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Controls on calving at a large Greenland tidewater glacier: stress regime, self-organised criticality and the crevasse-depth calving law 格陵兰大潮汐冰川崩解的控制:应力状态、自组织临界和裂缝深度崩解规律
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.81
Douglas I. Benn, Joe Todd, Adrian Luckman, Suzanne Bevan, Thomas R. Chudley, Jan Åström, Thomas Zwinger, Samuel Cook, Poul Christoffersen
We investigate the physical basis of the crevasse-depth (CD) calving law by analysing relationships between glaciological stresses and calving behaviour at Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier), Greenland. Our observations and model simulations show that the glacier has a stable position defined by a compressive arch between lateral pinning points. Ice advance beyond the arch results in calving back to the stable position; conversely, if melt-undercutting forces the ice front behind the stable position, it readvances because ice velocities exceed subaqueous melt rates. This behaviour is typical of self-organising criticality, in which the stable ice-front position acts as an attractor between unstable super-critical and sub-critical regimes. This perspective provides strong support for a ‘position-law’ approach to modelling calving at Sermeq Kujalleq, because any calving ‘rate’ is simply a by-product of how quickly ice is delivered to the critical point. The CD calving law predicts ice-front position from the penetration of surface and basal crevasse fields, and accurately simulates super-critical calving back to the compressive arch and melt-driven calving into the sub-critical zone. The CD calving law reflects the glaciological controls on calving at Sermeq Kujalleq and exhibits considerable skill in simulating its mean position and seasonal fluctuations.
通过分析格陵兰Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier)冰川应力与冰裂行为之间的关系,研究了冰裂深度(CD)冰裂规律的物理基础。我们的观测和模型模拟表明,冰川有一个稳定的位置,由侧向固定点之间的压缩拱确定。冰向拱外推进导致冰崩回稳定位置;相反,如果融冰削弱迫使冰锋在稳定位置的后面,它就会前进,因为冰的速度超过了水下的融化速度。这种行为是典型的自组织临界,其中稳定的冰锋位置在不稳定的超临界和亚临界状态之间起着吸引作用。这一观点有力地支持了用“位置定律”方法来模拟Sermeq Kujalleq冰川的冰裂,因为任何冰裂的“速率”都只是冰被输送到临界点的速度的副产品。CD裂陷规律通过地表和基底裂陷场的贯通预测冰锋位置,准确模拟了超临界裂陷回压缩拱和熔体驱动裂陷进入亚临界区。CD产犊规律反映了Sermeq Kujalleq冰川对产犊的控制,在模拟其平均位置和季节波动方面表现出相当大的技巧。
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引用次数: 0
The relationship between the permeability and liquid water content of polycrystalline temperate ice 多晶温带冰渗透率与液态水含量的关系
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.91
Jacob R. Fowler, Neal R. Iverson
To better constrain meltwater transport and ice viscosity in temperate glaciers, particularly in ice stream shear margins, we use a custom permeameter to study the untested model relationship between the permeability of temperate ice and its liquid water content. The permeability of lab-made ice of two mean grain diameters (1.8 and 4.2 mm) is measured, and water content is controlled with the ice salinity and measured calorimetrically. Fluorescein dye is added to through-flowing, chilled water to highlight flow pathways through the ice after experiments. As predicted by a simple model, permeability increases with approximately the square of the water content and by about three orders of magnitude across water contents of 0.1–4.4%. However, permeability values are less than those of the model by average factors of 2.6 and 4.1 for the finer and coarser ice, respectively. This discrepancy is likely due to tortuous, truncated or air-clogged veins. The order-of-magnitude agreement between measured and modeled values may indicate that reduced permeability from these factors is nearly compensated by preferential flow in oversized veins that are isolated or arborescent. Both kinds of preferred flow pathways are observed but the latter only in fine-grained ice at water contents > 2%.
为了更好地约束温带冰川的融水输送和冰粘度,特别是在冰流剪切边缘,我们使用一个定制的渗透率仪来研究温带冰的渗透率与其液态水含量之间未经检验的模型关系。测量了两种平均粒径(1.8 mm和4.2 mm)的实验室制冰的渗透率,并用冰的盐度控制其含水量,并进行了量热测量。在实验结束后,将荧光素染料添加到流动的冷冻水中,以突出通过冰的流动路径。正如一个简单模型所预测的那样,渗透率大约随含水量的平方而增加,在含水量为0.1-4.4%的范围内,渗透率增加了约三个数量级。然而,细冰和粗冰的渗透率值分别比模型的平均值小2.6和4.1倍。这种差异可能是由于静脉弯曲、截断或空气堵塞。测量值和模拟值之间的数量级一致可能表明,这些因素导致的渗透率降低几乎被孤立或乔木状的超大矿脉中的优先流动所补偿。这两种优先流动路径都被观察到,但后者仅在含水量>的细粒冰中被观察到;2%。
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引用次数: 0
Observing glacier dynamics with low-cost, multi-GNSS positioning in Victoria Land, Antarctica 在南极洲维多利亚地利用低成本多全球导航卫星系统定位观测冰川动态
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.101
Holly Still, R. Odolinski, M. H. Bowman, Christina Hulbe, David J. Prior
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引用次数: 0
Exceptional thinning through the entire altitudinal range of Mont-Blanc glaciers during the 2021/22 mass balance year 在 2021/22 质量平衡年期间,整个勃朗峰冰川高度范围内的冰川异常稀薄
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.100
Etienne Berthier, Christian Vincent, Delphine Six

Widespread glacier losses have been observed in most glaciated regions on Earth during recent decades, with a typical pattern of strong thinning in their lower reaches and limited elevation changes in their accumulation areas. Here, we use Pléiades satellite stereo-images of the Mont-Blanc massif (Alps) to reveal that thinning took place through the entire elevation range during the exceptional 2021/22 mass-balance year. Above 3000 m a.s.l. on Argentière glacier and Mer de Glace, thinning rates exceeded 3.5 m a−1 while almost no change occurred during the previous 9 years. Below 3000 m a.s.l., these anomalous thinning rates are essentially explained by changes in surface mass balance. At higher altitudes, other processes such as firn densification may play a role. Our analysis shows that high altitude glaciers, mostly stable during the last 100 years, are now responding to the impact of climate change.

近几十年来,在地球上大多数冰川地区都观察到广泛的冰川损失,其下游具有强烈变薄的典型模式,而其积累区海拔变化有限。在这里,我们使用pliades卫星的勃朗峰(阿尔卑斯山)的立体图像来揭示在特殊的2021/22质量平衡年,整个海拔范围都发生了变薄。在海拔3000 m以上的argenti冰川和Mer de冰川,减薄速率超过3.5 m a−1,但在过去9年中几乎没有变化。在海拔3000米以下,这些异常变薄率基本上可以用地表物质平衡的变化来解释。在高海拔地区,其他过程,如硬化可能起作用。我们的分析表明,在过去100年里基本稳定的高海拔冰川,现在正在对气候变化的影响做出反应。
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引用次数: 0
Modelled frontal ablation and velocities at Kronebreen, Svalbard, are sensitive to the choice of submarine melt rate scenario 模拟的斯瓦尔巴群岛克罗内布林的锋面消融和速度对海底融化速率情景的选择很敏感
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.94
Felicity Alice Holmes, Eef van Dongen, Nina Kirchner
Both submarine melt and calving are important for the overall mass balance of marine-terminating glaciers, but uncertainty is rife with regards to the magnitude of the processes. Modelling allows for these processes to be investigated without the need to visit inaccessible ice marginal zones. This study looks at the impact of different submarine melt and sea-ice back pressure scenarios on modelled calving activity and dynamics at Kronebreen, Svalbard, by running separate summer and winter simulations with various submarine melt parameterisations and sea-ice characteristics. It is found that submarine melt is an important driver of seasonal variation in modelled glacier dynamics and calving activity, with the choice of sliding law also exerting a significant influence on results.
海底融化和冰裂对海洋冰川的总体质量平衡都很重要,但这一过程的规模充满了不确定性。建模允许在不需要访问难以接近的冰边缘带的情况下研究这些过程。这项研究着眼于不同的海底融化和海冰背压情景对斯瓦尔巴群岛克罗内布林模拟的产犊活动和动力学的影响,通过运行不同的海底融化参数化和海冰特征的夏季和冬季模拟。研究发现,海底融化是模拟冰川动力学和产冰活动季节变化的重要驱动因素,滑动律的选择对模拟结果也有重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
Capturing the transition from marine to land-terminating glacier from the 126-year retreat history of Nordenskiöldbreen, Svalbard 从斯瓦尔巴群岛Nordenskiöldbreen 126年的退缩历史中捕捉到从海洋到陆地的冰川转变
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.92
Jan Kavan, Petra Luláková, Jakub Małecki, Mateusz Czesław Strzelecki
Svalbard has experienced a dramatic increase in air temperature and glacier retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age. In many cases, this retreat has resulted in glaciers transitioning from being marine-terminating to land-terminating. Nordenskiöldbreen is an excellent contemporary example of this transition. A set of historical observations of glacier front positions was used to assess Nordenskiöldbreen's retreat rate and we found that the southern portion of the glacier front retreated by ~3500 m, since records began in 1896. The general retreat rate corresponds well with the air temperature trend during most of the 20th century. However, the average retreat rate has slowed since the 1990s despite increasing air temperatures. We show that this discrepancy between air temperature and retreat rate marks the transition from marine-terminating towards a land-terminating glacier, as the glacier's bedrock topography started to play an essential role in the glacier margin geometry, ice flow and retreat dynamics.
自小冰期结束以来,斯瓦尔巴群岛经历了气温的急剧上升和冰川的退缩。在许多情况下,这种退缩导致冰川从海洋终止向陆地终止转变。Nordenskiöldbreen是当代这种转变的一个极好的例子。我们利用一组冰川前沿位置的历史观测资料来评估Nordenskiöldbreen的退缩率,发现自1896年有记录以来,冰川前沿的南部退缩了约3500米。总退缩率与20世纪大部分时间的气温趋势吻合较好。然而,自20世纪90年代以来,尽管气温上升,平均退缩速度有所放缓。研究表明,随着冰川基岩地形开始在冰川边缘几何形状、冰流和退缩动力学中发挥重要作用,气温和退缩率之间的差异标志着冰川从海洋终结向陆地终结的转变。
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引用次数: 0
Semantic segmentation of glaciological features across multiple remote sensing platforms with the Segment Anything Model (SAM) 基于分段任意模型(SAM)的多遥感平台冰川特征语义分割
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.95
Siddharth Shankar, Leigh A. Stearns, C. J. van der Veen
Semantic segmentation is a critical part of observation-driven research in glaciology. Using remote sensing to quantify how features change (e.g. glacier termini, supraglacial lakes, icebergs, crevasses) is particularly important in polar regions, where glaciological features may be spatially small but reflect important shifts in boundary conditions. In this study, we assess the utility of the Segment Anything Model (SAM), released by Meta AI Research, for cryosphere research. SAM is a foundational AI model that generates segmentation masks without additional training data. This is highly beneficial in polar science because pre-existing training data rarely exist. Widely-used conventional deep learning models such as UNet require tens of thousands of training labels to perform effectively. We show that the Segment Anything Model performs well for different features (icebergs, glacier termini, supra-glacial lakes, crevasses), in different environmental settings (open water, mélange, and sea ice), with different sensors (Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Planet, timelapse photographs) and different spatial resolutions. Due to the performance, versatility, and cross-platform adaptability of SAM, we conclude that it is a powerful and robust model for cryosphere research.
语义分割是冰川学观测驱动研究的重要组成部分。利用遥感来量化特征如何变化(例如冰川末端、冰川上湖泊、冰山、裂缝)在极地地区尤为重要,因为极地地区的冰川特征在空间上可能很小,但反映了边界条件的重要变化。在本研究中,我们评估了Meta AI Research发布的分段任何模型(SAM)在冰冻圈研究中的效用。SAM是一个基本的人工智能模型,无需额外的训练数据即可生成分割掩码。这在极地科学中是非常有益的,因为预先存在的训练数据很少存在。广泛使用的传统深度学习模型(如UNet)需要数以万计的训练标签才能有效地执行。我们表明,在不同的环境设置(开放水域、msamdange和海冰)、不同的传感器(Sentinel-1、Sentinel-2、Planet、延时照片)和不同的空间分辨率下,Segment Anything模型对不同的特征(冰山、冰川终端、超冰川湖泊、裂缝)表现良好。由于SAM的性能、通用性和跨平台适应性,我们认为它是一个强大而稳健的冰冻圈研究模型。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a drone-based ground-penetrating radar system for efficient and safe 3D and 4D surveying of alpine glaciers 基于无人机的高寒冰川三维和四维高效安全探地雷达系统的研制
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.83
Bastien Ruols, Ludovic Baron, James Irving
Recent research has highlighted the potential for high-resolution, high-density, 3D and 4D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) acquisitions on alpine glaciers. When carried out on foot, such surveys are laborious and time consuming, which limits their application to small domains of limited glaciological interest. Further, crevasses and other hazards make the data acquisition risky. To address these issues, we have developed a drone-based GPR system. The system has a payload weight of 2.2 kg and a data output rate of 14 traces per second. An 80-MHz antenna and a recording time of 2800 ns mean that depths of over 100 m can be reached in temperate ice. Differential GPS positioning assures accurate flight paths. At a speed of 4 m s−1 and height of 5 m above the glacier surface, our system can acquire over 4 line-km of GPR data in 20 min on a single set of drone batteries. After presenting the technical specifications of the system and tests required to optimize its performance, we showcase a recently acquired 3D dataset from the Otemma glacier in Switzerland, where 462 parallel GPR profiles were surveyed at a 1-m line spacing, totaling over 112 line-km of data, in only 4 days.
最近的研究强调了在高山冰川上进行高分辨率、高密度、3D和4D探地雷达(GPR)采集的潜力。当徒步进行时,这种调查既费力又耗时,这限制了它们在冰川学兴趣有限的小范围内的应用。此外,裂缝和其他危险使数据采集具有风险。为了解决这些问题,我们开发了一种基于无人机的探地雷达系统。该系统的有效载荷重量为2.2 kg,数据输出速率为每秒14道。80mhz的天线和2800 ns的记录时间意味着在温带冰层中可以达到超过100米的深度。差分GPS定位确保精确的飞行路径。在4米每秒1的速度和冰川表面以上5米的高度,我们的系统可以在20分钟内获得超过4线公里的GPR数据,单套无人机电池。在介绍了系统的技术规格和优化其性能所需的测试之后,我们展示了最近从瑞士Otemma冰川获取的3D数据集,其中仅在4天内就以1米的线间距调查了462条平行GPR剖面,总计超过112线公里的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Surface mass balance and energy balance of the 79N Glacier (Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, NE Greenland) modeled by linking COSIPY and Polar WRF – CORRIGENDUM 通过连接 COSIPY 和极地 WRF 模拟 79N 冰川(格陵兰东北部 Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden)的地表质量平衡和能量平衡 - CORRIGENDUM
IF 3.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.96
M. T. Blau, J. V. Turton, T. Sauter, T. Mölg
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引用次数: 0
Ice geometry and thermal regime of Lyngmarksbræen Ice Cap, West Greenland 西格陵兰Lyngmarksbræen冰帽的冰的几何形状和热状态
3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1017/jog.2023.89
Mette Kusk Gillespie, Jacob Clement Yde, Marit Svarstad Andresen, Michele Citterio, Mark Andrew Kusk Gillespie
Abstract Observations remain sparse for peripheral glaciers and ice caps in Greenland. Here, we present the results of a multi-frequency radar survey of Lyngmarksbræen Ice Cap in West Greenland conducted in April 2017. Radar measurements show thick ice of up to ~120 m in subglacial valleys associated with the largest outlet glaciers, while relatively thin ice cover the upper plateau ice divides, suggesting future vulnerability to ice cap fragmentation. At the time of the radar survey, Lyngmarksbræen Ice Cap had a total volume of 0.82 ± 0.1 km 3 . Measurements show a 1.5–2 m thick end-of-winter snowpack, and that firn is largely absent, signifying a prolonged period of negative mass balance for most of the ice cap. The thermal regime of Lyngmarksbræen Ice Cap is investigated through analysis of scattering observed along radar profiles. Results show that the ice cap is largely below the pressure melting point, but that temperate ice exists both in deep basal pockets and in shallow zones that some places extend from ~15 m depth and to the ice base. The distribution of shallow temperate ice appears unrelated to variations in ice thickness; instead we find a strong correlation to the presence of nearby surface crevasses.
格陵兰岛周边冰川和冰盖的观测数据仍然稀少。在这里,我们展示了2017年4月对西格陵兰Lyngmarksbræen冰盖进行的多频雷达调查结果。雷达测量显示,与最大的出水口冰川相关的冰下山谷的厚冰可达~120米,而相对较薄的冰覆盖在高原上部的冰缝上,这表明未来易受冰盖破碎的影响。在雷达调查时,Lyngmarksbræen冰帽的总积为0.82±0.1 km 3。测量结果显示,冬末积雪厚度为1.5-2 m,而且积雪基本上不存在,这表明大部分冰盖长期处于负质量平衡状态。通过分析雷达剖面观测到的散射,研究了Lyngmarksbræen冰盖的热状态。结果表明,冰盖大部分在压力熔点以下,但温带冰既存在于深基底口袋中,也存在于一些从~15 m深度延伸到冰基的浅带中。温带浅冰的分布似乎与冰厚的变化无关;相反,我们发现这与附近地表裂缝的存在有很强的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Glaciology
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