Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664570
T. Xu, J.Y. Li, S.T. Li
Investigation on the dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4+xO12+2x was carried out when x was altered in the range from -0.5 to 0.5. For x= -0.5, it was found through XRD that besides primary CCTO phase, there are also CuO and CaTiO3 phases. For x= 0.5, additional TiO2 was found besides dominating CCTO phase. When x increases from -0.5 to 0.5, it was found that dielectric constant decreases, varistor voltage and non-linear coefficient increase while the dielelctric loss decreases. According to IBLC theory, it is suggested that the change of the grain boundary structure results in different barrier height and surface state when x changes.
{"title":"Investigation on the dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4+xO12+2x","authors":"T. Xu, J.Y. Li, S.T. Li","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664570","url":null,"abstract":"Investigation on the dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4+xO12+2x was carried out when x was altered in the range from -0.5 to 0.5. For x= -0.5, it was found through XRD that besides primary CCTO phase, there are also CuO and CaTiO3 phases. For x= 0.5, additional TiO2 was found besides dominating CCTO phase. When x increases from -0.5 to 0.5, it was found that dielectric constant decreases, varistor voltage and non-linear coefficient increase while the dielelctric loss decreases. According to IBLC theory, it is suggested that the change of the grain boundary structure results in different barrier height and surface state when x changes.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"20 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133425222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664558
Qiaohua Wang, Y. Yin, Zhe Li, Xuguang Li, P. Jiang
High field conduction of the composite of nano Ag/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and pure polyethylene is studied, as well as the effect of the contents of nano Ag on high field conduction. Schottky effect, Poole-Frenkel effect, space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC), and ion hopping conduction are used to fit the results. It is pointed out that both space-charge-limited conduction and Poole-Frenkel effect do not fit well for all of the samples. However, it is found that Schottky effect fits well for nano Ag/LDPE composites, and the ion hoping distance of the nanocomposite calculated from the experience data shows that ion hopping conduction fits for the composite of nano Ag/LDPE.
{"title":"High field conduction behavior of nanocomposite of low-density polyethylene and Ag nanoparticles","authors":"Qiaohua Wang, Y. Yin, Zhe Li, Xuguang Li, P. Jiang","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664558","url":null,"abstract":"High field conduction of the composite of nano Ag/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and pure polyethylene is studied, as well as the effect of the contents of nano Ag on high field conduction. Schottky effect, Poole-Frenkel effect, space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC), and ion hopping conduction are used to fit the results. It is pointed out that both space-charge-limited conduction and Poole-Frenkel effect do not fit well for all of the samples. However, it is found that Schottky effect fits well for nano Ag/LDPE composites, and the ion hoping distance of the nanocomposite calculated from the experience data shows that ion hopping conduction fits for the composite of nano Ag/LDPE.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134238907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664442
K. Kaneko, Y. Suzuoki
Periodic packet formation in an oxidized cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) was discussed through a computer simulation, where negative space-charge packet is assumed to be due to deficiency in mobile holes. Under high field, a positive carrier (hole) is generated from the acceptor (impurity) site to a hopping site and trapped there once. It is detrapped by hopping or recombines with the parent ion. At the same time, the acceptor is negatively ionized and behaves as an immobile negative charge. The packet-like behavior was reproduced by introducing extra coefficient of diffusion term. The mechanisms of carrier generation and problems of computer simulation were discussed.
{"title":"A simulation for packet formation in XLPE films","authors":"K. Kaneko, Y. Suzuoki","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664442","url":null,"abstract":"Periodic packet formation in an oxidized cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) was discussed through a computer simulation, where negative space-charge packet is assumed to be due to deficiency in mobile holes. Under high field, a positive carrier (hole) is generated from the acceptor (impurity) site to a hopping site and trapped there once. It is detrapped by hopping or recombines with the parent ion. At the same time, the acceptor is negatively ionized and behaves as an immobile negative charge. The packet-like behavior was reproduced by introducing extra coefficient of diffusion term. The mechanisms of carrier generation and problems of computer simulation were discussed.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134601279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664499
V. Holcman, M. Raska, L. Grmela, K. Liedermann
The paper studies dielectric properties of elastomer filled with Ni spherical particles of different sizes within the range 35 - 115 mum. The experimental analysis is followed by the examination permittivity/conductivity mixing rules. A new mixing formula for the composite system consisting of spherical metallic particles and polymer matrix is presented. This formula includes both Ni particle content and Ni particle size as two independent variables.
{"title":"New mixed rules on composite materials","authors":"V. Holcman, M. Raska, L. Grmela, K. Liedermann","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664499","url":null,"abstract":"The paper studies dielectric properties of elastomer filled with Ni spherical particles of different sizes within the range 35 - 115 mum. The experimental analysis is followed by the examination permittivity/conductivity mixing rules. A new mixing formula for the composite system consisting of spherical metallic particles and polymer matrix is presented. This formula includes both Ni particle content and Ni particle size as two independent variables.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114797981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664498
K. Fujita, M. Kimura, H. Yoshokawa, T. Mori
For organic field effect transistors (OFETs), pentacene is often used as a typical semiconductor material and reported to have as high carrier mobility as a-Si. Dibenzochrysene (DBC) as well as pentacene consist of only aromatic rings. DBC can be synthesized by simple procedure and has higher solubility than pentacene. We studied film morphology of DBC fabricated by deposition or spin-coating. It was found that the morphology of DBC film depended on a deposition rate. The films fabricated by the deposition rate of 0.002 nm/s and by spin-coating were island structure and amorphous, respectively. The morphology of DBC films changed with time. The post films showed higher crystalline than before. We also studied the effect of buffer layer on the suppression of molecular migration.
{"title":"Film morphology of dibenzochrysene","authors":"K. Fujita, M. Kimura, H. Yoshokawa, T. Mori","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664498","url":null,"abstract":"For organic field effect transistors (OFETs), pentacene is often used as a typical semiconductor material and reported to have as high carrier mobility as a-Si. Dibenzochrysene (DBC) as well as pentacene consist of only aromatic rings. DBC can be synthesized by simple procedure and has higher solubility than pentacene. We studied film morphology of DBC fabricated by deposition or spin-coating. It was found that the morphology of DBC film depended on a deposition rate. The films fabricated by the deposition rate of 0.002 nm/s and by spin-coating were island structure and amorphous, respectively. The morphology of DBC films changed with time. The post films showed higher crystalline than before. We also studied the effect of buffer layer on the suppression of molecular migration.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122932085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664540
Xiaolin Chen, Yonghong Cheng, Kai Wu, Shengnan Wu
A two-component composite material is simulated by 8times8times8 cubic cells, containing a spherical inclusion in each of them. A series of produced random numbers are regarded as the radii of these spherical inclusions to simulate the size distribution of inclusions. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to solve the potential distribution and the effective permittivity is calculated by the energy balance. Because the developed simulation model is anisotropic, in order to get the macroscopical dielectric properties of isotropic composites, a statistical mean method for the permittivities in three orthogonal orientations is adopted to calculate the effective permittivity. Based on the simulation model and calculation procedure, the interfacial polarization and its influence on the effective complex permittivity of composites are investigated.
{"title":"Interfacial polarization and its influence on effective complex permittivity of mixtures","authors":"Xiaolin Chen, Yonghong Cheng, Kai Wu, Shengnan Wu","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664540","url":null,"abstract":"A two-component composite material is simulated by 8times8times8 cubic cells, containing a spherical inclusion in each of them. A series of produced random numbers are regarded as the radii of these spherical inclusions to simulate the size distribution of inclusions. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to solve the potential distribution and the effective permittivity is calculated by the energy balance. Because the developed simulation model is anisotropic, in order to get the macroscopical dielectric properties of isotropic composites, a statistical mean method for the permittivities in three orthogonal orientations is adopted to calculate the effective permittivity. Based on the simulation model and calculation procedure, the interfacial polarization and its influence on the effective complex permittivity of composites are investigated.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126303610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664546
Zhien Zhu, Yewen Zhang, F. Zheng, Z. An
Though the space charge behavior of polyethylene under high DC or AC has been investigated and measured by many researchers, the results between different research groups have little comparability to each other. So itpsilas difficult to achieve a universal conclusion. A lot of experimental data and former research experiences we can acquire so far indicate that many factors affect space charge behavior in a certain extent, such as doping with some types of inorganic nano powders, heating treatment process and the materials of electrode, but there is little substantial change. The space charge behavior is extremely related to the types of polyethylene probably, i.e. the types of polyethylene lead to the difference of research results on the space charge behavior. This paper focuses on the space charge distribution in high electrical field and the isothermal decay in some kinds of LDPE including Exxon-Mobil LLDPE 4004, Sino-SPC JD 200 etc. by using the Pressure Wave Propagation Method.
{"title":"Preliminary study for space charge behavior of different types of polyethylene resin","authors":"Zhien Zhu, Yewen Zhang, F. Zheng, Z. An","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664546","url":null,"abstract":"Though the space charge behavior of polyethylene under high DC or AC has been investigated and measured by many researchers, the results between different research groups have little comparability to each other. So itpsilas difficult to achieve a universal conclusion. A lot of experimental data and former research experiences we can acquire so far indicate that many factors affect space charge behavior in a certain extent, such as doping with some types of inorganic nano powders, heating treatment process and the materials of electrode, but there is little substantial change. The space charge behavior is extremely related to the types of polyethylene probably, i.e. the types of polyethylene lead to the difference of research results on the space charge behavior. This paper focuses on the space charge distribution in high electrical field and the isothermal decay in some kinds of LDPE including Exxon-Mobil LLDPE 4004, Sino-SPC JD 200 etc. by using the Pressure Wave Propagation Method.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125925584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664517
T. Kobayashi, T. Takai, Y. Murakami, M. Nagao, M. Satou, Y. Itou
To investigate possibility of the space charge measurement in the tape with a drug for percutaneous absorption and possibility of the control in space charge movement that might be corresponding to the drug movement by the external signal, the space charge was measured in the tape added a drug for percutaneous absorption. The positive space charge caused by addition a drug was accumulated in the sample and travels to the cathode under the DC voltage. The apparent mobility in an acrylic adhesive was faster with increasing the drug content as well as the result from the conduction current measurement. It was considered that the conductivity increased in an acrylic adhesive by the movement of the drug, bringing higher carrier density and/or higher mobility. The accumulated charge was also measured under the voltage. The accumulated charge in the sample with a diffusion time at short time after the voltage application was bigger than that without a diffusion time. From these results, it was suggested that there was a possibility that the electrical field would control the movement of a drug.
{"title":"Temporal change of accumulated charge and diffusion of drug in tape for percutaneous absorption","authors":"T. Kobayashi, T. Takai, Y. Murakami, M. Nagao, M. Satou, Y. Itou","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664517","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate possibility of the space charge measurement in the tape with a drug for percutaneous absorption and possibility of the control in space charge movement that might be corresponding to the drug movement by the external signal, the space charge was measured in the tape added a drug for percutaneous absorption. The positive space charge caused by addition a drug was accumulated in the sample and travels to the cathode under the DC voltage. The apparent mobility in an acrylic adhesive was faster with increasing the drug content as well as the result from the conduction current measurement. It was considered that the conductivity increased in an acrylic adhesive by the movement of the drug, bringing higher carrier density and/or higher mobility. The accumulated charge was also measured under the voltage. The accumulated charge in the sample with a diffusion time at short time after the voltage application was bigger than that without a diffusion time. From these results, it was suggested that there was a possibility that the electrical field would control the movement of a drug.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129844221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664596
Y. Yamano, M. Ilzuka
The influence of addition of polycyclic compounds into LDPE upon electrical tree initiation was investigated to demonstrate the fundamental role of the aromatic compound in the tree initiation process. Five kinds of the polycyclic compounds were used in this study; naphthalene (Np), anthracene (An), 9,10-bromoanthracene (Br-An), tetracene (Te) and pentacene (Pn). The experimental results indicated that the tree initiation voltage (TIV) depend on the kind of polycyclic compounds added to LDPE. TIV for ldquoPE/Anrdquo is the highest, and is about 3.5 times higher than that for ldquoPErdquo (without additive). TIV for ldquoPE/Br-Anrdquo is the secondly highest. However, the scatter for ldquoPE/Br-Anrdquo is much wider than that for ldquoPE/Anrdquo. TIVs for ldquoPE/Terdquo and ldquoPE/Pnrdquo are not significantly higher than that for ldquoPErdquo. The addition of ldquoNprdquo has almost no effect on the increase in TIV. The mechanisms for the increase in TIV are discussed based on the experimental results with the pi-electron effects for absorption of kinetic energy of the hot electron and observations of deposit of the additive in the test materials by AFM and SEM.
{"title":"Role of additive for polycyclic compound in the suppression of electrical tree generation in LDPE","authors":"Y. Yamano, M. Ilzuka","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664596","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of addition of polycyclic compounds into LDPE upon electrical tree initiation was investigated to demonstrate the fundamental role of the aromatic compound in the tree initiation process. Five kinds of the polycyclic compounds were used in this study; naphthalene (Np), anthracene (An), 9,10-bromoanthracene (Br-An), tetracene (Te) and pentacene (Pn). The experimental results indicated that the tree initiation voltage (TIV) depend on the kind of polycyclic compounds added to LDPE. TIV for ldquoPE/Anrdquo is the highest, and is about 3.5 times higher than that for ldquoPErdquo (without additive). TIV for ldquoPE/Br-Anrdquo is the secondly highest. However, the scatter for ldquoPE/Br-Anrdquo is much wider than that for ldquoPE/Anrdquo. TIVs for ldquoPE/Terdquo and ldquoPE/Pnrdquo are not significantly higher than that for ldquoPErdquo. The addition of ldquoNprdquo has almost no effect on the increase in TIV. The mechanisms for the increase in TIV are discussed based on the experimental results with the pi-electron effects for absorption of kinetic energy of the hot electron and observations of deposit of the additive in the test materials by AFM and SEM.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121634183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664572
A. Baba, K. Kanda, T. Ohno, Y. Ohdaira, K. Shinbo, K. Kato, F. Kaneko
In this study, we report on multimode surface plasmon excitation on metallic diffraction gratings where the grating pitch is much larger than standard grating coupling surface plasmon excitation technique. With the gratings, multimode surface plasmons can be excited at the same time in the wavelength region using a white light source irradiation on the gratings. The grating coupling surface plasmon excitation was also studied by comparing with the theoretical surface plasmon dispersion curves.
{"title":"Multimode surface plasmon excitation on metallic diffraction gratings","authors":"A. Baba, K. Kanda, T. Ohno, Y. Ohdaira, K. Shinbo, K. Kato, F. Kaneko","doi":"10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664572","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we report on multimode surface plasmon excitation on metallic diffraction gratings where the grating pitch is much larger than standard grating coupling surface plasmon excitation technique. With the gratings, multimode surface plasmons can be excited at the same time in the wavelength region using a white light source irradiation on the gratings. The grating coupling surface plasmon excitation was also studied by comparing with the theoretical surface plasmon dispersion curves.","PeriodicalId":158811,"journal":{"name":"2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008)","volume":"56 27","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120870942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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