperature polymer for preparing composite PEMs. This review provides the recent development of PBI composite PEMs modified with different types of nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"113 1","pages":"1152 - 1170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79343700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1177/00952443231189850
W. Sampath, C. Fernando, D. Edirisinghe
Conductive polymer composites, which are extensively applied in the fields of sensors, batteries, memory materials, etc. possess some significant properties mainly high electrical conductivity and good mechanical performance. In this study, copper (Cu) was grafted onto the graphite surface according to a chemical process. The Cu-grafted graphite (Cu-g-graphite) was characterized via fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where the analysis proved that Cu was successfully grafted onto the graphite surface. Subsequently, natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by varying the Cu-g-graphite loading from 0 phr (parts per hundred rubber) to 10 phr at 2 phr intervals. The 8 phr Cu-g-graphite filled NR composite showed better physico-mechanical properties in comparison with the other Cu-g-graphite composites and the NR composite prepared without Cu-g-graphite (control). Also, the former composite showed better thermal ageing and electrical conductivity which are requirements for sensor applications. Further, electrical conductivity of the Cu-g-graphite/NR composites prepared with greater than 4 phr loading of Cu-g-graphite was at a high level. Furthermore, the Cu-g-graphite filled NR composites indicated a remarkable improvement in electrical conductivity compared to that of the control. Finally, the performance of NR composite prepared with 8 phr loading of Cu-g-graphite in overall showed a considerable level of applicability for high electrical, thermal and physico-mechanical polymeric applications.
{"title":"Synthesis of copper-grafted graphite and its effect on properties of natural rubber composites","authors":"W. Sampath, C. Fernando, D. Edirisinghe","doi":"10.1177/00952443231189850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231189850","url":null,"abstract":"Conductive polymer composites, which are extensively applied in the fields of sensors, batteries, memory materials, etc. possess some significant properties mainly high electrical conductivity and good mechanical performance. In this study, copper (Cu) was grafted onto the graphite surface according to a chemical process. The Cu-grafted graphite (Cu-g-graphite) was characterized via fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where the analysis proved that Cu was successfully grafted onto the graphite surface. Subsequently, natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by varying the Cu-g-graphite loading from 0 phr (parts per hundred rubber) to 10 phr at 2 phr intervals. The 8 phr Cu-g-graphite filled NR composite showed better physico-mechanical properties in comparison with the other Cu-g-graphite composites and the NR composite prepared without Cu-g-graphite (control). Also, the former composite showed better thermal ageing and electrical conductivity which are requirements for sensor applications. Further, electrical conductivity of the Cu-g-graphite/NR composites prepared with greater than 4 phr loading of Cu-g-graphite was at a high level. Furthermore, the Cu-g-graphite filled NR composites indicated a remarkable improvement in electrical conductivity compared to that of the control. Finally, the performance of NR composite prepared with 8 phr loading of Cu-g-graphite in overall showed a considerable level of applicability for high electrical, thermal and physico-mechanical polymeric applications.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"8 1","pages":"959 - 976"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78738556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.1177/00952443231188925
Murali Manohar Dharmaraj, S. Begum, B. C. Chakraborty
An attempt has been made to establish a reasonably accurate microkinetics model for accelerated sulfur vulcanization of commonly used acrylonitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC 70/30) blend (NVC73) from a single, isothermal rheograph data of torque versus time. The effect of three different types of fillers, such as pre-exfoliated organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay, graphite (GRT) powder, and high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB), were studied. The kinetics study was done with six solid-state reaction kinetics models. Among these, Sestak-Berggren (SB) equation was found to be the best model for the present compositions. The SB kinetic rate expressions were evolved after several iterations using empirical values of autocatalytic and non-autocatalytic orders of ‘m’ and ‘n’, respectively. The gum vulcanizate and OMMT clay-loaded compositions were found to have comparable conversion function f(α) and almost identical reaction rate constants at 150°C, under isothermal conditions. In comparison, HAF CB and GRT rate expressions differed from clay-loaded compositions. The validity of the reaction rate equations obtained was confirmed by comparison of plots for experimental and derived conversions with time.
{"title":"A study on nitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride blend vulcanization kinetics with different fillers by using single isothermal rheograph","authors":"Murali Manohar Dharmaraj, S. Begum, B. C. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1177/00952443231188925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231188925","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt has been made to establish a reasonably accurate microkinetics model for accelerated sulfur vulcanization of commonly used acrylonitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC 70/30) blend (NVC73) from a single, isothermal rheograph data of torque versus time. The effect of three different types of fillers, such as pre-exfoliated organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay, graphite (GRT) powder, and high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB), were studied. The kinetics study was done with six solid-state reaction kinetics models. Among these, Sestak-Berggren (SB) equation was found to be the best model for the present compositions. The SB kinetic rate expressions were evolved after several iterations using empirical values of autocatalytic and non-autocatalytic orders of ‘m’ and ‘n’, respectively. The gum vulcanizate and OMMT clay-loaded compositions were found to have comparable conversion function f(α) and almost identical reaction rate constants at 150°C, under isothermal conditions. In comparison, HAF CB and GRT rate expressions differed from clay-loaded compositions. The validity of the reaction rate equations obtained was confirmed by comparison of plots for experimental and derived conversions with time.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"20 1","pages":"896 - 916"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75809015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.1177/00952443231188504
Afef Fajraoui, M. Bouzidi, Nihel Omrani, C. Lacoste, H. Belghith, A. Gargouri, A. Elloumi
The use of pine wood in wood-plastic composite WPC promotes sustainability by incorporating recycled or renewable materials, reducing the reliance on traditional wood sources, and minimizing environmental impact. This study focuses on treating pine wood flour (WF) with biological treatments (xylanase, pectinase, laccase, steam explosion) for use in WPC. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infared spectroscopy (FTIR), biochemical analysis, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments in terms of the morphological, compositional, surface, and thermal stability of WF. The wear behavior of WPC was exanimate before and after hydrothermal aging. Morphological analysis of WF revealed that the enzymatic treatment produced a clean surface; it removed Xylan and led to a higher cellulose content (70%), and more porosity, and improved thermal stability and adhesion between WF and high density polyethylene (HDPE). Through analysis of wear and aging, we found the best wear resistance for laccase treatment among all WPC before and after aging, and it was lower than the HDPE. These findings highlight the positive impact of the enzymatic treatment on the adhesion between WF and HDPE, leading to reduced water absorption and increased wear resistance.
{"title":"Enzymatic treatments of pine wood flour for high-density polyethylene composites: Impact on thermomechanical, aging, and wear behavior","authors":"Afef Fajraoui, M. Bouzidi, Nihel Omrani, C. Lacoste, H. Belghith, A. Gargouri, A. Elloumi","doi":"10.1177/00952443231188504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231188504","url":null,"abstract":"The use of pine wood in wood-plastic composite WPC promotes sustainability by incorporating recycled or renewable materials, reducing the reliance on traditional wood sources, and minimizing environmental impact. This study focuses on treating pine wood flour (WF) with biological treatments (xylanase, pectinase, laccase, steam explosion) for use in WPC. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infared spectroscopy (FTIR), biochemical analysis, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments in terms of the morphological, compositional, surface, and thermal stability of WF. The wear behavior of WPC was exanimate before and after hydrothermal aging. Morphological analysis of WF revealed that the enzymatic treatment produced a clean surface; it removed Xylan and led to a higher cellulose content (70%), and more porosity, and improved thermal stability and adhesion between WF and high density polyethylene (HDPE). Through analysis of wear and aging, we found the best wear resistance for laccase treatment among all WPC before and after aging, and it was lower than the HDPE. These findings highlight the positive impact of the enzymatic treatment on the adhesion between WF and HDPE, leading to reduced water absorption and increased wear resistance.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"93 1","pages":"917 - 936"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76570643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.1177/00952443231189851
H. Jagadeesh, Prashanth Banakar, P. Sampathkumaran, R. Sailaja, J. Katiyar
The carbon bi-directional fabric as reinforcement in a polymer matrix has played an essential role in dynamically developing lightweight composites in various applications such as automotive, wind energy, aerospace, and sports sectors. Further, the interfacial bonding between the matrix and reinforcement/filler is the weakest point and the most crucial factor that influences the mechanical and tribological performance of the composites. Therefore, the hand lay-up technique fabricated a bi-directional carbon fabric epoxy composite with varying nanographene concentrations. The developed composites were tested and evaluated for their mechanical properties, viz., tensile, flexural and impact strengths. It is observed that these mechanical properties are mainly dependent on the reinforcement type and its concentration. Furthermore, composite with 0.8 wt% nanographene exhibits superior performance in terms of increased tensile (579 MPa), flexural (547 MPa) and impact (284 J/m) strengths in comparison with other composites.
{"title":"Influence of nano graphene addition on mechanical properties of Bi-directional carbon fabric based epoxy composites","authors":"H. Jagadeesh, Prashanth Banakar, P. Sampathkumaran, R. Sailaja, J. Katiyar","doi":"10.1177/00952443231189851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231189851","url":null,"abstract":"The carbon bi-directional fabric as reinforcement in a polymer matrix has played an essential role in dynamically developing lightweight composites in various applications such as automotive, wind energy, aerospace, and sports sectors. Further, the interfacial bonding between the matrix and reinforcement/filler is the weakest point and the most crucial factor that influences the mechanical and tribological performance of the composites. Therefore, the hand lay-up technique fabricated a bi-directional carbon fabric epoxy composite with varying nanographene concentrations. The developed composites were tested and evaluated for their mechanical properties, viz., tensile, flexural and impact strengths. It is observed that these mechanical properties are mainly dependent on the reinforcement type and its concentration. Furthermore, composite with 0.8 wt% nanographene exhibits superior performance in terms of increased tensile (579 MPa), flexural (547 MPa) and impact (284 J/m) strengths in comparison with other composites.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"23 1","pages":"937 - 958"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87190786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.1177/00952443231189075
Chip S. Few, Steven M. Krupinski, K. Hearon, L. Nash, Thomas S. Wilson, Duncan J. Maitland, Mark A. Wierzbicki, Michael Kember, D. Muir, Rakibul Kabir, P. C. Wernett, Matthew S. Menyo, L. M. Robeson, Brian Deegan, AG Henkel, Co, Kgaa, Jacob Gil, Valldeperas Romina, Mari Bernabe, Umit G. Makal
This invention relates to a process for forming an azide-grafted polymer. The process comprises mixing a free-radical-reactive polymer with a free-radical initiator and an azide monomer that contains at least one unsaturated C ═ C bond capable of reacting with a radical, under solid-state grafting conditions, to form an azide-grafted polymer. The formed azide-grafted polymer can be used to prepare a long-chain branched or cross-linked polymer.
{"title":"Patents","authors":"Chip S. Few, Steven M. Krupinski, K. Hearon, L. Nash, Thomas S. Wilson, Duncan J. Maitland, Mark A. Wierzbicki, Michael Kember, D. Muir, Rakibul Kabir, P. C. Wernett, Matthew S. Menyo, L. M. Robeson, Brian Deegan, AG Henkel, Co, Kgaa, Jacob Gil, Valldeperas Romina, Mari Bernabe, Umit G. Makal","doi":"10.1177/00952443231189075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231189075","url":null,"abstract":"This invention relates to a process for forming an azide-grafted polymer. The process comprises mixing a free-radical-reactive polymer with a free-radical initiator and an azide monomer that contains at least one unsaturated C ═ C bond capable of reacting with a radical, under solid-state grafting conditions, to form an azide-grafted polymer. The formed azide-grafted polymer can be used to prepare a long-chain branched or cross-linked polymer.","PeriodicalId":15613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers & Plastics","volume":"5 1","pages":"1000 - 1009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139361055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：