The controversially discussed taxonomy of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex encompasses at least eight major molecular types. Cerebral cryptococcomas are a common manifestation of cryptococcal neurological disease. In this study, we compared neurotypical symptoms and differential neurovirulence induced by one representative isolate for each of the eight molecular types studied. We compared single focal lesions caused by the different isolates and evaluated the potential relationships between the fungal burden and properties obtained with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques such as diffusion MRI, T2 relaxometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We observed an inverse correlation between parametric data and lesion density, and we were able to monitor longitudinally biophysical properties of cryptococcomas induced by different molecular types. Because the MRI/MRS techniques are also clinically available, the same approach could be used to assess image-based biophysical properties that correlate with fungal cell density in lesions in patients to determine personalized treatments.
{"title":"Quantitative MRI of a Cerebral Cryptococcoma Mouse Model for In Vivo Distinction between Different Cryptococcal Molecular Types.","authors":"Luigi Musetta, Shannon Helsper, Lara Roosen, Dries Maes, Anca Croitor Sava, Liesbeth Vanherp, Willy Gsell, Greetje Vande Velde, Katrien Lagrou, Wieland Meyer, Uwe Himmelreich","doi":"10.3390/jof10080593","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The controversially discussed taxonomy of the <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>/<i>Cryptococcus gattii</i> species complex encompasses at least eight major molecular types. Cerebral cryptococcomas are a common manifestation of cryptococcal neurological disease. In this study, we compared neurotypical symptoms and differential neurovirulence induced by one representative isolate for each of the eight molecular types studied. We compared single focal lesions caused by the different isolates and evaluated the potential relationships between the fungal burden and properties obtained with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques such as diffusion MRI, T<sub>2</sub> relaxometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We observed an inverse correlation between parametric data and lesion density, and we were able to monitor longitudinally biophysical properties of cryptococcomas induced by different molecular types. Because the MRI/MRS techniques are also clinically available, the same approach could be used to assess image-based biophysical properties that correlate with fungal cell density in lesions in patients to determine personalized treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aspergillus flavus is a cosmopolitan saprophytic fungus that infests several foodstuffs and is associated with adverse effects in humans. In Senegal, significant losses of groundnut production are mainly due to contamination caused by this species. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus rotundus and Lippia alba essential oils against A. flavus isolated from peanut seeds. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of rhizomes of the two Cyperus species and leaves of L. alba were analyzed with GC-DIF and GC-MS. The essential oil yields from C. articulatus, C. rotundus and L. alba were 1.1%, 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. These three samples had the following chemotypes: (i) mustakone (21.4%)/eudesma-4(15)-7-dien-1β-ol (8.8%)/caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), (ii) caryophyllene oxide (25.2%)/humulene epoxyde 2 (35.0%) and (iii) geranial (46.6%)/neral (34.6%). The three oils tested inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations between 100 and 1000 ppm. The L. alba oil was the most effective with total clearance of A. flavus on PDA. For the essential oils of C. rotundus (93.65%) and C. articulatus (78.11%), the highest inhibition rates were obtained with a 1000 ppm dose. Thus, L. alba oil could be used safely as an effective protector of groundnuts against A. flavus.
黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)是一种世界性隐性真菌,可侵染多种食品,并对人体产生不良影响。在塞内加尔,花生生产的重大损失主要是由这种真菌造成的。这项研究评估了香附、腐叶香附和白花栗精油对从花生种子中分离出的黄曲霉菌的体外抗真菌活性。采用 GC-DIF 和 GC-MS 分析了通过水蒸馏法获得的两种香附根茎和白叶李的精油。C. articulatus、C. rotundus 和 L. alba 的精油产量分别为 1.1%、1.3% 和 1.7%。这三种样本的化学类型如下:(i) 芥子酮(21.4%)/桉叶-4(15)-7-二烯-1β-醇(8.8%)/氧化香叶烯(5.9%),(ii) 氧化香叶烯(25.2%)/环氧胡柚烯 2(35.0%)和(iii) 香叶醇(46.6%)/香叶(34.6%)。在 100 至 1000 ppm 的浓度范围内,测试的三种精油都能抑制黄曲霉的生长。L. alba 精油对完全清除 PDA 上的黄曲霉最为有效。对于 C. rotundus(93.65%)和 C. articulatus(78.11%)精油,1000 ppm 剂量的抑制率最高。因此,L. alba 精油可以作为一种有效的保护花生免受黄曲霉侵害的安全用油。
{"title":"Antifungal Activity of <i>Cyperus articulatus</i>, <i>Cyperus rotundus</i> and <i>Lippia alba</i> Essential Oils against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Isolated from Peanut Seeds.","authors":"Safietou Sabaly, Yoro Tine, Alioune Diallo, Abdoulaye Faye, Mouhamed Cisse, Abdoulaye Ndiaye, Cebastiana Sambou, Cheikhouna Gaye, Alassane Wele, Julien Paolini, Jean Costa, Aboubacry Kane, Saliou Ngom","doi":"10.3390/jof10080591","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a cosmopolitan saprophytic fungus that infests several foodstuffs and is associated with adverse effects in humans. In Senegal, significant losses of groundnut production are mainly due to contamination caused by this species. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of <i>Cyperus articulatus</i>, <i>Cyperus rotundus</i> and <i>Lippia alba</i> essential oils against <i>A. flavus</i> isolated from peanut seeds. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of rhizomes of the two <i>Cyperus</i> species and leaves of <i>L. alba</i> were analyzed with GC-DIF and GC-MS. The essential oil yields from <i>C. articulatus</i>, <i>C. rotundus</i> and <i>L. alba</i> were 1.1%, 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. These three samples had the following chemotypes: (i) mustakone (21.4%)/eudesma-4(15)-7-dien-1β-ol (8.8%)/caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), (ii) caryophyllene oxide (25.2%)/humulene epoxyde 2 (35.0%) and (iii) geranial (46.6%)/neral (34.6%). The three oils tested inhibited the growth of <i>A. flavus</i> at concentrations between 100 and 1000 ppm. The <i>L. alba</i> oil was the most effective with total clearance of <i>A. flavus</i> on PDA. For the essential oils of <i>C. rotundus</i> (93.65%) and <i>C. articulatus</i> (78.11%), the highest inhibition rates were obtained with a 1000 ppm dose. Thus, <i>L. alba</i> oil could be used safely as an effective protector of groundnuts against <i>A. flavus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott E Gold, Daren W Brown, Felicia N Williams, Brian D Nadon, Vivian T Vo, Christine E Miller
Fungal genetic systems ideally combine molecular tools for genome manipulation and a sexual reproduction system to create an informative assortment of combinations of genomic modifications. When employing the sexual cycle to generate multi-mutants, the background genotype variations in the parents may result in progeny phenotypic variation obscuring the effects of combined mutations. Here, to mitigate this variation in Fusarium verticillioides, we generated a MAT1-2 strain that was near isogenic to the sequenced wild-type MAT1-1 strain, FGSC7600. This was accomplished by crossing FGSC7600 with the divergent wild-type MAT1-2 strain FGSC7603 followed by six sequential backcrosses (e.g., six generations) of MAT1-2 progeny to FGSC7600. We sequenced each generation and mapped recombination events. The parental cross involved twenty-six crossovers on nine of the eleven chromosomes. The dispensable chromosome 12, found in FGSC7603 but lacking in FGSC7600, was not present in the progeny post generation five. Inheritance of complete chromosomes without crossover was frequently observed. A deletion of approximately 140 kilobases, containing 54 predicted genes on chromosome 4, occurred in generation 4 and was retained in generation 5 indicating that these genes are dispensable for growth and both asexual and sexual reproduction. The final MAT1-2 strain TMRU10/35 is about 93% identical to FGSC7600. TMRU10/35 is available from the Fungal Genetics Stock Center as FGSC27326 and from the ARS Culture Collection as NRRL64809.
{"title":"A <i>Fusarium verticillioides MAT1-2</i> Strain near Isogenic to the Sequenced FGSC7600 Strain for Producing Homozygous Multigene Mutants.","authors":"Scott E Gold, Daren W Brown, Felicia N Williams, Brian D Nadon, Vivian T Vo, Christine E Miller","doi":"10.3390/jof10080592","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal genetic systems ideally combine molecular tools for genome manipulation and a sexual reproduction system to create an informative assortment of combinations of genomic modifications. When employing the sexual cycle to generate multi-mutants, the background genotype variations in the parents may result in progeny phenotypic variation obscuring the effects of combined mutations. Here, to mitigate this variation in <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i>, we generated a <i>MAT1-2</i> strain that was near isogenic to the sequenced wild-type <i>MAT1-1</i> strain, FGSC7600. This was accomplished by crossing FGSC7600 with the divergent wild-type <i>MAT1-2</i> strain FGSC7603 followed by six sequential backcrosses (e.g., six generations) of <i>MAT1-2</i> progeny to FGSC7600. We sequenced each generation and mapped recombination events. The parental cross involved twenty-six crossovers on nine of the eleven chromosomes. The dispensable chromosome 12, found in FGSC7603 but lacking in FGSC7600, was not present in the progeny post generation five. Inheritance of complete chromosomes without crossover was frequently observed. A deletion of approximately 140 kilobases, containing 54 predicted genes on chromosome 4, occurred in generation 4 and was retained in generation 5 indicating that these genes are dispensable for growth and both asexual and sexual reproduction. The final <i>MAT1-2</i> strain TMRU10/35 is about 93% identical to FGSC7600. TMRU10/35 is available from the Fungal Genetics Stock Center as FGSC27326 and from the ARS Culture Collection as NRRL64809.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Aspergillus section Circumdati and section Nigri across the coffee chain. OTA is nephrotoxic and is a threat to human health. This review summarizes current knowledge on how to reduce OTA concentration in coffee from farm to cup. After a brief introduction to the OTA occurrence in coffee, current good management practices are introduced. The core of this review focuses on biocontrol and microbial decontamination by lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and their associated enzymes currently reported in the literature. Special attention is given to publications closest to in vivo applications of biocontrol agents and microbial OTA adsorption or degradation agents. Finally, this review provides an opinion on which future techniques to promote within the coffee supply chain.
赭曲霉毒素 A(OTA)是一种霉菌毒素,主要由整个咖啡链中的圆环曲霉和尼格里曲霉产生。OTA 具有肾毒性,对人类健康构成威胁。本综述总结了目前关于如何降低从农场到咖啡杯中的 OTA 浓度的知识。在简要介绍了咖啡中的 OTA 发生情况后,介绍了当前的良好管理实践。本综述的核心内容侧重于目前文献中报道的乳酸菌、酵母菌和真菌及其相关酶的生物控制和微生物净化。特别关注了与生物控制剂和微生物 OTA 吸附或降解剂的体内应用最接近的出版物。最后,本综述就未来在咖啡供应链中推广哪些技术提出了意见。
{"title":"Reduction in Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Coffee: From Good Practices to Biocontrol Agents.","authors":"Claudia López-Rodríguez, Carol Verheecke-Vaessen, Caroline Strub, Angélique Fontana, Sabine Schorr-Galindo, Angel Medina","doi":"10.3390/jof10080590","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin mainly produced by <i>Aspergillus</i> section <i>Circumdati</i> and section <i>Nigri</i> across the coffee chain. OTA is nephrotoxic and is a threat to human health. This review summarizes current knowledge on how to reduce OTA concentration in coffee from farm to cup. After a brief introduction to the OTA occurrence in coffee, current good management practices are introduced. The core of this review focuses on biocontrol and microbial decontamination by lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and their associated enzymes currently reported in the literature. Special attention is given to publications closest to in vivo applications of biocontrol agents and microbial OTA adsorption or degradation agents. Finally, this review provides an opinion on which future techniques to promote within the coffee supply chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phyllachora (Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales) species are parasitic fungi with a wide global distribution, causing tar spots on plants. In this study, we describe three newly discovered species: Phyllachora chongzhouensis, Phyllachora neidongensis, and Phyllachora huiliensis from Poaceae in China. These species were characterized using morphological traits and multi-locus phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) with the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene, the large subunit of the rRNA gene (LSU), and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (SSU). Three known species of P. chloridis, P. graminis, and P. miscanthi have also been redescribed, because, in reviewing the original references of P. chloridis, P. graminis, and P. miscanthi, these were found to be relatively old and in Chinese or abbreviated. In addition, the illustrations were simple. In molecular identification, the ITS sequence is short, while the ITS, LSU, and SSU are incomplete. Therefore, this study provides new important references for the redescription of three known species and provides further evidence for the identification of new taxa.
{"title":"Six Species of <i>Phyllachora</i> with Three New Taxa on Grass from Sichuan Province, China.","authors":"Qi-Rong Sun, Xiu-Lan Xu, Zhen Zeng, Yu Deng, Feng Liu, Li-Ping Gao, Fei-Hu Wang, Ya-Qian Yan, Ying-Gao Liu, Chun-Lin Yang","doi":"10.3390/jof10080588","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Phyllachora</i> (<i>Phyllachoraceae</i>, <i>Phyllachorales</i>) species are parasitic fungi with a wide global distribution, causing tar spots on plants. In this study, we describe three newly discovered species: <i>Phyllachora chongzhouensis</i>, <i>Phyllachora neidongensis</i>, and <i>Phyllachora huiliensis</i> from <i>Poaceae</i> in China. These species were characterized using morphological traits and multi-locus phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) with the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene, the large subunit of the rRNA gene (LSU), and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (SSU). Three known species of <i>P. chloridis</i>, <i>P. graminis</i>, and <i>P. miscanthi</i> have also been redescribed, because, in reviewing the original references of <i>P. chloridis</i>, <i>P. graminis</i>, and <i>P. miscanthi</i>, these were found to be relatively old and in Chinese or abbreviated. In addition, the illustrations were simple. In molecular identification, the ITS sequence is short, while the ITS, LSU, and SSU are incomplete. Therefore, this study provides new important references for the redescription of three known species and provides further evidence for the identification of new taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai-Yang Niu, Jun He, Song-Ming Tang, Xi-Jun Su, Zong-Long Luo
Sanguinoderma (Ganodermataceae) is recognized as a valuable medicinal resource in Taiwan, China. Additionally, it serves as a traditional folk medicine for treating neurotic epilepsy in Malaysia. This study involved the collection of six specimens of Sanguinoderma from Yunnan Province, China. Employing multigene phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), nuclear small subunit (nSSU) and morphological examinations, three new species, viz. Sanguinoderma concentricum, S. dehongense and S. ovisporum, are introduced. Sanguinoderma concentricum is characterized by a central stipe basidiomata, an orbicular to suborbicular pileus, a grayish-yellow surface with alternating concentric zones and wavy margin-like petals and regular pileipellis cells (4-8 × 17-28 μm). Sanguinoderma dehongense is characterized by a long stipe and flabelliform basidiomata, a dark-grayish yellow-to-dark-yellow pileus surface, irregular pileipellis cells and wavy margin and ellipsoid basidia (8-11 × 9-13 μm). Sanguinoderma ovisporum is characterized by a reniform basidiomata, a heterogeneous context and ovoid basidiospores (7.5-8.6 × 5.5-7.2 µm). A detailed description and illustrations of these new species are provided, as well as a morphological comparison with similar taxa.
{"title":"Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Three Novel Species of <i>Sanguinoderma</i> (<i>Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota</i>) from Yunnan Province, China.","authors":"Kai-Yang Niu, Jun He, Song-Ming Tang, Xi-Jun Su, Zong-Long Luo","doi":"10.3390/jof10080589","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Sanguinoderma</i> (<i>Ganodermataceae</i>) is recognized as a valuable medicinal resource in Taiwan, China. Additionally, it serves as a traditional folk medicine for treating neurotic epilepsy in Malaysia. This study involved the collection of six specimens of <i>Sanguinoderma</i> from Yunnan Province, China. Employing multigene phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (<i>rpb</i>2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (<i>tef</i>1-α), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), nuclear small subunit (nSSU) and morphological examinations, three new species, viz. <i>Sanguinoderma concentricum</i>, <i>S. dehongense</i> and <i>S. ovisporum</i>, are introduced. <i>Sanguinoderma concentricum</i> is characterized by a central stipe basidiomata, an orbicular to suborbicular pileus, a grayish-yellow surface with alternating concentric zones and wavy margin-like petals and regular pileipellis cells (4-8 × 17-28 μm). <i>Sanguinoderma dehongense</i> is characterized by a long stipe and flabelliform basidiomata, a dark-grayish yellow-to-dark-yellow pileus surface, irregular pileipellis cells and wavy margin and ellipsoid basidia (8-11 × 9-13 μm). <i>Sanguinoderma ovisporum</i> is characterized by a reniform basidiomata, a heterogeneous context and ovoid basidiospores (7.5-8.6 × 5.5-7.2 µm). A detailed description and illustrations of these new species are provided, as well as a morphological comparison with similar taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueyu Pan, Junfeng Liang, Jinhua Zhang, Yan Zhao, Mingjie Chen
Ectomycorrhizal fungi employ different strategies for mycelial growth and host colonization under varying nutrient conditions. However, key genes associated with mycorrhizal interaction should be influenced solely by the inoculation treatment and not by nutrient variations. To utilize subtle nutrient differences and rapidly screen for key genes related to the interaction between Suillus luteus and Pinus massoniana, we performed an inoculation experiment using culture bottles containing high- and low-nutrient media. Interestingly, S. luteus LS88 promoted the growth of P. massoniana seedlings without mature ectomycorrhiza, and the impact of LS88 inoculation on P. massoniana roots was greater than that of nutrient changes. In this study, the resequenced genome of the LS88 strain was utilized for transcriptome analysis of the strain. The analysis indicated that a unique gene encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) in LS88 is likely involved in colonizing P. massoniana roots. In this study, the GST gene expression was independent of nutrient levels. It was probably induced by P. massoniana and could be used as a marker for S. luteus colonization degree.
在不同的营养条件下,外生菌根真菌采用不同的菌丝生长和宿主定殖策略。然而,与菌根相互作用相关的关键基因应该只受接种处理的影响,而不受养分变化的影响。为了利用微妙的养分差异,快速筛选出与黄叶水霉菌(Suillus luteus)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)之间相互作用相关的关键基因,我们使用装有高养分和低养分培养基的培养瓶进行了接种实验。有趣的是,S. luteus LS88能促进没有成熟外生菌根的P. massoniana幼苗的生长,而且LS88接种对P. massoniana根系的影响大于营养变化的影响。本研究利用重新测序的 LS88 菌株基因组对该菌株进行了转录组分析。分析表明,LS88 菌株中编码谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GST)的独特基因可能参与了 P. massoniana 根系的定殖。在这项研究中,GST 基因的表达与营养水平无关。它可能是由 P. massoniana 诱导的,可用作黄体球菌定殖程度的标记。
{"title":"Differential Strategies of Ectomycorrhizal Development between <i>Suillus luteus</i> and <i>Pinus massoniana</i> in Response to Nutrient Changes.","authors":"Xueyu Pan, Junfeng Liang, Jinhua Zhang, Yan Zhao, Mingjie Chen","doi":"10.3390/jof10080587","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ectomycorrhizal fungi employ different strategies for mycelial growth and host colonization under varying nutrient conditions. However, key genes associated with mycorrhizal interaction should be influenced solely by the inoculation treatment and not by nutrient variations. To utilize subtle nutrient differences and rapidly screen for key genes related to the interaction between <i>Suillus luteus</i> and <i>Pinus massoniana</i>, we performed an inoculation experiment using culture bottles containing high- and low-nutrient media. Interestingly, <i>S. luteus</i> LS88 promoted the growth of <i>P. massoniana</i> seedlings without mature ectomycorrhiza, and the impact of LS88 inoculation on <i>P. massoniana</i> roots was greater than that of nutrient changes. In this study, the resequenced genome of the LS88 strain was utilized for transcriptome analysis of the strain. The analysis indicated that a unique gene encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) in LS88 is likely involved in colonizing <i>P. massoniana</i> roots. In this study, the GST gene expression was independent of nutrient levels. It was probably induced by <i>P. massoniana</i> and could be used as a marker for <i>S. luteus</i> colonization degree.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josephine L Battersby, David A Stevens, Robert H A Coutts, Vladimír Havlíček, Joe L Hsu, Gabriele Sass, Ioly Kotta-Loizou
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi and are widespread across all major fungal taxa, exhibiting great biological diversity. Since their discovery in the 1960s, researchers have observed a myriad of fungal phenotypes altered due to mycoviral infection. In this review, we examine the nuanced world of mycoviruses in the context of the medically and agriculturally important fungal genus, Aspergillus. The advent of RNA sequencing has revealed a previous underestimate of viral prevalence in fungi, in particular linear single-stranded RNA viruses, and here we outline the diverse viral families known to date that contain mycoviruses infecting Aspergillus. Furthermore, we describe these novel mycoviruses, highlighting those with peculiar genome structures, such as a split RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene. Next, we delineate notable mycovirus-mediated phenotypes in Aspergillus, in particular reporting on observations of mycoviruses that affect their fungal host's virulence and explore how this may relate to virus-mediated decreased stress tolerance. Furthermore, mycovirus effects on microbial competition and antifungal resistance are discussed. The factors that influence the manifestation of these phenotypes, such as temperature, fungal life stage, and infection with multiple viruses, among others, are also evaluated. In addition, we attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin these phenotypes, examining how mycoviruses can be targets, triggers, and even suppressors of RNA silencing and how this can affect fungal gene expression and phenotypes. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic applications of mycoviruses and how, in an approach analogous to bacteriophage therapy, their ability to produce hypovirulence in Aspergillus might be used to attenuate invasive aspergillosis infections in humans.
{"title":"The Expanding Mycovirome of <i>Aspergilli</i>.","authors":"Josephine L Battersby, David A Stevens, Robert H A Coutts, Vladimír Havlíček, Joe L Hsu, Gabriele Sass, Ioly Kotta-Loizou","doi":"10.3390/jof10080585","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi and are widespread across all major fungal taxa, exhibiting great biological diversity. Since their discovery in the 1960s, researchers have observed a myriad of fungal phenotypes altered due to mycoviral infection. In this review, we examine the nuanced world of mycoviruses in the context of the medically and agriculturally important fungal genus, <i>Aspergillus</i>. The advent of RNA sequencing has revealed a previous underestimate of viral prevalence in fungi, in particular linear single-stranded RNA viruses, and here we outline the diverse viral families known to date that contain mycoviruses infecting <i>Aspergillus</i>. Furthermore, we describe these novel mycoviruses, highlighting those with peculiar genome structures, such as a split RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene. Next, we delineate notable mycovirus-mediated phenotypes in <i>Aspergillus</i>, in particular reporting on observations of mycoviruses that affect their fungal host's virulence and explore how this may relate to virus-mediated decreased stress tolerance. Furthermore, mycovirus effects on microbial competition and antifungal resistance are discussed. The factors that influence the manifestation of these phenotypes, such as temperature, fungal life stage, and infection with multiple viruses, among others, are also evaluated. In addition, we attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin these phenotypes, examining how mycoviruses can be targets, triggers, and even suppressors of RNA silencing and how this can affect fungal gene expression and phenotypes. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic applications of mycoviruses and how, in an approach analogous to bacteriophage therapy, their ability to produce hypovirulence in <i>Aspergillus</i> might be used to attenuate invasive aspergillosis infections in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammar Mutahar Al-Huthaifi, Bakeel A Radman, Abdullah Ali Al-Alawi, Fawad Mahmood, Tong-Bao Liu
Cryptococcosis is a prevalent fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast with a polysaccharide capsule in the basidiomycete group. Normally, C. neoformans infects the respiratory tract and then breaches the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to meningitis or meningoencephalitis, which leads to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Although the mechanism by which C. neoformans infiltrates the BBB to invade the brain has yet to be fully understood, research has revealed that C. neoformans can cross the BBB using transcellular penetration, paracellular traversal, and infected phagocytes (the "Trojan horse" mechanism). The secretion of multiple virulence factors by C. neoformans is crucial in facilitating the spread of infection after breaching the BBB and causing brain infections. Extensive research has shown that various virulence factors play a significant role in the dissemination of infection beyond the lungs. This review explores the mechanisms of C. neoformans entering the CNS and explains how it bypasses the BBB. Additionally, it aims to understand the interplay between the regulatory mechanisms and virulence factors of C. neoformans.
{"title":"Mechanisms and Virulence Factors of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> Dissemination to the Central Nervous System.","authors":"Ammar Mutahar Al-Huthaifi, Bakeel A Radman, Abdullah Ali Al-Alawi, Fawad Mahmood, Tong-Bao Liu","doi":"10.3390/jof10080586","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptococcosis is a prevalent fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>, a yeast with a polysaccharide capsule in the basidiomycete group. Normally, <i>C. neoformans</i> infects the respiratory tract and then breaches the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to meningitis or meningoencephalitis, which leads to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Although the mechanism by which <i>C. neoformans</i> infiltrates the BBB to invade the brain has yet to be fully understood, research has revealed that <i>C. neoformans</i> can cross the BBB using transcellular penetration, paracellular traversal, and infected phagocytes (the \"Trojan horse\" mechanism). The secretion of multiple virulence factors by <i>C. neoformans</i> is crucial in facilitating the spread of infection after breaching the BBB and causing brain infections. Extensive research has shown that various virulence factors play a significant role in the dissemination of infection beyond the lungs. This review explores the mechanisms of <i>C. neoformans</i> entering the CNS and explains how it bypasses the BBB. Additionally, it aims to understand the interplay between the regulatory mechanisms and virulence factors of <i>C. neoformans</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Pavone, Laura Arletti, Fiorella Ilariucci, Tommaso Albano, Deborah Lusetti, Romina Corsini, Francesco Merli, Sergio Mezzadri
Treatment with CCR-4 antagonists has been shown to be protective against the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in animal models. Herein, we present a case of fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient receiving Mogamulizumab. A 64-year-old man with refractory mycosis fungoides was found to have diffuse bilateral pulmonary nodules during a chest CT in June 2022. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fungal and bacterial cultures and galactomannan were negative, as well as serum beta-glucan and galactomannan. Histology showed a lymphoid infiltrate with a negative fungal stain, so a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma infiltration was made, and the patient started the CCR-4 antagonist Mogamulizumab treatment in August 2022. He had no symptoms until November when he presented to the hematology clinic reporting dyspnea. He had neutrophilic leukocytosis (18.610 cells/µL), his c-reactive protein was 27 mg/dL, and his skin lesions from mycosis fungoides were just starting to improve. A CT scan showed large diffuse bilateral severely necrotic cavitated lesions with thick walls and apparently synchronous evolution. Beta-glucan was 31 pg/mL (wako method), while serum galactomannan 3.6. BAL was positive for Aspergillus fumigatus culture and galactomannan. Patient started voriconazole but, despite being in a stable condition, he suddenly died after two days. Discussion: Paradoxically, worsening of the chronic pulmonary aspergillosis has been reported after nivolumab treatment, and immune reconstitution syndromes are usually seen during neutrophil recovery after intensive chemotherapy. Our patient already presented indolent lung lesions from 5 months before and he remained completely asymptomatic until the aspergillosis diagnosis when he quickly passed away. Even if a progression of the lesions was expected in 5 months, this case had an atypical presentation. During the 5-month period, he had no pulmonary symptoms, and his c-reactive protein was negative. Furthermore, in the setting of the natural progression of subacute/chronic aspergillosis, a different radiological picture was expected with a less severe and probably asynchronous evolution. We think that the immune restoration associated with Mogamulizumab (also supported by the concurrent clinical response of the skin lesions) could have been detrimental in this case, exacerbating a catastrophic immune response or alternatively masquerading the clinical progression of aspergillosis. Clinicians should be aware of immune reconstitution syndromes possibly leading to fatal outcomes in immunocompromised patients starting CCR-4 antagonists.
{"title":"Atypical Presentation of Invasive Aspergillosis during Treatment with Mogamulizumab.","authors":"Paolo Pavone, Laura Arletti, Fiorella Ilariucci, Tommaso Albano, Deborah Lusetti, Romina Corsini, Francesco Merli, Sergio Mezzadri","doi":"10.3390/jof10080584","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof10080584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment with CCR-4 antagonists has been shown to be protective against the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in animal models. Herein, we present a case of fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient receiving Mogamulizumab. A 64-year-old man with refractory mycosis fungoides was found to have diffuse bilateral pulmonary nodules during a chest CT in June 2022. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fungal and bacterial cultures and galactomannan were negative, as well as serum beta-glucan and galactomannan. Histology showed a lymphoid infiltrate with a negative fungal stain, so a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma infiltration was made, and the patient started the CCR-4 antagonist Mogamulizumab treatment in August 2022. He had no symptoms until November when he presented to the hematology clinic reporting dyspnea. He had neutrophilic leukocytosis (18.610 cells/µL), his c-reactive protein was 27 mg/dL, and his skin lesions from mycosis fungoides were just starting to improve. A CT scan showed large diffuse bilateral severely necrotic cavitated lesions with thick walls and apparently synchronous evolution. Beta-glucan was 31 pg/mL (wako method), while serum galactomannan 3.6. BAL was positive for <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> culture and galactomannan. Patient started voriconazole but, despite being in a stable condition, he suddenly died after two days. Discussion: Paradoxically, worsening of the chronic pulmonary aspergillosis has been reported after nivolumab treatment, and immune reconstitution syndromes are usually seen during neutrophil recovery after intensive chemotherapy. Our patient already presented indolent lung lesions from 5 months before and he remained completely asymptomatic until the aspergillosis diagnosis when he quickly passed away. Even if a progression of the lesions was expected in 5 months, this case had an atypical presentation. During the 5-month period, he had no pulmonary symptoms, and his c-reactive protein was negative. Furthermore, in the setting of the natural progression of subacute/chronic aspergillosis, a different radiological picture was expected with a less severe and probably asynchronous evolution. We think that the immune restoration associated with Mogamulizumab (also supported by the concurrent clinical response of the skin lesions) could have been detrimental in this case, exacerbating a catastrophic immune response or alternatively masquerading the clinical progression of aspergillosis. Clinicians should be aware of immune reconstitution syndromes possibly leading to fatal outcomes in immunocompromised patients starting CCR-4 antagonists.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11355603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}