Nowadays, everyone is conscious of body fitness and bodybuilding. People experiment with their body by exercising in the gym with heavy workout and with different diet plans. These experiments result in an adverse effect. In this case study, a 27-year-old male patient, lean built since childhood, with low body mass index (BMI), wanted to increase his weight. We took a detailed history to find out the exact cause. The patient was taking an extra amount of food for weight gaining, but because of the slow digestive fire, there was no positive effect of food seen; rather, the patient suffered adverse effects such as sour belching, anorexia, and indigestion. The cause of slow digestion cured with the help of Vaman Dhauti (Yogic therapeutic self-induced emesis) that helped in body detoxification. Drug therapy with do’s and don’ts were advised for 30 days, which subsided Pitta vitiation and increased appetite by increasing digestive fire. After that, the patient needs to take more quantity of food but should be balanced, so a diet plan, Yoga, and Pranayama were explained for the next 60 days. The result was a remarkable improvement in subjective symptoms as well as the weight of the patient increased from 50 kg to 58 kg and the BMI increased from 17.7 (underweight) to 20.5 (normal). With the help of traditional knowledge, we can achieve our targets to live happily and confidently. The combination of Yogic procedures (an easier method for the cleansing body) with Ayurveda principles results in remarkable improvement without adverse effects. This study has a unique intervention; lean patients also need to detoxify their body first for a better relief, then the medication will work out, which needs to be studied on a large scale.
{"title":"Effect of Yogic management with Ayurveda regimen in underweight: a case report","authors":"Rohini U. Kendre, SumeetaG Jain","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_44_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_44_22","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, everyone is conscious of body fitness and bodybuilding. People experiment with their body by exercising in the gym with heavy workout and with different diet plans. These experiments result in an adverse effect. In this case study, a 27-year-old male patient, lean built since childhood, with low body mass index (BMI), wanted to increase his weight. We took a detailed history to find out the exact cause. The patient was taking an extra amount of food for weight gaining, but because of the slow digestive fire, there was no positive effect of food seen; rather, the patient suffered adverse effects such as sour belching, anorexia, and indigestion. The cause of slow digestion cured with the help of Vaman Dhauti (Yogic therapeutic self-induced emesis) that helped in body detoxification. Drug therapy with do’s and don’ts were advised for 30 days, which subsided Pitta vitiation and increased appetite by increasing digestive fire. After that, the patient needs to take more quantity of food but should be balanced, so a diet plan, Yoga, and Pranayama were explained for the next 60 days. The result was a remarkable improvement in subjective symptoms as well as the weight of the patient increased from 50 kg to 58 kg and the BMI increased from 17.7 (underweight) to 20.5 (normal). With the help of traditional knowledge, we can achieve our targets to live happily and confidently. The combination of Yogic procedures (an easier method for the cleansing body) with Ayurveda principles results in remarkable improvement without adverse effects. This study has a unique intervention; lean patients also need to detoxify their body first for a better relief, then the medication will work out, which needs to be studied on a large scale.","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":"271 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86911302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Pandey, A. Kadu, Anita Sharma, Narsing M. Patel
Background: Agada Tantra is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with food poisoning, snakebites, dog bites, insect bites, etc. Envenoming is an important public health problem in India. In modern, there are various treatments including anti-venoms for poisoning. But still, there is a lacuna in treatment due to the side effect of contemporary treatment. But in Ayurveda, various drugs are described, having antitoxic properties, without any side effects. Aim: To provide comprehensive information about Vishaghna Dravya (anti-toxic drug) mentioned in Madanpal Nighantu which is used as a medicine for the treatment of different animate, inanimate poison, and metallic poison. Materials and Methods: Ayurveda text Madanpal Nighantu in Sanskrit as well as Hindi where the Dravya (drug) of different origins and their antitoxic property are mentioned have been referred for this literary work. Knowing the relevance of drugs in the form of Visha Chikitsa (treatment of poison) and their Vishaghna Guna (antitoxic property). For the discussion, all of the gathered information has been reorganized and critically reviewed, and an attempt has been made to draw certain meaningful insights. Results and Conclusion: In this article, we focused on various Vishahar Dravya mentioned in Madanpal Nighantu, based on Rasa, Guna, Virya, and Vipaka, and out of 500 drugs in Madanpal Nighantu there are 74 drugs having Vishaghna properties. This Nighantu generally describe drugs having action against different type of poisons such as Jangam, Sthavar, and Dhatu Visha. Visha-Upavisha Dravyas from the therapeutic point of view are considered highly valuable in accordance with their quick effectiveness even in smaller doses.
{"title":"A critical review of Vishaghna Dravya mentioned in Madanpal Nighantu","authors":"C. Pandey, A. Kadu, Anita Sharma, Narsing M. Patel","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_3_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_3_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Agada Tantra is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with food poisoning, snakebites, dog bites, insect bites, etc. Envenoming is an important public health problem in India. In modern, there are various treatments including anti-venoms for poisoning. But still, there is a lacuna in treatment due to the side effect of contemporary treatment. But in Ayurveda, various drugs are described, having antitoxic properties, without any side effects. Aim: To provide comprehensive information about Vishaghna Dravya (anti-toxic drug) mentioned in Madanpal Nighantu which is used as a medicine for the treatment of different animate, inanimate poison, and metallic poison. Materials and Methods: Ayurveda text Madanpal Nighantu in Sanskrit as well as Hindi where the Dravya (drug) of different origins and their antitoxic property are mentioned have been referred for this literary work. Knowing the relevance of drugs in the form of Visha Chikitsa (treatment of poison) and their Vishaghna Guna (antitoxic property). For the discussion, all of the gathered information has been reorganized and critically reviewed, and an attempt has been made to draw certain meaningful insights. Results and Conclusion: In this article, we focused on various Vishahar Dravya mentioned in Madanpal Nighantu, based on Rasa, Guna, Virya, and Vipaka, and out of 500 drugs in Madanpal Nighantu there are 74 drugs having Vishaghna properties. This Nighantu generally describe drugs having action against different type of poisons such as Jangam, Sthavar, and Dhatu Visha. Visha-Upavisha Dravyas from the therapeutic point of view are considered highly valuable in accordance with their quick effectiveness even in smaller doses.","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":"228 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75137335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Kriyanveshan 2022”: A national webinar on scope of research on fundamentals of Ayurveda","authors":"P. Dandekar, Swapnali Mate","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_95_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_95_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"281 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86729108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Celebration of 7th National Ayurveda Day","authors":"Premkumar P Badwaik","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_98_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_98_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":"284 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80486090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayurveda, the ancient traditional system of medicine, believes that a majority of the diseases in humans arise due to hypofunctioning of Agni (~digestive fire). Disturbed function of Agni causing indigestion of food is termed as Ajirna (~indigestion) in Ayurveda. Vidagdhajirna is one of the types of Ajirna having Pitta predominance in its manifestation. Vidagdhajirna can be compared with indigestion-induced hyperacidity because of the resemblance in signs and symptoms observed in both the conditions. In this report, we are presenting a case of a 32-year-old female patient diagnosed with Vidagdhajirna. This case was treated with Ayurveda Shamana therapy prescribed at a specific drug administration time along with cessation of known etiological factors. Therapeutic assessment was done by using Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) scale. Significant improvement was noted in clinical parameters as well as on the standard RDQ scale without reported relapse of previous symptoms on follow-up visit. Also, there were no adverse events recorded during the treatment and follow-up period.
{"title":"Indigestion-induced hyperacidity (Vidagdhajirna) treated with Ayurveda therapy: A single case study","authors":"Sunny Patil, A. Baghel, S. Kamble","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_57_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_57_22","url":null,"abstract":"Ayurveda, the ancient traditional system of medicine, believes that a majority of the diseases in humans arise due to hypofunctioning of Agni (~digestive fire). Disturbed function of Agni causing indigestion of food is termed as Ajirna (~indigestion) in Ayurveda. Vidagdhajirna is one of the types of Ajirna having Pitta predominance in its manifestation. Vidagdhajirna can be compared with indigestion-induced hyperacidity because of the resemblance in signs and symptoms observed in both the conditions. In this report, we are presenting a case of a 32-year-old female patient diagnosed with Vidagdhajirna. This case was treated with Ayurveda Shamana therapy prescribed at a specific drug administration time along with cessation of known etiological factors. Therapeutic assessment was done by using Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) scale. Significant improvement was noted in clinical parameters as well as on the standard RDQ scale without reported relapse of previous symptoms on follow-up visit. Also, there were no adverse events recorded during the treatment and follow-up period.","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"265 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86282163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Report of national webinar on reverse pharmacology","authors":"B. Rathi, Rajkumar Gupta","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_69_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_69_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"53 1","pages":"211 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90828211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Ayurveda was oriented with the management of various epidemic-like situations. Acharya Charaka has explained the concept of Janapadodhwansa (~the destruction of human community at a large scale) in Vimanasthana of the treatise Charaka Samhita. The concept of Janapadodhwansa is a mirror of the disease origin, spread, and control in the population. Aim: The aim was to critically analyze the concepts of Janapadodhwansa and epidemiology in the purview of Ayurveda and contemporary research. Materials and Methods: The concepts of epidemiology were critically analyzed in the purview of the concept of Janapadodhwansa in Ayurveda. The robust search of literature from research databases, published literature, and contemporary sciences was done to incorporate the related aspects. Observations: The major Hetu (~etiological factors) in the manifestation of Janapododhwansa can be correlated with the environmental, host, and agent components of the epidemiological triad. The four Hetu namely Vayu (~ air), Jala (~water), Desha (~environmental pollution), and Kaala (~seasonal impact) focus largely on the environment aspect of epidemiological triad, which includes host, agent, and environment, whereas the Adharma (behavioral factors) deals with the host and agent aspects. The management of epidemics explained in Ayurveda covers all the aspects of physical, mental, social, and spiritual health facilitating the promotion and preservation of health during such conditions. Jwara (~fever) is described as a condition representing the primary presentation of Janapadodhwansa, whereas other modalities such as Rasayana Sevana, Sadvritta are also rightfully discussed. Conclusions: The aspects of origin and spread of diseases like Jwara (~fever) as mentioned under the umbrella of Janapadodhwansa are similar and applicable to concepts of epidemiological triad and epidemiology in general.
{"title":"Scientific aspects of Janapadodhwansa Vyadhi (epidemic disorders) according to Ayurveda in the context to Jwara—An epidemiological and Trisutra-based approach","authors":"Aishwarya Joglekar, M. Vyas, M. Bhojani","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_30_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_30_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ayurveda was oriented with the management of various epidemic-like situations. Acharya Charaka has explained the concept of Janapadodhwansa (~the destruction of human community at a large scale) in Vimanasthana of the treatise Charaka Samhita. The concept of Janapadodhwansa is a mirror of the disease origin, spread, and control in the population. Aim: The aim was to critically analyze the concepts of Janapadodhwansa and epidemiology in the purview of Ayurveda and contemporary research. Materials and Methods: The concepts of epidemiology were critically analyzed in the purview of the concept of Janapadodhwansa in Ayurveda. The robust search of literature from research databases, published literature, and contemporary sciences was done to incorporate the related aspects. Observations: The major Hetu (~etiological factors) in the manifestation of Janapododhwansa can be correlated with the environmental, host, and agent components of the epidemiological triad. The four Hetu namely Vayu (~ air), Jala (~water), Desha (~environmental pollution), and Kaala (~seasonal impact) focus largely on the environment aspect of epidemiological triad, which includes host, agent, and environment, whereas the Adharma (behavioral factors) deals with the host and agent aspects. The management of epidemics explained in Ayurveda covers all the aspects of physical, mental, social, and spiritual health facilitating the promotion and preservation of health during such conditions. Jwara (~fever) is described as a condition representing the primary presentation of Janapadodhwansa, whereas other modalities such as Rasayana Sevana, Sadvritta are also rightfully discussed. Conclusions: The aspects of origin and spread of diseases like Jwara (~fever) as mentioned under the umbrella of Janapadodhwansa are similar and applicable to concepts of epidemiological triad and epidemiology in general.","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"99 1","pages":"176 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76983897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) was formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis. As its name implies, the disease is associated with a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with vasculitis of small and medium blood vessels induced by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Here, we present a case of a 42-year-old woman with severe arthralgia associated with fever and obstructive uropathy. Blood investigations revealed a high level of C-ANCA, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and reduced hemoglobin level. She had a history of rheumatic heart disease in the childhood. The patient was treated with Ayurvedic oral drugs for 3 months. After 1 month of follow-up period, the patient showed a significant improvement in presenting symptoms as well as laboratory investigations. There was a significant reduction in swelling and tenderness over both ankle joints. Presently, the patient is stable with Ayurvedic medications. The case study shows a ray of hope toward the management of GPA with holistic Ayurveda medications with satisfactory outcome and contentment of the patient. However, more studies should be observed for definite conclusion.
{"title":"Ayurveda treatment for granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A case report","authors":"Santosh Bhatted, D. Kabra","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_41_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_41_22","url":null,"abstract":"Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) was formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis. As its name implies, the disease is associated with a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with vasculitis of small and medium blood vessels induced by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Here, we present a case of a 42-year-old woman with severe arthralgia associated with fever and obstructive uropathy. Blood investigations revealed a high level of C-ANCA, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and reduced hemoglobin level. She had a history of rheumatic heart disease in the childhood. The patient was treated with Ayurvedic oral drugs for 3 months. After 1 month of follow-up period, the patient showed a significant improvement in presenting symptoms as well as laboratory investigations. There was a significant reduction in swelling and tenderness over both ankle joints. Presently, the patient is stable with Ayurvedic medications. The case study shows a ray of hope toward the management of GPA with holistic Ayurveda medications with satisfactory outcome and contentment of the patient. However, more studies should be observed for definite conclusion.","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"47 1","pages":"196 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81254068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NCISM new curriculum: A revolutionary step in Ayurveda education","authors":"G. Sawarkar","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_81_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_81_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"126 1","pages":"153 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91523229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salt plays an important role in maintaining normal physiology of the human body health. Salts are referred as Lavana in Ayurveda that are vital ingredients in food and in medicine as well. Traditionally, Ayurveda classics distinguish several varieties of Lavanas. Specific salts have been described along with respective properties and actions. Charaka samhita, a familiar text for medical treatment, has advocated varieties of Lavanas and their applications in multiple pathological conditions. However, the information is found scattered across the classical texts. The current review is an attempt to screen this classical treatise and to compile information pertaining to utilization of various Lavanas for medicinal and other purposes referred. Screening through the classic revealed description of about 16 different Lavanas and about 250 compound formulations with salt as a component, inferring that different types of salts have specific action on health and/or disease. Judicious consumption of Lavana is repeatedly advised, and it is said that Lavanas produce good results when used properly (aapaatbhdra prayogasamsaadgunyaat), whereas injudicious use may cause exacerbation of various doshas leading to the manifestation of diseases. Though an important component of life cycle, salts are to be used in limited quantities judiciously.
{"title":"Perspectives of Lavana in Charaka samhita: a review","authors":"Archana Prabhakar, G. Ruknuddin, P. Prajapati","doi":"10.4103/jism.jism_29_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_29_22","url":null,"abstract":"Salt plays an important role in maintaining normal physiology of the human body health. Salts are referred as Lavana in Ayurveda that are vital ingredients in food and in medicine as well. Traditionally, Ayurveda classics distinguish several varieties of Lavanas. Specific salts have been described along with respective properties and actions. Charaka samhita, a familiar text for medical treatment, has advocated varieties of Lavanas and their applications in multiple pathological conditions. However, the information is found scattered across the classical texts. The current review is an attempt to screen this classical treatise and to compile information pertaining to utilization of various Lavanas for medicinal and other purposes referred. Screening through the classic revealed description of about 16 different Lavanas and about 250 compound formulations with salt as a component, inferring that different types of salts have specific action on health and/or disease. Judicious consumption of Lavana is repeatedly advised, and it is said that Lavanas produce good results when used properly (aapaatbhdra prayogasamsaadgunyaat), whereas injudicious use may cause exacerbation of various doshas leading to the manifestation of diseases. Though an important component of life cycle, salts are to be used in limited quantities judiciously.","PeriodicalId":16051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian System of Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":"186 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73844131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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