Siddhi Chavan, Anil Khatal, S. Phalake, Sujata Tetali, Ravindra Patil
In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), normalizing target gene expression using a reference gene is an indispensable step to control the variability of RNA extraction yield, RNA integrity, reverse transcription efficiency, and PCR amplification. In the present study, we identified candidate reference genes with stable expression during grapes’ flowering and berry development stages. Ten genes, including ACT, CYP5, RLI, TUB, UBC, UBC17, UBC60, UFD1, VAG, and ZNF with relatively stable expression, were selected based on RNAseq data generated earlier in grape hybrid ‘ARI 516’. The expression of these candidate genes was tested at different stages of flowering and grape berry development. Five different algorithms such as RefFinder, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative ΔCq method were used to test the expression stability of candidate genes. A comprehensive ranking obtained by RefFinder showed that UBC17, RLI, and ZNF were the most stable reference genes during flower and berry development stages. UBC17, RLI, and ZNF were calibrators to normalize the expression of VvAGL11 as a target gene to validate the worthiness of identified reference genes. The result demonstrated that newly identified reference genes could be successfully used to normalize the expression of the target gene accurately. These reference genes will provide more choices for selecting appropriate reference genes to normalize gene expression in grapes.
{"title":"Identification and Validation of New Reference Genes for Normalization of Gene Expression in Flower and Berry Developmental Stages of Interspecific Grape Hybrid V. vinifera (L.) × V. labrusca (L.)","authors":"Siddhi Chavan, Anil Khatal, S. Phalake, Sujata Tetali, Ravindra Patil","doi":"10.2478/johr-2024-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2024-0005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), normalizing target gene expression using a reference gene is an indispensable step to control the variability of RNA extraction yield, RNA integrity, reverse transcription efficiency, and PCR amplification. In the present study, we identified candidate reference genes with stable expression during grapes’ flowering and berry development stages. Ten genes, including ACT, CYP5, RLI, TUB, UBC, UBC17, UBC60, UFD1, VAG, and ZNF with relatively stable expression, were selected based on RNAseq data generated earlier in grape hybrid ‘ARI 516’. The expression of these candidate genes was tested at different stages of flowering and grape berry development. Five different algorithms such as RefFinder, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative ΔCq method were used to test the expression stability of candidate genes. A comprehensive ranking obtained by RefFinder showed that UBC17, RLI, and ZNF were the most stable reference genes during flower and berry development stages. UBC17, RLI, and ZNF were calibrators to normalize the expression of VvAGL11 as a target gene to validate the worthiness of identified reference genes. The result demonstrated that newly identified reference genes could be successfully used to normalize the expression of the target gene accurately. These reference genes will provide more choices for selecting appropriate reference genes to normalize gene expression in grapes.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.S.M. Mesbah Uddin, J. Gomasta, Md. Torikul Islam, Monirul Islam, E. Kayesh, Mohammad R. Karim
A lucrative and delicious nonclimacteric tropical fruit, rambutan, has disadvantages of inadequate fruiting, low yield, and inferior edibility at farm level that need to be addressed. Moreover, unstable tropical temperatures and humidity threaten poor fruit set and insufficient rambutan yields. Therefore, the study revealed the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA3) on fruit set and retention, fruit size and yield, shelf life, and postharvest properties of rambutan under these atmospheric conditions. GA3 at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm, apart from the control (without GA3), was applied to panicles twice in the early flowering and the early fruiting stages (thirty days after the first spraying). The results showed that maximum fruit set (223.2 per panicle), retention (13.2 per panicle, 5.9%), and yield (714.0 g per panicle) were obtained by GA3 treatment at 300 ppm. In addition to increasing fruit size (54.1 g) and pulp weight (31.3 g), GA3 at a dose of 300 ppm significantly reduced seed weight by 27.5% and increased the edible portion by 26.6% compared to the control. Notably, preharvest GA3 treatment increased TSS content (19.0%), total sugar (4.5%), and shelf life (11.5 days), while it decreased titratable acidity (0.4%) of rambutan. GA3 doses from 200 to 500 ppm had similar effects in terms of affecting the edible properties and shelf life of rambutan. However, fruit set, retention, and yield exhibited distinct dose-dependent responses, with 300 ppm being the best and 200 ppm consistent with the best, with some differences. Regression analysis showed a skewed curve explaining higher yield and better fruit quality at the medium GA3 treatment level (250–350 ppm). In comparison, lower (< 200 ppm) and higher (> 400 ppm) doses resulted in worse results in most cases. Therefore, regulated use of GA3 is necessary to improve rambutan yield and fruit quality.
{"title":"Gibberellic Acid Spray Modulates Fruiting, Yield, Quality, and Shelf Life of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)","authors":"A.S.M. Mesbah Uddin, J. Gomasta, Md. Torikul Islam, Monirul Islam, E. Kayesh, Mohammad R. Karim","doi":"10.2478/johr-2024-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2024-0004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A lucrative and delicious nonclimacteric tropical fruit, rambutan, has disadvantages of inadequate fruiting, low yield, and inferior edibility at farm level that need to be addressed. Moreover, unstable tropical temperatures and humidity threaten poor fruit set and insufficient rambutan yields. Therefore, the study revealed the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA3) on fruit set and retention, fruit size and yield, shelf life, and postharvest properties of rambutan under these atmospheric conditions. GA3 at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm, apart from the control (without GA3), was applied to panicles twice in the early flowering and the early fruiting stages (thirty days after the first spraying). The results showed that maximum fruit set (223.2 per panicle), retention (13.2 per panicle, 5.9%), and yield (714.0 g per panicle) were obtained by GA3 treatment at 300 ppm. In addition to increasing fruit size (54.1 g) and pulp weight (31.3 g), GA3 at a dose of 300 ppm significantly reduced seed weight by 27.5% and increased the edible portion by 26.6% compared to the control. Notably, preharvest GA3 treatment increased TSS content (19.0%), total sugar (4.5%), and shelf life (11.5 days), while it decreased titratable acidity (0.4%) of rambutan. GA3 doses from 200 to 500 ppm had similar effects in terms of affecting the edible properties and shelf life of rambutan. However, fruit set, retention, and yield exhibited distinct dose-dependent responses, with 300 ppm being the best and 200 ppm consistent with the best, with some differences. Regression analysis showed a skewed curve explaining higher yield and better fruit quality at the medium GA3 treatment level (250–350 ppm). In comparison, lower (< 200 ppm) and higher (> 400 ppm) doses resulted in worse results in most cases. Therefore, regulated use of GA3 is necessary to improve rambutan yield and fruit quality.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatyana Stefanovska, A. Skwiercz, V. Pidlisnyuk, V. Boroday, Artem Medkow, O. Zhukov
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulants derived from Streptomyces avermitilis metabolites on entomopathogenic nematodes: Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, obtained from the soil of several Miscanthus × giganteus plantations in 2020–2023. The nematodes were isolated, identified, and cultured using live insects (the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella). Three preparations containing biostimulants – Charkor, Stimpo, and Regoplant, were tested for compatibility with entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes. Their effect on nematode survival was evaluated using the Petri dish test. The study showed that the effect of biostimulants on the survival of nematodes depended on the concentration of aversectin contained in the evaluated preparations. Stimpo and Regoplant had an adverse effect on plant parasitic nematodes. The highest G. mellonella mortality was observed at the higher dose of Charkor (0.4%), and the lowest at the lower dose of Regoplant (1.22%). The study showed that the virulence of the nematodes decreased after 48 hours of incubation in Regoplant and Stimpo solutions containing aversectin. The degree of interaction between nematodes depended on the nematode species, trophic preferences, and the concentration of active ingredients in the preparations. This conclusion is crucial for the selection of appropriate types of entomopathogenic nematodes and the application rate of plant parasitic nematodes in the assessment of their short- and long-term spread, persistence, and recycling in field conditions.
{"title":"Effect of the Biostimulants of Microbiological Origin on the Entomopathogenic and Plant Parasitic Nematodes from Miscanthus × Giganteus Plantations","authors":"Tatyana Stefanovska, A. Skwiercz, V. Pidlisnyuk, V. Boroday, Artem Medkow, O. Zhukov","doi":"10.2478/johr-2024-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2024-0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulants derived from Streptomyces avermitilis metabolites on entomopathogenic nematodes: Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, obtained from the soil of several Miscanthus × giganteus plantations in 2020–2023. The nematodes were isolated, identified, and cultured using live insects (the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella). Three preparations containing biostimulants – Charkor, Stimpo, and Regoplant, were tested for compatibility with entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes. Their effect on nematode survival was evaluated using the Petri dish test. The study showed that the effect of biostimulants on the survival of nematodes depended on the concentration of aversectin contained in the evaluated preparations. Stimpo and Regoplant had an adverse effect on plant parasitic nematodes. The highest G. mellonella mortality was observed at the higher dose of Charkor (0.4%), and the lowest at the lower dose of Regoplant (1.22%). The study showed that the virulence of the nematodes decreased after 48 hours of incubation in Regoplant and Stimpo solutions containing aversectin. The degree of interaction between nematodes depended on the nematode species, trophic preferences, and the concentration of active ingredients in the preparations. This conclusion is crucial for the selection of appropriate types of entomopathogenic nematodes and the application rate of plant parasitic nematodes in the assessment of their short- and long-term spread, persistence, and recycling in field conditions.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140997980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Treder, A. Tryngiel-Gać, K. Klamkowski, Katarzyna Wójcik, Wojciech Stępień
The study aimed to determine the magnitude of changes in air temperature in Skierniewice, Poland, over the last 100 years, with particular emphasis on multi-year variability. The source material for the analyses were air temperature measurements from 1923 to 2022 obtained from the meteorological station in the Experimental Field of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences and the station in the Experimental Orchard of the National Institute of Horticultural Research. The study presents average annual, minimum, and maximum air temperatures along with an assessment of the trend of their multi-year variability. The features of changes in the average air temperature in Skierniewice presented in the study based on a 100-year series of meteorological measurements are characterized by high temporal variability with a clear upward trend. The average warming rate over 100 years was 0.17 °C per 10 years, but in the last 60 years it has already reached 0.38 °C per 10 years. In the case of the average annual air temperature since 1981, there has been a sequence of years warmer than average throughout the measurement period. The number of summer days (>25 °C) and hot days, when the maximum temperature exceeds 30 °C, is also increasing. In the analyzed period, the decade 2013–2022 was the warmest.
{"title":"Variability of Air Temperature in Skierniewice, Poland, Over the Period 1923–2022","authors":"W. Treder, A. Tryngiel-Gać, K. Klamkowski, Katarzyna Wójcik, Wojciech Stępień","doi":"10.2478/johr-2024-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study aimed to determine the magnitude of changes in air temperature in Skierniewice, Poland, over the last 100 years, with particular emphasis on multi-year variability. The source material for the analyses were air temperature measurements from 1923 to 2022 obtained from the meteorological station in the Experimental Field of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences and the station in the Experimental Orchard of the National Institute of Horticultural Research. The study presents average annual, minimum, and maximum air temperatures along with an assessment of the trend of their multi-year variability. The features of changes in the average air temperature in Skierniewice presented in the study based on a 100-year series of meteorological measurements are characterized by high temporal variability with a clear upward trend. The average warming rate over 100 years was 0.17 °C per 10 years, but in the last 60 years it has already reached 0.38 °C per 10 years. In the case of the average annual air temperature since 1981, there has been a sequence of years warmer than average throughout the measurement period. The number of summer days (>25 °C) and hot days, when the maximum temperature exceeds 30 °C, is also increasing. In the analyzed period, the decade 2013–2022 was the warmest.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140259735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Dzięgielewska, Andrzej Skwiercz, Anna Wesołowska, Dawid Kozacki, W. Przewodowski, Danuta Kulpa
Abstract As trophic organisms, nematodes play an essential role in the soil environment: they mineralize nutrients into plant-available forms, are a food source for other soil organisms, and feed on pathogenic organisms and plant pests, therefore regulating populations of soil microorganisms. The plant-parasitic nematodes are important pests of crops. Nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly used in agriculture and other production sectors. They are present in the soil, not necessarily in trace amounts, and can affect various soil organisms, including nematodes. In this article, the effects of silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles on the mortality and reproduction activity of selected nematode species from two trophic groups: entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae) and plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) (Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera schachtii) were studied under laboratory conditions. All nanoparticles decreased the nematode population to an extent depending on the nematode species, nanoparticle type, and exposure time. AgNP had the greatest nematicidal effect, except for AuNP, which reduced the population of H. schachtii the most. The greatest sensitivity to AgNP was observed in X. diversicaudatum (100% mortality), D. dipsaci (90% mortality), and 37 to 13% mortality in other species. Effect of AuNP and PtNP on entomopathogenic nematodes was comparable to the control, not treated with nanoparticles. AuNP and PtNP similarly influenced nematode mortality. However, the effect of nanoparticles on new generations of entomopathogenic nematodes developing in host larvae Galleria melonella was inconclusive. All nanoparticles decreased the number of larvae of S. felitae and increased the number of H. bacteriophora migrating outside the cadavers compared to the control.
摘要 作为营养生物，线虫在土壤环境中发挥着重要作用：它们将养分矿化成植物可利用的形式，是其他土壤生物的食物来源，并以病原生物和植物害虫为食，从而调节土壤微生物的数量。植物寄生线虫是农作物的重要害虫。纳米粒子（NP）在农业和其他生产部门的应用越来越广泛。它们存在于土壤中，但不一定是微量的，而且会影响包括线虫在内的各种土壤生物。本文在实验室条件下研究了银（Ag）、金（Au）和铂（Pt）纳米粒子对两个营养群中所选线虫物种的死亡率和繁殖活动的影响：昆虫病原线虫（EPN）（Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 和 Steinernema feltiae）和植物寄生线虫（PPN）（Xiphinema diversicaudatum、Ditylenchus dipsaci、Heterodera schachtii）。根据线虫种类、纳米粒子类型和暴露时间的不同，所有纳米粒子都能在一定程度上减少线虫数量。除 AuNP 外，AgNP 的杀线虫效果最强，AuNP 减少 H. schachtii 的数量最多。对 AgNP 最敏感的是 X. diversicaudatum（100% 死亡）和 D. dipsaci（90% 死亡），其他物种的死亡率为 37% 至 13%。AuNP 和 PtNP 对昆虫病原线虫的影响与未用纳米颗粒处理的对照组相当。AuNP 和 PtNP 同样影响线虫的死亡率。不过，纳米颗粒对宿主瓜瘿蚊幼虫体内发育的新一代昆虫病原线虫的影响尚无定论。与对照组相比，所有纳米粒子都能减少 S. felitae 幼虫的数量，并增加移出尸体的 H. bacteriophora 的数量。
{"title":"Effects of Silver, Gold, and Platinum Nanoparticles on Selected Nematode Trophic Groups","authors":"Magdalena Dzięgielewska, Andrzej Skwiercz, Anna Wesołowska, Dawid Kozacki, W. Przewodowski, Danuta Kulpa","doi":"10.2478/johr-2023-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As trophic organisms, nematodes play an essential role in the soil environment: they mineralize nutrients into plant-available forms, are a food source for other soil organisms, and feed on pathogenic organisms and plant pests, therefore regulating populations of soil microorganisms. The plant-parasitic nematodes are important pests of crops. Nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly used in agriculture and other production sectors. They are present in the soil, not necessarily in trace amounts, and can affect various soil organisms, including nematodes. In this article, the effects of silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles on the mortality and reproduction activity of selected nematode species from two trophic groups: entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae) and plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) (Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera schachtii) were studied under laboratory conditions. All nanoparticles decreased the nematode population to an extent depending on the nematode species, nanoparticle type, and exposure time. AgNP had the greatest nematicidal effect, except for AuNP, which reduced the population of H. schachtii the most. The greatest sensitivity to AgNP was observed in X. diversicaudatum (100% mortality), D. dipsaci (90% mortality), and 37 to 13% mortality in other species. Effect of AuNP and PtNP on entomopathogenic nematodes was comparable to the control, not treated with nanoparticles. AuNP and PtNP similarly influenced nematode mortality. However, the effect of nanoparticles on new generations of entomopathogenic nematodes developing in host larvae Galleria melonella was inconclusive. All nanoparticles decreased the number of larvae of S. felitae and increased the number of H. bacteriophora migrating outside the cadavers compared to the control.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139126138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Treder, K. Klamkowski, Katarzyna Wójcik, A. Tryngiel-Gać
Abstract The study examined the performance of four machine learning algorithms (regression trees, boosted trees, random forests, and artificial neural networks) for estimating evapotranspiration (ETo) based on incomplete meteorological data. Meteorological variables (mean and maximum air temperature, average air humidity, average level of solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, extraterrestrial solar radiation, and day number of the year) were used as input. The simulation used two calculation scenarios: data with and without average solar radiation. The performance of the different machine learning models was evaluated using the mean square error, root mean square error, coefficient of determination, and slope of regression forced through the origin between the measured and simulated ETo. The results demonstrated that the applied models were able to describe nonlinear relationships between weather parameters and evapotranspiration. The accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation depended on the type of input variables and the machine learning model used. The highest level of evapotranspiration prediction was obtained using the artificial neural networks model. Including solar radiation data in the calculations improved the quality of evapotranspiration prediction in all four models. In the absence of data on the actual solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, it is advisable to supplement the input data with data on extraterrestrial solar radiation and the day number of the year. Such an approach can be helpful in areas and situations with limited access to meteorological data.
摘要 该研究考察了四种机器学习算法（回归树、提升树、随机森林和人工神经网络）在基于不完整气象数据估算蒸散量（ETo）方面的性能。气象变量（平均气温和最高气温、平均空气湿度、平均太阳辐射量、蒸气压差、地外太阳辐射量和年日数）被用作输入。模拟使用了两种计算方案：有平均太阳辐射和无平均太阳辐射的数据。使用测量 ETo 和模拟 ETo 之间的均方误差、均方根误差、判定系数和通过原点的回归斜率评估了不同机器学习模型的性能。结果表明，所应用的模型能够描述天气参数与蒸散量之间的非线性关系。蒸散估计的准确性取决于输入变量的类型和所使用的机器学习模型。人工神经网络模型的蒸散量预测水平最高。将太阳辐射数据纳入计算可提高所有四种模型的蒸散预测质量。在缺乏到达地球表面的实际太阳辐射数据的情况下，最好用地外太阳辐射数据和全年日数数据来补充输入数据。这种方法对于气象数据有限的地区和情况很有帮助。
{"title":"Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Machine Learning Methods","authors":"W. Treder, K. Klamkowski, Katarzyna Wójcik, A. Tryngiel-Gać","doi":"10.2478/johr-2023-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study examined the performance of four machine learning algorithms (regression trees, boosted trees, random forests, and artificial neural networks) for estimating evapotranspiration (ETo) based on incomplete meteorological data. Meteorological variables (mean and maximum air temperature, average air humidity, average level of solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, extraterrestrial solar radiation, and day number of the year) were used as input. The simulation used two calculation scenarios: data with and without average solar radiation. The performance of the different machine learning models was evaluated using the mean square error, root mean square error, coefficient of determination, and slope of regression forced through the origin between the measured and simulated ETo. The results demonstrated that the applied models were able to describe nonlinear relationships between weather parameters and evapotranspiration. The accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation depended on the type of input variables and the machine learning model used. The highest level of evapotranspiration prediction was obtained using the artificial neural networks model. Including solar radiation data in the calculations improved the quality of evapotranspiration prediction in all four models. In the absence of data on the actual solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, it is advisable to supplement the input data with data on extraterrestrial solar radiation and the day number of the year. Such an approach can be helpful in areas and situations with limited access to meteorological data.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139126262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The single-truss production system for tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a relatively new developed cultivation technology that guarantees high yields and high-quality fruit throughout the annual cycle. In this study, we examined the impact of electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solutions on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of tomatoes grown in a single-truss system in a hydroponic culture. Plants were supplied with nutrient solution at the following EC values: 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 mS·cm−1 in the spring and summer cycles, and at 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 mS·cm−1 in the winter cycle. In the spring cycle, the EC of the nutrient solution increased in all treatments, particularly after pinching the main stem. Increased EC values of nutrient solutions were also recorded at the 1.2 and 1.4 EC in the summer cycle and the 1.4 and 1.6 EC in the winter cycle. The leaf number per plant did not differ between treatments in all production cycles. The largest leaf area was found at the 1.2 and 1.4 EC in the spring cycle and the 1.0 and 1.2 EC during the summer. During the winter cycle, no differences in leaf area between treatments were observed. In spring, plants at the 1.2 and 1.4 EC had the highest yields and largest fruits, while during the summer, plants at the 1.0 and 1.2 EC produced the most fruit. In winter, the highest yield was found at the 1.4 EC. The soluble solids concentration (SSC) of fruit was increased at the 1.4 EC both in the spring and summer cycles, while in the winter cycle, there was no difference between the treatments. Only fruit at the 1.4 EC in the summer cycle had an increased acidity. The findings indicate that under greenhouse conditions, tomato cultivation in a single-truss system can be successful if the plants are supplied with a nutrient solution at an EC value of 1.2–1.4 mS·cm−1.
{"title":"Effect of Nutrient Solution Concentration on Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Grown Hydroponically in Single-Truss Production System","authors":"Nawab Nasir, Tatsuo Sato","doi":"10.2478/johr-2023-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The single-truss production system for tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a relatively new developed cultivation technology that guarantees high yields and high-quality fruit throughout the annual cycle. In this study, we examined the impact of electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solutions on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of tomatoes grown in a single-truss system in a hydroponic culture. Plants were supplied with nutrient solution at the following EC values: 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 mS·cm−1 in the spring and summer cycles, and at 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 mS·cm−1 in the winter cycle. In the spring cycle, the EC of the nutrient solution increased in all treatments, particularly after pinching the main stem. Increased EC values of nutrient solutions were also recorded at the 1.2 and 1.4 EC in the summer cycle and the 1.4 and 1.6 EC in the winter cycle. The leaf number per plant did not differ between treatments in all production cycles. The largest leaf area was found at the 1.2 and 1.4 EC in the spring cycle and the 1.0 and 1.2 EC during the summer. During the winter cycle, no differences in leaf area between treatments were observed. In spring, plants at the 1.2 and 1.4 EC had the highest yields and largest fruits, while during the summer, plants at the 1.0 and 1.2 EC produced the most fruit. In winter, the highest yield was found at the 1.4 EC. The soluble solids concentration (SSC) of fruit was increased at the 1.4 EC both in the spring and summer cycles, while in the winter cycle, there was no difference between the treatments. Only fruit at the 1.4 EC in the summer cycle had an increased acidity. The findings indicate that under greenhouse conditions, tomato cultivation in a single-truss system can be successful if the plants are supplied with a nutrient solution at an EC value of 1.2–1.4 mS·cm−1.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mutimawurugo, J. Ogweno, Nyokabi Isabel Wagara, J. Muhinyuza, S. Habimana, Alphonsine Mukamuhirwa
Abstract The current study evaluated the effect of methanol and water extracts of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.), and garlic (Allium sativum L.) at 50 mg·mL−1 applied at different frequencies (weekly, biweekly, and monthly) on the control of potato bacterial wilt under field conditions (two growing seasons in 2021). Weekly and biweekly application of methanol extracts from tobacco and wild marigold showed higher efficacy of biological control of the pathogen (58% and 57%) on aerial parts of potato plants than monthly application (48%). In potato tubers, weekly and biweekly application of methanol extracts caused higher biological control efficacy (75.92% and 67.39%) than monthly application (52.49%). Weekly and biweekly application of methanol extracts of tobacco and wild marigold also reduced postharvest infection and postharvest yield losses caused by potato bacterial wilt during the storage period, among other treatments. These experiments conclude that weekly or biweekly application of methanol extract from tobacco and wild marigold at 50 mg·mL−1 is a practical approach to control potato bacterial wilt in the field and storage.
{"title":"Biological Control of Potato Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) Using Selected Plant Extracts","authors":"M. Mutimawurugo, J. Ogweno, Nyokabi Isabel Wagara, J. Muhinyuza, S. Habimana, Alphonsine Mukamuhirwa","doi":"10.2478/johr-2023-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current study evaluated the effect of methanol and water extracts of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.), and garlic (Allium sativum L.) at 50 mg·mL−1 applied at different frequencies (weekly, biweekly, and monthly) on the control of potato bacterial wilt under field conditions (two growing seasons in 2021). Weekly and biweekly application of methanol extracts from tobacco and wild marigold showed higher efficacy of biological control of the pathogen (58% and 57%) on aerial parts of potato plants than monthly application (48%). In potato tubers, weekly and biweekly application of methanol extracts caused higher biological control efficacy (75.92% and 67.39%) than monthly application (52.49%). Weekly and biweekly application of methanol extracts of tobacco and wild marigold also reduced postharvest infection and postharvest yield losses caused by potato bacterial wilt during the storage period, among other treatments. These experiments conclude that weekly or biweekly application of methanol extract from tobacco and wild marigold at 50 mg·mL−1 is a practical approach to control potato bacterial wilt in the field and storage.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In Poland, the share of Diptera in the species composition of the harmful entomofauna occurring on vegetable crops ranges from 20 to 25%. They occur on all vegetables grown in Poland (over 80 species and botanical varieties). Since the systematic registration of pests inhabiting crops in Poland in 1919, over 70 species of flies have been listed as pests of vegetable plants. Species from three families dominate in terms of population and numbers: Anthomyiidae with 12 species (Delia radicum, on early and late cultivars of cruciferous vegetables, mainly broccoli, cauliflower, white cabbage, kohlrabi, and radishes; Delia platura occurs annually on bean and cucumber; Delia antiqua on onion and garlic; and Pegomya hyoscyami on beetroot), Cecidomyiidae with 10 species (two species dominate, Contarinia nasturtii and Dasineura napi, on cruciferous vegetables), and Agromyzidae with 23 species (Liriomyza bryoniae on cucumbers, tomatoes, and peppers, and Phytomyza gymnostoma on leeks). Short-term, gradational occurrence of some dominant species was found, including Botanophila gnava (lettuce), Chamaepsila rosae (carrot, parsley), Delia platura (asparagus, bean), Delia radicum (broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, radishes, white cabbage), Phytomyza gymnostoma (leek), Oscinella frit (corn), and Suillia lurida (garlic). However, they did not affect the level of plant production in the following years of cultivation. Apart from phytophagous species, taxa with a different trophic structure are common. These are copro-, necro-, sapro-, and zoophagous species. The most numerous were flies from the Drosophilidae family (Drosophila busckii, Drosophila limbata, Scaptomyza pallida, Fanniidae (Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris), Heleomyzidae (Tephrochlamys tarsalis), and Muscidae (Muscina levida, Muscina stabulans, Phaonia trimaculata). Natural enemies of insects play an important role in vegetable agrocenoses. Species belonging to the order of Coleoptera beetles (Carabidae and Staphylinidae), Syrphidae, Tachinidae, and Muscidae, mainly Phaonia trimaculata larvae, play the most important role in reducing the number of Diptera. In addition, the number of phytophages is limited by other organisms, e.g., Diplopoda, Nematoda, Arachnida, and pathogens of viral, bacterial, and fungal origin.
{"title":"Diptera Pests Occurring on Vegetable Crops in Poland","authors":"J. Szwejda","doi":"10.2478/johr-2023-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Poland, the share of Diptera in the species composition of the harmful entomofauna occurring on vegetable crops ranges from 20 to 25%. They occur on all vegetables grown in Poland (over 80 species and botanical varieties). Since the systematic registration of pests inhabiting crops in Poland in 1919, over 70 species of flies have been listed as pests of vegetable plants. Species from three families dominate in terms of population and numbers: Anthomyiidae with 12 species (Delia radicum, on early and late cultivars of cruciferous vegetables, mainly broccoli, cauliflower, white cabbage, kohlrabi, and radishes; Delia platura occurs annually on bean and cucumber; Delia antiqua on onion and garlic; and Pegomya hyoscyami on beetroot), Cecidomyiidae with 10 species (two species dominate, Contarinia nasturtii and Dasineura napi, on cruciferous vegetables), and Agromyzidae with 23 species (Liriomyza bryoniae on cucumbers, tomatoes, and peppers, and Phytomyza gymnostoma on leeks). Short-term, gradational occurrence of some dominant species was found, including Botanophila gnava (lettuce), Chamaepsila rosae (carrot, parsley), Delia platura (asparagus, bean), Delia radicum (broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, radishes, white cabbage), Phytomyza gymnostoma (leek), Oscinella frit (corn), and Suillia lurida (garlic). However, they did not affect the level of plant production in the following years of cultivation. Apart from phytophagous species, taxa with a different trophic structure are common. These are copro-, necro-, sapro-, and zoophagous species. The most numerous were flies from the Drosophilidae family (Drosophila busckii, Drosophila limbata, Scaptomyza pallida, Fanniidae (Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris), Heleomyzidae (Tephrochlamys tarsalis), and Muscidae (Muscina levida, Muscina stabulans, Phaonia trimaculata). Natural enemies of insects play an important role in vegetable agrocenoses. Species belonging to the order of Coleoptera beetles (Carabidae and Staphylinidae), Syrphidae, Tachinidae, and Muscidae, mainly Phaonia trimaculata larvae, play the most important role in reducing the number of Diptera. In addition, the number of phytophages is limited by other organisms, e.g., Diplopoda, Nematoda, Arachnida, and pathogens of viral, bacterial, and fungal origin.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138943976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Radopholus similis (Cobb 1893) (Rhabditida, Pratylenchidae) is a common and destructive pest that causes significant yield losses in Cavendish bananas. The repeated use of synthetic pesticides to control this nematode has raised concerns about toxicity to users and the environment. An alternative approach to managing this harmful species involves the use of nontoxic plant-derived extracts that enhance protection against various biological constraints. In this study, aqueous extract from the leaves and stems of Eupatorium odoratum Linn. (EAEO) was used to control R. similis in banana roots under in vitro and on-plant conditions. Through direct contact and penetration experiments on roots, as well as on-plant trials, concentrations of 12500, 6250, 3120, 1560, and 780 mg DW·L−1 EAEO were used to evaluate nematode mortality rates, infection levels in root segments (in vitro experiment), root infection, root necrosis index, shoot and root fresh weight, and growth parameters such as stem length, diameter, leaf number, and leaf surface area (on-plant experiment). The results showed that the nematode mortality rate due to EAEO ranged from 35.3% to 90.1%, which is statistically significant compared to the mortality rate in the control treatment (16%). Significant nematode inhibition was observed in banana roots infected with R. similis and exposed to EAEO for 48 h. There were no statistically significant differences in root infection, root necrosis, and plant fresh weight between plants treated with fenamiphos and EAEO. Maximum effectiveness was observed at the 12500 mg DW·L−1 EAEO concentration. These findings provide valuable insights into the nematicidal metabolites of EAEO against R. similis. Thus, the potential of EAEO as a biocontrol agent against R. similis has been demonstrated. For future research, investigations will be extended to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the essential compounds in EAEO against nematodes, determine the optimal EAEO dosage for nematode control without harm to banana plants and the environment, assess the long-term effects of EAEO on banana plants and the environment, explore the ecological impact of EAEO use in agricultural ecosystems, study the effectiveness of EAEO on various plant species, and consider the development of commercial products or formulations based on EAEO.
{"title":"Nematicidal Effect of Eupatorium odoratum Linn. Aqueous Extract on Burrowing Nematodes (Radopholus similis) and its Application to Control Toppling Disease on Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata)","authors":"Tran Thi Phuong Nhung, L. Quoc","doi":"10.2478/johr-2023-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Radopholus similis (Cobb 1893) (Rhabditida, Pratylenchidae) is a common and destructive pest that causes significant yield losses in Cavendish bananas. The repeated use of synthetic pesticides to control this nematode has raised concerns about toxicity to users and the environment. An alternative approach to managing this harmful species involves the use of nontoxic plant-derived extracts that enhance protection against various biological constraints. In this study, aqueous extract from the leaves and stems of Eupatorium odoratum Linn. (EAEO) was used to control R. similis in banana roots under in vitro and on-plant conditions. Through direct contact and penetration experiments on roots, as well as on-plant trials, concentrations of 12500, 6250, 3120, 1560, and 780 mg DW·L−1 EAEO were used to evaluate nematode mortality rates, infection levels in root segments (in vitro experiment), root infection, root necrosis index, shoot and root fresh weight, and growth parameters such as stem length, diameter, leaf number, and leaf surface area (on-plant experiment). The results showed that the nematode mortality rate due to EAEO ranged from 35.3% to 90.1%, which is statistically significant compared to the mortality rate in the control treatment (16%). Significant nematode inhibition was observed in banana roots infected with R. similis and exposed to EAEO for 48 h. There were no statistically significant differences in root infection, root necrosis, and plant fresh weight between plants treated with fenamiphos and EAEO. Maximum effectiveness was observed at the 12500 mg DW·L−1 EAEO concentration. These findings provide valuable insights into the nematicidal metabolites of EAEO against R. similis. Thus, the potential of EAEO as a biocontrol agent against R. similis has been demonstrated. For future research, investigations will be extended to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the essential compounds in EAEO against nematodes, determine the optimal EAEO dosage for nematode control without harm to banana plants and the environment, assess the long-term effects of EAEO on banana plants and the environment, explore the ecological impact of EAEO use in agricultural ecosystems, study the effectiveness of EAEO on various plant species, and consider the development of commercial products or formulations based on EAEO.","PeriodicalId":16065,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Horticultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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