Pub Date : 2011-05-01DOI: 10.1177/0095244311398629
Z.A. Anis Sakinah, C. Ratnam, A. Luqman Chuah, T. Yaw
The effect of irradiation on a 90/10 ethylene vinyl acetate/waste tire dust (EVA/WTD) blend was studied in the presence of 4 phr trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) or tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA). The blend was irradiated using a 3.0-MeV electron beam machine at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kGy irradiation doses. The properties studied include gel content, tensile properties, hardness, morphology, and dynamic mechanical properties. The result revealed that the increment in irradiation doses will increase the percentage of gel content. The gel content further increased with the introduction of TMPTA and TPGDA. This is attributed to the increase in crosslink density. Tensile properties of EVA/WTD blend increase with the introduction of irradiation except for elongation at break. The tensile-fractured surface of EVA/WTD blends showed ductile type of failure upon irradiation of the blends in the presence of crosslinking agent. One glass transition temperature obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis for 90/10 EVA/WTD blend after irradiation indicates that compatibility between EVA and WTD phases increased.
{"title":"Performance of Irradiated and Crosslinked Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Waste Tire Dust Blend","authors":"Z.A. Anis Sakinah, C. Ratnam, A. Luqman Chuah, T. Yaw","doi":"10.1177/0095244311398629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311398629","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of irradiation on a 90/10 ethylene vinyl acetate/waste tire dust (EVA/WTD) blend was studied in the presence of 4 phr trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) or tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA). The blend was irradiated using a 3.0-MeV electron beam machine at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kGy irradiation doses. The properties studied include gel content, tensile properties, hardness, morphology, and dynamic mechanical properties. The result revealed that the increment in irradiation doses will increase the percentage of gel content. The gel content further increased with the introduction of TMPTA and TPGDA. This is attributed to the increase in crosslink density. Tensile properties of EVA/WTD blend increase with the introduction of irradiation except for elongation at break. The tensile-fractured surface of EVA/WTD blends showed ductile type of failure upon irradiation of the blends in the presence of crosslinking agent. One glass transition temperature obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis for 90/10 EVA/WTD blend after irradiation indicates that compatibility between EVA and WTD phases increased.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"55 1","pages":"239 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85466698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-01DOI: 10.1177/0095244311398638
Sheng Li, Bin Li
Ethylene–acrylic ester–maleic anhydride (EAEM), as a compatibilizer, has been used to modify a new halogen-free flame retardant linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) in this article. Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) consist of a charring–foaming agent (CFA), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and an antidripping agent. Based on limiting oxygen index values and UL-94 ratings, the IFRs show the effective flame retardancy in the blend of LLDPE and EAEM. Comparative study on the thermal degradation of the composites demonstrates that the IFRs can reduce initial temperature (Tinitial) of thermal degradation of the composites, and make the main thermal degradation peak move to the high temperature. CONE results reveal that the IFRs can form a char layer on the surface of the composites and clearly change the decomposition behavior of the IFR-LLDPE/ EAEM composites. Whether OMMT is contained or not in the IFRs, the IFRs show a little effect on reducing tensile strength of the composites. This result is proved by well dispersion of IFRs in the blend observed from scanning electron microscopic images. EAEM is also beneficial for improving the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the composites.
{"title":"Effect of Elastomer on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Degradation, and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Polyethylene","authors":"Sheng Li, Bin Li","doi":"10.1177/0095244311398638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311398638","url":null,"abstract":"Ethylene–acrylic ester–maleic anhydride (EAEM), as a compatibilizer, has been used to modify a new halogen-free flame retardant linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) in this article. Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) consist of a charring–foaming agent (CFA), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and an antidripping agent. Based on limiting oxygen index values and UL-94 ratings, the IFRs show the effective flame retardancy in the blend of LLDPE and EAEM. Comparative study on the thermal degradation of the composites demonstrates that the IFRs can reduce initial temperature (Tinitial) of thermal degradation of the composites, and make the main thermal degradation peak move to the high temperature. CONE results reveal that the IFRs can form a char layer on the surface of the composites and clearly change the decomposition behavior of the IFR-LLDPE/ EAEM composites. Whether OMMT is contained or not in the IFRs, the IFRs show a little effect on reducing tensile strength of the composites. This result is proved by well dispersion of IFRs in the blend observed from scanning electron microscopic images. EAEM is also beneficial for improving the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the composites.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"16 1","pages":"257 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78964278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-01DOI: 10.1177/0095244311398628
A. Othman
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of hydrated lime on the performance of rubber-modified hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The hydrated lime was incorporated into the mixtures using three different methods, namely, the dry method, the wet method, and the slurry method. The performance of the studied mixtures was evaluated based on their indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, fracture resistance, fatigue life, and creep compliance. The fracture resistance and fatigue life of the studied mixtures were determined using the semi-circular bend test and the split tension controlled-stress fatigue test, respectively. A power law model was used to characterize the creep compliance behavior of the studied mixtures. Crumb rubber content of 15% by weight of the binder and hydrated lime content of 3% by weight of the total mix were incorporated for all the tested specimens. Testing temperature was kept constant at 35°C. The results indicated that the application of hydrated lime has enhanced the indirect tensile strength, stiffness, fatigue endurance, fracture resistance, and the permanent deformation characteristics of the rubber-modified HMA mixtures. Mixtures contain hydrated lime added using the wet method experienced the highest indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, fracture resistance, and lowest creep compliance. Fatigue life of the tested mixtures has demonstrated less dependency on the hydrated lime application method.
{"title":"Evaluation of Hydrated Lime Effect on the Performance of Rubber-Modified HMA Mixtures","authors":"A. Othman","doi":"10.1177/0095244311398628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311398628","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of hydrated lime on the performance of rubber-modified hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The hydrated lime was incorporated into the mixtures using three different methods, namely, the dry method, the wet method, and the slurry method. The performance of the studied mixtures was evaluated based on their indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, fracture resistance, fatigue life, and creep compliance. The fracture resistance and fatigue life of the studied mixtures were determined using the semi-circular bend test and the split tension controlled-stress fatigue test, respectively. A power law model was used to characterize the creep compliance behavior of the studied mixtures. Crumb rubber content of 15% by weight of the binder and hydrated lime content of 3% by weight of the total mix were incorporated for all the tested specimens. Testing temperature was kept constant at 35°C. The results indicated that the application of hydrated lime has enhanced the indirect tensile strength, stiffness, fatigue endurance, fracture resistance, and the permanent deformation characteristics of the rubber-modified HMA mixtures. Mixtures contain hydrated lime added using the wet method experienced the highest indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, fracture resistance, and lowest creep compliance. Fatigue life of the tested mixtures has demonstrated less dependency on the hydrated lime application method.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"81 1","pages":"221 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90243540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we used nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles as modified filler to prepare nitrile butadiene rubber/SrO 6Fe2O3 composites. Surface microstructure of the composites was observed using scanning electron microscope, the distribution of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles was measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and magnetic properties of the composites were tested by a U5-10 magnetizer. The results showed that nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles were closely inosculated with nitrile butadiene rubber and well distributed in the nitrile butadiene rubber matrix. With adding different mass fractions of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3, stress at 300% definite elongation, maximum elongation, and tensile strength of the composites were slightly decreased, but shore A hardness of the composites was markedly improved. Magnetic properties of the composites were uncorrelated to the degree of scatter of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles, and relied only on mass fraction of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles. The nitrile butadiene rubber/SrO 6Fe2O3 composites have good soft magnetism performance, which laid the foundation for further application of the composites. *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wangqilei500@yahoo.com.cn JOURNAL OF ELASTOMERS AND PLASTICS Vol. 43–May 2011 275 0095-2443/11/03 0275–10 $10.00/0 DOI: 10.1177/0095244310393928 The Author(s), 2011. Reprints and permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
{"title":"Study on Magnetic and Physical Mechanical Properties of NBR Composites Filled with Nano-Sro.6Fe2O3","authors":"Qilei Wang, Fengyu Yang, Qian Yang, Hongyan Guan, Junhui Chen, Bin Zhao","doi":"10.1177/0095244310393928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244310393928","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we used nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles as modified filler to prepare nitrile butadiene rubber/SrO 6Fe2O3 composites. Surface microstructure of the composites was observed using scanning electron microscope, the distribution of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles was measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and magnetic properties of the composites were tested by a U5-10 magnetizer. The results showed that nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles were closely inosculated with nitrile butadiene rubber and well distributed in the nitrile butadiene rubber matrix. With adding different mass fractions of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3, stress at 300% definite elongation, maximum elongation, and tensile strength of the composites were slightly decreased, but shore A hardness of the composites was markedly improved. Magnetic properties of the composites were uncorrelated to the degree of scatter of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles, and relied only on mass fraction of nano-SrO 6Fe2O3 particles. The nitrile butadiene rubber/SrO 6Fe2O3 composites have good soft magnetism performance, which laid the foundation for further application of the composites. *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wangqilei500@yahoo.com.cn JOURNAL OF ELASTOMERS AND PLASTICS Vol. 43–May 2011 275 0095-2443/11/03 0275–10 $10.00/0 DOI: 10.1177/0095244310393928 The Author(s), 2011. Reprints and permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"4 1","pages":"275 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81259578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-20DOI: 10.1177/0095244311404185
B. T. Poh, N. Saari
Adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50)-based adhesive were studied in the presence of magnesium oxide. Coumarone-indene resin and toluene were used as the tackifier and solvent, respectively. A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate at 30, 60, 90, and 120 μm coating thickness. Viscosity was measured by a HAAKE Rotary Viscometer whereas loop tack, peel and shear strength was determined by a Llyod Adhesion Tester operating at 30 cm/ min. Results indicate that viscosity of adhesive increases steadily with magnesium oxide content. Loop tack and peel strength show maximum values at 30 parts per hundred parts of rubber of magnesium oxide where maximum wettability occurs. The 60-μm coated sample consistently exhibits the highest tack and peel strength. Shear strength, however, decreases with increasing magnesium oxide loading for all coating thickness investigated in this study.
{"title":"Adhesion Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 50)-based Adhesive in the Presence of Magnesium Oxide","authors":"B. T. Poh, N. Saari","doi":"10.1177/0095244311404185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311404185","url":null,"abstract":"Adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50)-based adhesive were studied in the presence of magnesium oxide. Coumarone-indene resin and toluene were used as the tackifier and solvent, respectively. A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate at 30, 60, 90, and 120 μm coating thickness. Viscosity was measured by a HAAKE Rotary Viscometer whereas loop tack, peel and shear strength was determined by a Llyod Adhesion Tester operating at 30 cm/ min. Results indicate that viscosity of adhesive increases steadily with magnesium oxide content. Loop tack and peel strength show maximum values at 30 parts per hundred parts of rubber of magnesium oxide where maximum wettability occurs. The 60-μm coated sample consistently exhibits the highest tack and peel strength. Shear strength, however, decreases with increasing magnesium oxide loading for all coating thickness investigated in this study.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"10 1","pages":"357 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88700868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-16DOI: 10.1177/0095244311398631
N. Roche, M. Ichchou, M. Salvia, A. Chettah
Recycling waste tires being important for both economical and environmental reasons, ground tire rubber can be blended with other polymers, modifying their properties. In order to characterize and explain these modifications, an experimental study was carried out concerning the improvement in the dynamic damping properties when adding recycled ground tire rubber (GTR) fillers to an elastomeric matrix (ethylene vinyl acetate, EVA).To evaluate the influence of both the GTR and the porosity in a GTR/ EVA composite, three samples have been elaborated by injection:the EVA matrix alone, a GTR/EVA composite, and a GTR/EVA porous composite. Dynamic measurements of the samples were performed using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The Young’s modulus and loss factor of these materials are estimated using the frequency—temperature equivalence introduced by Williams—Landel—Ferry expanding the measurement of the dynamic properties over a wider range of frequencies. This method showed that in low-frequency bandwidth, the loss factor has been improved by the addition of GTR to the EVA matrix. The α-relaxation study showed lower activation energy for both the GTR-filled composites leading to the conclusion that the mobility of the polymer chains has been improved by addition of GTR. The impact behavior study carried out using a weight drop test experiment also concluded to better impact energy absorption for the GTR-filled composites at the expense of a larger maximum displacement.
{"title":"Dynamic Damping Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on EVA and Recycled Ground Tire Rubber","authors":"N. Roche, M. Ichchou, M. Salvia, A. Chettah","doi":"10.1177/0095244311398631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311398631","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling waste tires being important for both economical and environmental reasons, ground tire rubber can be blended with other polymers, modifying their properties. In order to characterize and explain these modifications, an experimental study was carried out concerning the improvement in the dynamic damping properties when adding recycled ground tire rubber (GTR) fillers to an elastomeric matrix (ethylene vinyl acetate, EVA).To evaluate the influence of both the GTR and the porosity in a GTR/ EVA composite, three samples have been elaborated by injection:the EVA matrix alone, a GTR/EVA composite, and a GTR/EVA porous composite. Dynamic measurements of the samples were performed using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The Young’s modulus and loss factor of these materials are estimated using the frequency—temperature equivalence introduced by Williams—Landel—Ferry expanding the measurement of the dynamic properties over a wider range of frequencies. This method showed that in low-frequency bandwidth, the loss factor has been improved by the addition of GTR to the EVA matrix. The α-relaxation study showed lower activation energy for both the GTR-filled composites leading to the conclusion that the mobility of the polymer chains has been improved by addition of GTR. The impact behavior study carried out using a weight drop test experiment also concluded to better impact energy absorption for the GTR-filled composites at the expense of a larger maximum displacement.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"14 1","pages":"317 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77091352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-14DOI: 10.1177/0095244311400502
Karoon Jiamjitsiripong, C. Pattamaprom
The mechanical properties and gas permeability of natural rubber/bromobutyl rubber blends were investigated when using epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer. The blend composites used in this study were composites of commercial precipitated silica. Several types of layered silicates were investigated here as secondary fillers due to their high-aspect ratio platelet structures, which could help delaying the gas permeation rate. These fillers include talcum, montmorillonite clay, and kaolinite clay. We found that, ENR could promote faster cure and could improve the mechanical properties, compression set, and abrasion resistance of the composites with significant improvement in its gas barrier property. Among different types of fillers, talcum could provide superior gas barrier property to other types of fillers, even though the strength and modulus of talcum composite were still inferior to those of other composites. However, the addition of ENR to talcum composite did not further improve its gas barrier property further, though it could improve the other properties.
{"title":"Effects of Epoxidized Natural Rubber on Gas Barrier and Mechanical Properties of NR/BIIR Composites","authors":"Karoon Jiamjitsiripong, C. Pattamaprom","doi":"10.1177/0095244311400502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311400502","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanical properties and gas permeability of natural rubber/bromobutyl rubber blends were investigated when using epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer. The blend composites used in this study were composites of commercial precipitated silica. Several types of layered silicates were investigated here as secondary fillers due to their high-aspect ratio platelet structures, which could help delaying the gas permeation rate. These fillers include talcum, montmorillonite clay, and kaolinite clay. We found that, ENR could promote faster cure and could improve the mechanical properties, compression set, and abrasion resistance of the composites with significant improvement in its gas barrier property. Among different types of fillers, talcum could provide superior gas barrier property to other types of fillers, even though the strength and modulus of talcum composite were still inferior to those of other composites. However, the addition of ENR to talcum composite did not further improve its gas barrier property further, though it could improve the other properties.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"33 1","pages":"341 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78834824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-07DOI: 10.1177/0095244311398636
M. Ivanov, M. Mihaylov
A solid product SiO2D has been obtained as a result of subjecting the tread of ‘green’ tyres to pyrolysis-cum-water vapor. It has been found by IR-FTIR and EDXRF spectroscopy that the product contains 65% of SiO2, 30% of carbon, 3% of ZnO, and 2% of other components. The mechanical and dynamic properties, and SEM micrographs of the vulcanizates of model sSBR/BR-based blends having a different SiO2D filler content have been compared to those of vulcanizates filled with conventional SiO2 and carbon black at a 2 : 1 ratio. Composites comprising ZnO as well as such comprising zinc salts of long-chain fatty acids have been investigated. Differences have been established neither in the mechanical properties (Modulus 300, tensile strength, abrasion, etc.) nor in the dynamic properties (heat build-up, tan δ, etc.) of the vulcanizates filled with SiO2D and of those filled with conventional SiO2 and carbon black at a 2 : 1 ratio. The size of SiO2D particles has been found to be the same as that of conventional SiO2. Their distribution in the rubber matrix also does not differ.
{"title":"Silica Obtained Via Pyrolysis of Waste ‘Green’ Tyres - A Filler for Tyre Tread Rubber Blends","authors":"M. Ivanov, M. Mihaylov","doi":"10.1177/0095244311398636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311398636","url":null,"abstract":"A solid product SiO2D has been obtained as a result of subjecting the tread of ‘green’ tyres to pyrolysis-cum-water vapor. It has been found by IR-FTIR and EDXRF spectroscopy that the product contains 65% of SiO2, 30% of carbon, 3% of ZnO, and 2% of other components. The mechanical and dynamic properties, and SEM micrographs of the vulcanizates of model sSBR/BR-based blends having a different SiO2D filler content have been compared to those of vulcanizates filled with conventional SiO2 and carbon black at a 2 : 1 ratio. Composites comprising ZnO as well as such comprising zinc salts of long-chain fatty acids have been investigated. Differences have been established neither in the mechanical properties (Modulus 300, tensile strength, abrasion, etc.) nor in the dynamic properties (heat build-up, tan δ, etc.) of the vulcanizates filled with SiO2D and of those filled with conventional SiO2 and carbon black at a 2 : 1 ratio. The size of SiO2D particles has been found to be the same as that of conventional SiO2. Their distribution in the rubber matrix also does not differ.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"3 1","pages":"303 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78783396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0095244310385802
L. Allie, H. Aglan
The effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical performance, namely, strength, fracture resistance, and creep recovery of polyimide (PI) films, were investigated by testing different formulations of PI/MWCNTs films. The loadings of MWCNTs used were 0.1 and 0.5 wt%. A novel method of dispersing MWCNTs in PI was developed and optimized. The processing conditions for fabricating PI films have also been developed and optimized. The mechanical performance of the optimized PI films was evaluated. It was found that the strength of the PI films dried at 60°C increased by 55% and 72% for the 0.1% MWCNT and 0.5% MWCNT loadings, respectively, while the fracture resistance increased by 23% for the 0.1% MWCNTs and then decreases at a loading of 0.5% MWCNTs. The strength of the neat and nanostructured films increased after annealing. However, there was a shift in the annealing temperature at which the maximum strength occurs as the MWCNT loadings increased. The fracture resistance of all the samples increased at an annealing temperature of 150°C and then decreased as the temperature continued to increase up to 250°C. Creep recovery studies showed that the compliance of the PI films decreased with increasing MWCNT loading at room temperature and increases for all the samples as the testing temperature increases to 200°C. Also, the viscosity and percentage strain recovery of the samples increased with increasing MWCNT loading and decreased with increasing temperature. Generally, the percentage strain recovery is between 85%, for samples tested at high temperatures (200°C), and 94%, for those tested at low temperatures (25°C).
{"title":"Mechanical Performance of Nanostructured Thermoplastic Polyimide Films","authors":"L. Allie, H. Aglan","doi":"10.1177/0095244310385802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244310385802","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical performance, namely, strength, fracture resistance, and creep recovery of polyimide (PI) films, were investigated by testing different formulations of PI/MWCNTs films. The loadings of MWCNTs used were 0.1 and 0.5 wt%. A novel method of dispersing MWCNTs in PI was developed and optimized. The processing conditions for fabricating PI films have also been developed and optimized. The mechanical performance of the optimized PI films was evaluated. It was found that the strength of the PI films dried at 60°C increased by 55% and 72% for the 0.1% MWCNT and 0.5% MWCNT loadings, respectively, while the fracture resistance increased by 23% for the 0.1% MWCNTs and then decreases at a loading of 0.5% MWCNTs. The strength of the neat and nanostructured films increased after annealing. However, there was a shift in the annealing temperature at which the maximum strength occurs as the MWCNT loadings increased. The fracture resistance of all the samples increased at an annealing temperature of 150°C and then decreased as the temperature continued to increase up to 250°C. Creep recovery studies showed that the compliance of the PI films decreased with increasing MWCNT loading at room temperature and increases for all the samples as the testing temperature increases to 200°C. Also, the viscosity and percentage strain recovery of the samples increased with increasing MWCNT loading and decreased with increasing temperature. Generally, the percentage strain recovery is between 85%, for samples tested at high temperatures (200°C), and 94%, for those tested at low temperatures (25°C).","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"110 1","pages":"119 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89793995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0095244311398632
L. Jong
Soy protein and carbohydrate at different ratios were blended with latex to form composites. The variation of protein-to-carbohydrate ratio has a significant effect on the composite properties, and the results from dynamic mechanical method showed a substantial reinforcement effect. The composites reinforced by the filler with higher protein content had higher moduli than the composites with higher carbohydrate content. Soy carbohydrate also appeared to have ability to immobilize polymer chains compared to soy protein. The fatigue experiments showed that the composites with higher protein content were more elastic than the composites with higher carbohydrate content after repeatedly stressed with dynamic strain cycles. The recovery experiments showed that the moduli of the composites with higher protein content had better long-time recovery after deformation. The analysis of equilibrated residual structure after the stress-softening cycles showed that the composites with higher protein content were resilient without yielding until a larger strain was applied, while the composites with higher carbohydrate content had a continuous yielding in their structures as the magnitude of the strain was increased. Overall, the study shows that soy fillers with higher protein/carbohydrate ratio have potential to be used as rubber reinforcement.
{"title":"Reinforcement Effect of Soy Protein/Carbohydrate Ratio in Styrene—Butadiene Polymer","authors":"L. Jong","doi":"10.1177/0095244311398632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244311398632","url":null,"abstract":"Soy protein and carbohydrate at different ratios were blended with latex to form composites. The variation of protein-to-carbohydrate ratio has a significant effect on the composite properties, and the results from dynamic mechanical method showed a substantial reinforcement effect. The composites reinforced by the filler with higher protein content had higher moduli than the composites with higher carbohydrate content. Soy carbohydrate also appeared to have ability to immobilize polymer chains compared to soy protein. The fatigue experiments showed that the composites with higher protein content were more elastic than the composites with higher carbohydrate content after repeatedly stressed with dynamic strain cycles. The recovery experiments showed that the moduli of the composites with higher protein content had better long-time recovery after deformation. The analysis of equilibrated residual structure after the stress-softening cycles showed that the composites with higher protein content were resilient without yielding until a larger strain was applied, while the composites with higher carbohydrate content had a continuous yielding in their structures as the magnitude of the strain was increased. Overall, the study shows that soy fillers with higher protein/carbohydrate ratio have potential to be used as rubber reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":15644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Elastomers and Plastics","volume":"106 1","pages":"117 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81412609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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