Pub Date : 2022-10-26DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2137483
Rasmus Kløcker Larsen, Kaisa Raitio
ABSTRACT The recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ rights has sailed up as one of the most critical issues in land use planning, globally. In this paper, we use a recent planning process for a national park on traditional Sámi territory in northern Sweden to demonstrate how state officials engaged in everyday conservation planning are pivotal in navigating colonial legislation and promoting policy change on Indigenous rights. The analysis contributes, among other, to scholarly debates about the role of conflict in land use planning and the practices of frontline bureaucrats in natural resource governance. Our contribution demonstrates the value of an agonistic lens that attends to the constructive role of conflict in democratic change in pluralistic societies. This concerns both how state officials approach disagreement as well as the way contestation can create novel spaces to promote structural changes towards sustainability and justice. By not assuming collaboration but respectfully seeking it, the state officials succeeded in re-designing a collapsed process to help actors explore larger structural issues around Indigenous rights and government policy. In our agonistic reading, then, contestation should be perceived not as oppositional to the establishment of collaboration but as a necessary, and productive, part of inclusive land use planning.
{"title":"Protected areas and Indigenous rights in Sápmi: an agonistic reading of conflict and collaboration in land use planning","authors":"Rasmus Kløcker Larsen, Kaisa Raitio","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2137483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2137483","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ rights has sailed up as one of the most critical issues in land use planning, globally. In this paper, we use a recent planning process for a national park on traditional Sámi territory in northern Sweden to demonstrate how state officials engaged in everyday conservation planning are pivotal in navigating colonial legislation and promoting policy change on Indigenous rights. The analysis contributes, among other, to scholarly debates about the role of conflict in land use planning and the practices of frontline bureaucrats in natural resource governance. Our contribution demonstrates the value of an agonistic lens that attends to the constructive role of conflict in democratic change in pluralistic societies. This concerns both how state officials approach disagreement as well as the way contestation can create novel spaces to promote structural changes towards sustainability and justice. By not assuming collaboration but respectfully seeking it, the state officials succeeded in re-designing a collapsed process to help actors explore larger structural issues around Indigenous rights and government policy. In our agonistic reading, then, contestation should be perceived not as oppositional to the establishment of collaboration but as a necessary, and productive, part of inclusive land use planning.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"32 1","pages":"342 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86720506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2128093
Francesco Colona
ABSTRACT In this paper, I approach urban decarbonization policy as an assembling process. Based on interview material in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden, the article highlights three important aspects of how planners, strategists and project managers produce decarbonization policies, initiatives or experimental projects. The first shows how an important part of the policymaking is to contend with and bring together heterogeneous elements (e.g. low-carbon mobility initiatives, private companies, municipal transport system) to work for one goal (e.g. some families experimenting with car-free life). The second shows how cultivating relations within and outside the municipality offices allows project managers to form trusted networks that are instrumental towards more efficient policymaking and implementation. The last shows how planners unmake and remake target groups to produce coherent and effective policies. While each of these aspects, respectively, highlight typical tropes of assemblage thinking (i.e. heterogeneity, relationality and coherence) together they share a concern with the labour and work required by policy as an assembling process. Making policy on cross-sectional issues such as decarbonization, reveals labour as a relevant category to attend to the necessary tension between mission-oriented design and an openness and ability to capitalize on more serendipitous moments and opportunities.
{"title":"Urban decarbonization policy as assembling process: heterogeneous elements, networks and (un)making of target groups in a Swedish municipality between serendipity and design","authors":"Francesco Colona","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2128093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2128093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, I approach urban decarbonization policy as an assembling process. Based on interview material in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden, the article highlights three important aspects of how planners, strategists and project managers produce decarbonization policies, initiatives or experimental projects. The first shows how an important part of the policymaking is to contend with and bring together heterogeneous elements (e.g. low-carbon mobility initiatives, private companies, municipal transport system) to work for one goal (e.g. some families experimenting with car-free life). The second shows how cultivating relations within and outside the municipality offices allows project managers to form trusted networks that are instrumental towards more efficient policymaking and implementation. The last shows how planners unmake and remake target groups to produce coherent and effective policies. While each of these aspects, respectively, highlight typical tropes of assemblage thinking (i.e. heterogeneity, relationality and coherence) together they share a concern with the labour and work required by policy as an assembling process. Making policy on cross-sectional issues such as decarbonization, reveals labour as a relevant category to attend to the necessary tension between mission-oriented design and an openness and ability to capitalize on more serendipitous moments and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"69 1","pages":"314 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79636808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2128310
Tenley M. Conway, A. Yuan, Lara A. Roman, Megan Heckert, H. Pearsall, Stephen T. Dickinson, Christina Rosan, Camilo Ordóñez
ABSTRACT Green infrastructure (GI) refers to trees, rain gardens, rain barrels, and other features that address stormwater management, climate change and other challenges facing many cities. GI is often not equitably distributed across urban landscapes, making its benefits unevenly experienced. Cities have multiple initiatives focused on different types of GI in residential areas, including underserved neighborhoods, although there is potential for GI programs to serve more privileged neighborhoods. The goal of this study was to examine GI program participants and non-participants to better understand who participates in different types of residential GI programs and why. We surveyed residents who had previously participated in Philadelphia’s GI programs as well as those who had not, comparing socio-demographics, knowledge-levels, environmental concerns, outdoor space preferences, motivations and barriers. We found that the GI program participants are on average younger, wealthier, more highly educated, and more likely to be White than our sample of residents who have not participated. Participants in tree programs have different socio-demographics and motivations as compared to those who installed green stormwater infrastructure. Future research should examine strategies to reach neighborhoods with different socioeconomic conditions and built environment characteristics, such as offering features appropriate for small properties with limited plantable space.
{"title":"Who participates in green infrastructure initiatives and why? Comparing participants and non-participants in Philadelphia’s GI programs","authors":"Tenley M. Conway, A. Yuan, Lara A. Roman, Megan Heckert, H. Pearsall, Stephen T. Dickinson, Christina Rosan, Camilo Ordóñez","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2128310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2128310","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Green infrastructure (GI) refers to trees, rain gardens, rain barrels, and other features that address stormwater management, climate change and other challenges facing many cities. GI is often not equitably distributed across urban landscapes, making its benefits unevenly experienced. Cities have multiple initiatives focused on different types of GI in residential areas, including underserved neighborhoods, although there is potential for GI programs to serve more privileged neighborhoods. The goal of this study was to examine GI program participants and non-participants to better understand who participates in different types of residential GI programs and why. We surveyed residents who had previously participated in Philadelphia’s GI programs as well as those who had not, comparing socio-demographics, knowledge-levels, environmental concerns, outdoor space preferences, motivations and barriers. We found that the GI program participants are on average younger, wealthier, more highly educated, and more likely to be White than our sample of residents who have not participated. Participants in tree programs have different socio-demographics and motivations as compared to those who installed green stormwater infrastructure. Future research should examine strategies to reach neighborhoods with different socioeconomic conditions and built environment characteristics, such as offering features appropriate for small properties with limited plantable space.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"38 1","pages":"327 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74045062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2122420
M. Lennon, Fiadh Tubridy
ABSTRACT ‘Time’ is a taken-for-granted backdrop for most planning research. However, a nascent body of work suggests the need for greater sensitivity to the influence of time in stimulating views on what ‘is’ happening and ‘should be’ done about it. This paper extends such work by exploring how temporalities shape interpretations of reality in ways that can profile thinking and action. To achieve this, the paper mobilises the ‘assemblage theory’ of Deleuze and Guattari to facilitate an analysis of how signification and significance is constituted in the context of planning for change. A case study of coastal erosion is used to empirically explore the role of temporalities in contouring ontological, epistemological and normative perspectives. The analysis demonstrates that temporalities can be plural – and consequently political – in planning debates. This is important for planning research and practice as it suggests that attempting to appreciate diverging viewpoints in the absence of attention to different temporalities limits the capacity for understanding, and as such, curtails the feasibility of finding resolution to contentious planning issues.
{"title":"‘Time’ as a focus for planning research: exploring temporalities of coastal change","authors":"M. Lennon, Fiadh Tubridy","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2122420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2122420","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT ‘Time’ is a taken-for-granted backdrop for most planning research. However, a nascent body of work suggests the need for greater sensitivity to the influence of time in stimulating views on what ‘is’ happening and ‘should be’ done about it. This paper extends such work by exploring how temporalities shape interpretations of reality in ways that can profile thinking and action. To achieve this, the paper mobilises the ‘assemblage theory’ of Deleuze and Guattari to facilitate an analysis of how signification and significance is constituted in the context of planning for change. A case study of coastal erosion is used to empirically explore the role of temporalities in contouring ontological, epistemological and normative perspectives. The analysis demonstrates that temporalities can be plural – and consequently political – in planning debates. This is important for planning research and practice as it suggests that attempting to appreciate diverging viewpoints in the absence of attention to different temporalities limits the capacity for understanding, and as such, curtails the feasibility of finding resolution to contentious planning issues.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"48 1","pages":"301 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79268584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2117145
B. Coffey, Florence L. P. Damiens, Erik Hysing, Nooshin Torabi
ABSTRACT Biodiversity decline undermines the conditions for life on Earth resulting in calls for transformative governance of biodiversity. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, national biodiversity strategies provide the primary mechanism through which governments demonstrate their conservation efforts. With many countries due to develop new strategies under the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, it is timely to assess existing ones to identify policy design elements that could be ‘ratcheted up’ to meet the transformative agenda. This article analyzes and compares the policy designs of national biodiversity strategies in Australia, France and Sweden. We cover problem framing, policy goals, targeted groups, implementing agents, and policy instruments, to draw lessons on how national strategies can be designed to further support transformation of biodiversity governance. We identify elements in these strategies that can be used to inspire future ones: a negotiated framing of biodiversity and participatory processes in France, nested and integrated goals, targets and measures in Sweden, and an engagement with indigenous knowledge in Australia. However, to bring about transformative change, the analysis also shows the need for novel and fundamental re-designs to successfully target indirect drivers of biodiversity loss, shift power relations, and make biodiversity conservation a priority rather than an option.
{"title":"Assessing biodiversity policy designs in Australia, France and Sweden. Comparative lessons for transformative governance of biodiversity?","authors":"B. Coffey, Florence L. P. Damiens, Erik Hysing, Nooshin Torabi","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2117145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2117145","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Biodiversity decline undermines the conditions for life on Earth resulting in calls for transformative governance of biodiversity. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, national biodiversity strategies provide the primary mechanism through which governments demonstrate their conservation efforts. With many countries due to develop new strategies under the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, it is timely to assess existing ones to identify policy design elements that could be ‘ratcheted up’ to meet the transformative agenda. This article analyzes and compares the policy designs of national biodiversity strategies in Australia, France and Sweden. We cover problem framing, policy goals, targeted groups, implementing agents, and policy instruments, to draw lessons on how national strategies can be designed to further support transformation of biodiversity governance. We identify elements in these strategies that can be used to inspire future ones: a negotiated framing of biodiversity and participatory processes in France, nested and integrated goals, targets and measures in Sweden, and an engagement with indigenous knowledge in Australia. However, to bring about transformative change, the analysis also shows the need for novel and fundamental re-designs to successfully target indirect drivers of biodiversity loss, shift power relations, and make biodiversity conservation a priority rather than an option.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"30 1 1","pages":"287 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78176557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-11DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2100751
Simon Schaub, C. Vogeler, Florence Metz
ABSTRACT Today’s complex policy problems are strongly characterized by interdependencies across sectors. Such interdependencies hamper the sustainable management of natural resources such as water. The protection of water resources exhibits manifold interlinkages, often with energy and food policy. Interdependent policy problems entail trade-offs across policy sectors and therefore present decision-makers with a major challenge. In order to address this, the design of sustainable policy mixes should produce synergetic effects that contribute to both the protection of water resources and achieving the objectives of other interlinked policy sectors. However, it remains unclear why some policy mixes show significant flaws that prevent the achievement of sustainable outcomes. The contributions of this special issue step into this research gap and aim to explain variation in policy mixes and their contribution to sustainability.
{"title":"Designing policy mixes for the sustainable management of water resources","authors":"Simon Schaub, C. Vogeler, Florence Metz","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2100751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2100751","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Today’s complex policy problems are strongly characterized by interdependencies across sectors. Such interdependencies hamper the sustainable management of natural resources such as water. The protection of water resources exhibits manifold interlinkages, often with energy and food policy. Interdependent policy problems entail trade-offs across policy sectors and therefore present decision-makers with a major challenge. In order to address this, the design of sustainable policy mixes should produce synergetic effects that contribute to both the protection of water resources and achieving the objectives of other interlinked policy sectors. However, it remains unclear why some policy mixes show significant flaws that prevent the achievement of sustainable outcomes. The contributions of this special issue step into this research gap and aim to explain variation in policy mixes and their contribution to sustainability.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"4 1","pages":"463 - 471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78796940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2099366
Zoe Russell
ABSTRACT Biosphere Reserves are learning sites for sustainable development. Although based on specific UNESCO criteria, implementation varies to accommodate regional and national circumstances. The Isle of Man, in the Irish Sea, was designated as an ‘entire nation’ biosphere in 2016 and is governed through a stakeholder partnership, led by the Isle of Man Government Department for Environment, Food and Agriculture. This paper introduces the characteristics of this unique entire nation model based on qualitative interviews that were used to examine the perceptions of the biosphere’s stakeholder partnership. Findings from the research illustrate that stakeholders understand the designation as a ‘holistic’ approach to sustainable development and use the discourse of ‘finding balance’ across sectors. Stakeholders also conveyed some tensions regarding how the biosphere can be interpreted as a reward for the status quo and/or an incentive for change, connected to how the designation is led from within government. The paper concludes that whilst there are circumstances unique to the Isle of Man, many of the challenges perceived by stakeholders are also common to the biosphere model in general.
{"title":"The Isle of Man Biosphere Reserve: an entire nation approach to sustainable development","authors":"Zoe Russell","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2099366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2099366","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Biosphere Reserves are learning sites for sustainable development. Although based on specific UNESCO criteria, implementation varies to accommodate regional and national circumstances. The Isle of Man, in the Irish Sea, was designated as an ‘entire nation’ biosphere in 2016 and is governed through a stakeholder partnership, led by the Isle of Man Government Department for Environment, Food and Agriculture. This paper introduces the characteristics of this unique entire nation model based on qualitative interviews that were used to examine the perceptions of the biosphere’s stakeholder partnership. Findings from the research illustrate that stakeholders understand the designation as a ‘holistic’ approach to sustainable development and use the discourse of ‘finding balance’ across sectors. Stakeholders also conveyed some tensions regarding how the biosphere can be interpreted as a reward for the status quo and/or an incentive for change, connected to how the designation is led from within government. The paper concludes that whilst there are circumstances unique to the Isle of Man, many of the challenges perceived by stakeholders are also common to the biosphere model in general.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"279 1","pages":"273 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90384829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2099365
E. O’Shaughnessy, R. Wiser, B. Hoen, Joseph T. Rand, S. Elmallah
ABSTRACT The rapid expansion of solar and wind energy projects is raising questions of energy justice. Some scholars argue that solar and wind project development could burden under-resourced communities with negative impacts such as environmental harm and reduced access to resources. Conversely, other scholars argue that project development could be a boon to under-resourced communities, providing local economic and cultural benefits. Here, we analyze the drivers of solar and wind project siting patterns in the United States and explore their potential energy justice implications. We find that siting patterns are driven primarily by technoeconomic factors, especially resource quality and access to open undeveloped spaces. These technoeconomic factors channel projects into sparsely populated rural areas and, to a lesser extent, areas with lower income levels. We avoid simplifying assumptions about the broad justice implications of these siting patterns and explore our results from multiple perspectives.
{"title":"Drivers and energy justice implications of renewable energy project siting in the United States","authors":"E. O’Shaughnessy, R. Wiser, B. Hoen, Joseph T. Rand, S. Elmallah","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2099365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2099365","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The rapid expansion of solar and wind energy projects is raising questions of energy justice. Some scholars argue that solar and wind project development could burden under-resourced communities with negative impacts such as environmental harm and reduced access to resources. Conversely, other scholars argue that project development could be a boon to under-resourced communities, providing local economic and cultural benefits. Here, we analyze the drivers of solar and wind project siting patterns in the United States and explore their potential energy justice implications. We find that siting patterns are driven primarily by technoeconomic factors, especially resource quality and access to open undeveloped spaces. These technoeconomic factors channel projects into sparsely populated rural areas and, to a lesser extent, areas with lower income levels. We avoid simplifying assumptions about the broad justice implications of these siting patterns and explore our results from multiple perspectives.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"11 1","pages":"258 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85594917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-07DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2098096
L. Lai, S. Davies
ABSTRACT This essay explains that by virtue of having its boundary delineated, each parcel of land thus defined (or, more technically, zoned) acquires a unique boundary rendering it a discretely differentiated good. Zoning is about enclosing otherwise common resources with clear boundaries, both land and sea, to constrain rent dissipation, and enable betterment and conservation. By referring to parallels in maritime zoning according to international law and treaties, the discussion frees bundling zoning with U.S. zoning law vocabulary and explores the implications of the generic meaning of zoning as boundary delineation. Zoning is the primeval form of town and country planning. It can be imposed by state command or adopted by mutual agreement between government and individuals, conferring or attenuating rights and/or stipulating obligations. The actual effect of zoning is a case-by-case empirical matter. Zoning has a significant informational dimension and is a form of production, leaving a very rigid physical geographical outcome. Dezoning in the sense of depriving land property of its boundaries is generically impossible: once zoned (and thus created), a plot or parcel cannot be uncreated, just changed.
{"title":"Is non-zoning of land impossible? Eight fundamental propositions of zoning","authors":"L. Lai, S. Davies","doi":"10.1080/1523908X.2022.2098096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2022.2098096","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay explains that by virtue of having its boundary delineated, each parcel of land thus defined (or, more technically, zoned) acquires a unique boundary rendering it a discretely differentiated good. Zoning is about enclosing otherwise common resources with clear boundaries, both land and sea, to constrain rent dissipation, and enable betterment and conservation. By referring to parallels in maritime zoning according to international law and treaties, the discussion frees bundling zoning with U.S. zoning law vocabulary and explores the implications of the generic meaning of zoning as boundary delineation. Zoning is the primeval form of town and country planning. It can be imposed by state command or adopted by mutual agreement between government and individuals, conferring or attenuating rights and/or stipulating obligations. The actual effect of zoning is a case-by-case empirical matter. Zoning has a significant informational dimension and is a form of production, leaving a very rigid physical geographical outcome. Dezoning in the sense of depriving land property of its boundaries is generically impossible: once zoned (and thus created), a plot or parcel cannot be uncreated, just changed.","PeriodicalId":15699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning","volume":"49 1","pages":"242 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90545561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2022.2084054
R. Cowell, Carla De Laurentis
In its 2022 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reiterated the increasingly severe, interconnected and often irreversible impacts of climate change, emphasising the urgency of immediate action, with particular focus on the rapid transformation of energy infrastructure (IPCC, 2022). Such calls for new, expanded and environmentally sustainable energy infrastructure exemplify what Bridge et al. labelled as our contemporary ‘infrastructural moment’ (Bridge et al., 2018, p. 9). Political, economic and environmental voices have exhorted the considerable scale of the infrastructural investment required, with climate emergency narratives intertwining with earlier positioning of infrastructure spending as a response to the 2008 financial crises (Feindt & Cowell, 2010) and, more recently, to the coronavirus pandemic (Johnson, 2020). Rhetorics of speed, scale and necessity inform policy discourses dominated – at least in national and corporate arenas – by delivery. Yet, transitioning to a net zero-emissions energy system is a hugely complex task requiring a holistic appraisal of how energy is generated, transferred and utilised across all forms of infrastructure. The importance of examining and better understanding infrastructures, their obduracy, renewal and change, across the globe, has never been more acute. It is estimated that around 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions stem from infrastructure (Crouch, 2021). What is more, infrastructure has to be resilient to the climate change that is already happening and still to come. This ‘infrastructural moment’ has produced much interest across the social sciences, keen to grasp how energy infrastructure co-evolves with socio-economic institutions, actors and social norms (Calvert, 2016). Such perspectives are vital, since infrastructure is not just an entity to be delivered, or an ‘asset class’ to be packaged neatly for economic gain. Infrastructural systems deeply infuse patterns of production and consumption; they require governance and simultaneously configure how governing might be undertaken; and infrastructure provides an analytical window – an ontology – through which societal struggles to achieve energy transitions can be observed and appraised (Sovacool et al., 2020). Several broad themes have attracted the attention of researchers. The first centres on issues of technology and technology choice. Debate about the respective merits of ‘centralized’ versus ‘decentralized’ energy pathways are well established (Lovins, 1977), and analysts have escaped these dualistic oppositions to engage with the myriad hybrid permutations of scalar form. However, disputes about the merits of alternative future technological pathways for energy decarbonisation play out in the context of extant infrastructural systems. Infrastructures, and their constitutive networks of actors, facilities and institutions, are both the subject and battleground of future technological choices. Consequently, new challen
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