Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3635095
Changjun Lee;Jaewon Yang
In this study, we develop a fiber-based femtosecond laser system operating stably at the 1550 nm wavelength band by employing a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM)-based mode-locking technique. The system demonstrates strong robustness against environmental variations over extended operation times and offers a wide frequency tuning range. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and motorized stage are used to precisely control the cavity length, thereby enabling extended repetition rate modulation. Experimental results confirm long-term stability of mode-locking, even under external disturbances such as temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Dispersion compensation using dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) minimized the pulse duration. The baseline output denotes the oscillator output before amplification; it was measured at the 10% monitoring port and scaled to the full-output level, exceeding 1.5 mW, while the amplified output was between 90 and 95 mW. The pulse duration is confirmed to be 73.4 fs through autocorrelation measurements. The Allan deviation analysis reveals a fractional frequency stability of 8×10-14 at 1-hour integration time. These results experimentally demonstrate the long-term stability and optical tunability of the fiber femtosecond laser system, providing a promising foundation for future ultrafast photonic applications.
{"title":"200 MHz Repetition-Rate 1550 nm SESAM-Based Polarization-Maintaining Linear-Cavity Femtosecond Fiber Laser","authors":"Changjun Lee;Jaewon Yang","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3635095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3635095","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we develop a fiber-based femtosecond laser system operating stably at the 1550 nm wavelength band by employing a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM)-based mode-locking technique. The system demonstrates strong robustness against environmental variations over extended operation times and offers a wide frequency tuning range. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and motorized stage are used to precisely control the cavity length, thereby enabling extended repetition rate modulation. Experimental results confirm long-term stability of mode-locking, even under external disturbances such as temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Dispersion compensation using dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) minimized the pulse duration. The baseline output denotes the oscillator output before amplification; it was measured at the 10% monitoring port and scaled to the full-output level, exceeding 1.5 mW, while the amplified output was between 90 and 95 mW. The pulse duration is confirmed to be 73.4 fs through autocorrelation measurements. The Allan deviation analysis reveals a fractional frequency stability of 8×10<sup>-14</sup> at 1-hour integration time. These results experimentally demonstrate the long-term stability and optical tunability of the fiber femtosecond laser system, providing a promising foundation for future ultrafast photonic applications.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1477-1484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fiber optic vibration sensors are widely used in extreme environments such as aerospace and energy equipment for structural health monitoring due to their resistance to electromagnetic interference, corrosion, and high temperatures. Traditional fiber Bragg grating (FBG) or Fabry–Pérot (F–P) vibration sensors are often used to measure a single physical parameter, so they can encounter some challenges such as limited measurement accuracy, significant influence of temperature perturbation, and inability to self-calibration. Here, we propose a high-temperature dual-parameter self-calibrating fiber-optic vibration sensor by integrating an F–P resonant cavity with a dual FBGs structure in a double-cantilever beam sensitive diaphragm to simultaneously obtain two vibration signals from the same location. Two sets of FBGs with different periods are inscribed in the fiber core by using a femtosecond laser. One FBG is attached to a silicon-based diaphragm for vibration sensing, while the other is attached to the surface of the sensor package for temperature measurement and compensation. The F–P cavity is composed of the fiber end face with the diaphragm to sense vibration signal. The recombination-type sensor has outstanding optical responses from room temperature to 500 °C. And it has a high measurement accuracy of 0.1 g for weak signals and a large dynamic measurement range of 0.1–2000 g for strong vibration. Moreover, the two types of vibration sensors can be mutually calibrated in different application environments. Therefore, this study provides a self-calibrating solution for vibration sensing in high-temperature and strong-vibration environments, expanding the applicability of fiber optic sensing technology under extreme conditions.
{"title":"Self-Calibrating Recombination-Type Fiber-Optic Vibration Sensor Based on FBG and F–P Cavity Integrated Structure for Extreme Environments","authors":"Haoyan Chai;Jiandong Bai;Yujie Han;Shengjie Cao;Yongqiu Zheng;Chenyang Xue","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3635036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3635036","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber optic vibration sensors are widely used in extreme environments such as aerospace and energy equipment for structural health monitoring due to their resistance to electromagnetic interference, corrosion, and high temperatures. Traditional fiber Bragg grating (FBG) or Fabry–Pérot (F–P) vibration sensors are often used to measure a single physical parameter, so they can encounter some challenges such as limited measurement accuracy, significant influence of temperature perturbation, and inability to self-calibration. Here, we propose a high-temperature dual-parameter self-calibrating fiber-optic vibration sensor by integrating an F–P resonant cavity with a dual FBGs structure in a double-cantilever beam sensitive diaphragm to simultaneously obtain two vibration signals from the same location. Two sets of FBGs with different periods are inscribed in the fiber core by using a femtosecond laser. One FBG is attached to a silicon-based diaphragm for vibration sensing, while the other is attached to the surface of the sensor package for temperature measurement and compensation. The F–P cavity is composed of the fiber end face with the diaphragm to sense vibration signal. The recombination-type sensor has outstanding optical responses from room temperature to 500 °C. And it has a high measurement accuracy of 0.1 <italic>g</i> for weak signals and a large dynamic measurement range of 0.1–2000 <italic>g</i> for strong vibration. Moreover, the two types of vibration sensors can be mutually calibrated in different application environments. Therefore, this study provides a self-calibrating solution for vibration sensing in high-temperature and strong-vibration environments, expanding the applicability of fiber optic sensing technology under extreme conditions.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1547-1558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) is a highly effective technique for single-end-access distributed temperature and strain sensing, making it well-suited for structural health monitoring applications. This paper presents a long-pulse BOTDR method enhanced by edge differentiation, referred to as LP-ED. A linear optical mechanism is theoretically established, showing that when the probe pulse duration is at least equal to the round-trip propagation time of light in the optical fiber, the differentiated rising and falling edges of the spontaneous Brillouin scattering (SpBS) signal exhibit positive and negative linear relationships, respectively, with the local Brillouin gain distribution. By subtracting the differentiated falling edge from the rising edge, a distributed Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) with high spatial resolution and no spectral broadening is reconstructed, which can be used to extract more accurate Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) in both spatial and frequency domains. Numerical simulations verify that the LP-ED method achieves a spatial resolution of 2 cm under a 5 GHz sampling rate. Experimental results further demonstrate a resolution of 30 cm using a system bandwidth of 350 MHz and a sampling rate of 1 GHz, both of which are achieved without additional BGS broadening. In addition, the LP-ED method features low algorithmic complexity and requires no modifications to the optical setup, making it highly practical for high-spatial-resolution distributed optical fiber sensing.
{"title":"Long-Pulse BOTDR Enhanced by Edge Differentiation: Achieving High Spatial Resolution Without Spectral Broadening","authors":"Li-Ao Zhang;Peng Xie;Cheng Wang;Biao Kong;Shuocai Zhang;Mingshun Jiang;Dengwang Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3634762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3634762","url":null,"abstract":"Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) is a highly effective technique for single-end-access distributed temperature and strain sensing, making it well-suited for structural health monitoring applications. This paper presents a long-pulse BOTDR method enhanced by edge differentiation, referred to as LP-ED. A linear optical mechanism is theoretically established, showing that when the probe pulse duration is at least equal to the round-trip propagation time of light in the optical fiber, the differentiated rising and falling edges of the spontaneous Brillouin scattering (SpBS) signal exhibit positive and negative linear relationships, respectively, with the local Brillouin gain distribution. By subtracting the differentiated falling edge from the rising edge, a distributed Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) with high spatial resolution and no spectral broadening is reconstructed, which can be used to extract more accurate Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) in both spatial and frequency domains. Numerical simulations verify that the LP-ED method achieves a spatial resolution of 2 cm under a 5 GHz sampling rate. Experimental results further demonstrate a resolution of 30 cm using a system bandwidth of 350 MHz and a sampling rate of 1 GHz, both of which are achieved without additional BGS broadening. In addition, the LP-ED method features low algorithmic complexity and requires no modifications to the optical setup, making it highly practical for high-spatial-resolution distributed optical fiber sensing.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"743-751"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3634610
Jinghui Ding;Jiachen Zhang;Xian Zhang;Zhen Wang;Yi Zhang;Xiao-Song Zhu;Yi-Wei Shi
To address the lack of experimental validation of Tamm plasmon polariton (TPP) in hollow fiber (HF) sensor research, this work proposes and experimentally demonstrates for the first time a HF TPP sensor based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal/spacer layer/Ag (1DPC/spacer/Ag) composite structure. System modeling and parameter optimization of the photonic crystal were conducted using a ray transmission model, theoretically confirming that this structure can efficiently excite TPP mode. Combined with the analysis of the tangential electric field distribution at the resonance wavelength, the formation mechanism of the resonance dip in the transmission spectrum was revealed to originate from the local field enhancement effect of TPP. Further in-depth analysis of the influence of the thickness of each layer on the TPP mode led to the successful fabrication of the designed fiber sensor. Experimental results reveal the excitation of TPP mode in the HF sensor system, which has not been verified by experiments up to now. Compared to traditional HF surface plasmon resonance sensor limitations, which can only detect refractive index (RI) higher than the cladding material, this sensor enables sensitive detection of low RI media. This work not only enriches the experimental research on fiber TPP sensor, but also establishes the theoretical and technical foundation for developing fiber sensors with a wide dynamic range.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Tamm Plasmon Polariton Based Hollow-Core Fiber Sensor With One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal/Spacer/Ag Structure","authors":"Jinghui Ding;Jiachen Zhang;Xian Zhang;Zhen Wang;Yi Zhang;Xiao-Song Zhu;Yi-Wei Shi","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3634610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3634610","url":null,"abstract":"To address the lack of experimental validation of Tamm plasmon polariton (TPP) in hollow fiber (HF) sensor research, this work proposes and experimentally demonstrates for the first time a HF TPP sensor based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal/spacer layer/Ag (1DPC/spacer/Ag) composite structure. System modeling and parameter optimization of the photonic crystal were conducted using a ray transmission model, theoretically confirming that this structure can efficiently excite TPP mode. Combined with the analysis of the tangential electric field distribution at the resonance wavelength, the formation mechanism of the resonance dip in the transmission spectrum was revealed to originate from the local field enhancement effect of TPP. Further in-depth analysis of the influence of the thickness of each layer on the TPP mode led to the successful fabrication of the designed fiber sensor. Experimental results reveal the excitation of TPP mode in the HF sensor system, which has not been verified by experiments up to now. Compared to traditional HF surface plasmon resonance sensor limitations, which can only detect refractive index (RI) higher than the cladding material, this sensor enables sensitive detection of low RI media. This work not only enriches the experimental research on fiber TPP sensor, but also establishes the theoretical and technical foundation for developing fiber sensors with a wide dynamic range.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"794-800"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3634683
Chern Yang Leong;Jingxian Cui;Xin Cheng;Lin Htein;Hwa-Yaw Tam
Tactile perception, particularly at the fingertips, is fundamental to human dexterity, enabling fine motor control and reliable manipulation of objects through the precise real-time modulation of normal and shear forces based on encountered frictional conditions. To bridge this capability gap in robotics, a novel tactile-sensitive artificial skin is designed to significantly enhance robot-object interaction and environmental recognition. The artificial skin, fabricated from a 2-mm thick silicone elastomer membrane embedded with polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor array, achieves large measurement range (detecting forces up to 10 N normal and ±4 N shear) and high sensitivity for multiaxial forces. The skin's performance was evaluated through tests involving normal force loading of up to 10 N and shear force loading around ±4 N using a three-axis translation gantry. Additionally, the study examines slip-induced vibrations on various textured surfaces. A multi-input multi-output convolutional neural network (MIMO-CNN) was developed to simultaneously estimate force and recognize textures based on multichannel FBG inputs. The MIMO-CNN achieved an R-squared value of 0.96 for force estimation and classification accuracy of 94% for texture recognition across 20 fabric samples. These findings highlight the potential of tactile-sensitive artificial skin to enhance robotic perception and manipulation, paving the way for more advanced humanoid robotic systems.
{"title":"Tactile-Sensitive Artificial Skin for Multiaxial Force Detection and Texture Recognition","authors":"Chern Yang Leong;Jingxian Cui;Xin Cheng;Lin Htein;Hwa-Yaw Tam","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3634683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3634683","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile perception, particularly at the fingertips, is fundamental to human dexterity, enabling fine motor control and reliable manipulation of objects through the precise real-time modulation of normal and shear forces based on encountered frictional conditions. To bridge this capability gap in robotics, a novel tactile-sensitive artificial skin is designed to significantly enhance robot-object interaction and environmental recognition. The artificial skin, fabricated from a 2-mm thick silicone elastomer membrane embedded with polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor array, achieves large measurement range (detecting forces up to 10 N normal and ±4 N shear) and high sensitivity for multiaxial forces. The skin's performance was evaluated through tests involving normal force loading of up to 10 N and shear force loading around ±4 N using a three-axis translation gantry. Additionally, the study examines slip-induced vibrations on various textured surfaces. A multi-input multi-output convolutional neural network (MIMO-CNN) was developed to simultaneously estimate force and recognize textures based on multichannel FBG inputs. The MIMO-CNN achieved an R-squared value of 0.96 for force estimation and classification accuracy of 94% for texture recognition across 20 fabric samples. These findings highlight the potential of tactile-sensitive artificial skin to enhance robotic perception and manipulation, paving the way for more advanced humanoid robotic systems.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"767-775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We developed a novel ultra-short pulse burst laser based on a fiber ring cavity. A hybrid pulsed-continuous wave pumping scheme is employed in this cavity to generate relaxation oscillation gain, which subsequently modulates the injected mode-locked pulses into a burst mode through gain-switching effect. The characteristics of the generated burst can be adjusted conveniently by varying the pump parameters. In order to investigate the frequency dynamical behaviors in this method, we experimentally record the real-time spectra output from the fiber ring cavity by means of the dispersive Fourier transform technique. During the initial ring-down period, incomplete gain competition deteriorates the output burst spectrum upon the arrival of subsequent gain. Optimal increase of the pump-signal delay establishes resonant-frequency dominance in gain competition, which yields spectrally stable burst operation. The removal of the requirement for active modulators in this scheme yields a compact burst laser with greater robustness and lower cost, thereby facilitating its practical application.
{"title":"Gain-Switching-Induced Pulse Bursts Generation in a Hybrid-Pumped Fiber Ring Cavity","authors":"Yongchang Zhang;Xupeng Wang;Bowen Zheng;Shu Liu;Xinxin Jin;Zhihong Li;Yanmin Duan;Haiyong Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3634556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3634556","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a novel ultra-short pulse burst laser based on a fiber ring cavity. A hybrid pulsed-continuous wave pumping scheme is employed in this cavity to generate relaxation oscillation gain, which subsequently modulates the injected mode-locked pulses into a burst mode through gain-switching effect. The characteristics of the generated burst can be adjusted conveniently by varying the pump parameters. In order to investigate the frequency dynamical behaviors in this method, we experimentally record the real-time spectra output from the fiber ring cavity by means of the dispersive Fourier transform technique. During the initial ring-down period, incomplete gain competition deteriorates the output burst spectrum upon the arrival of subsequent gain. Optimal increase of the pump-signal delay establishes resonant-frequency dominance in gain competition, which yields spectrally stable burst operation. The removal of the requirement for active modulators in this scheme yields a compact burst laser with greater robustness and lower cost, thereby facilitating its practical application.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"696-703"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3634488
Paulo Robalinho;Vinícius Piaia;António Lobo Ribeiro;Susana Silva;Orlando Frazão
This paper presents the conditions required for effective sensitivity amplification in the optical harmonic Vernier effect. Two distinct cases are analyzed: in the first, the sensor cavity is the shortest, while in the second, it is the longest. Based on the proposed theoretical model, supported by experimental results, it is concluded that, in the first case, the sensitivity associated with the spectral extremes increases with the order of the harmonic states. In contrast, in the second case, the sensitivity at the spectral extremes remains constant, regardless of the harmonic order. To evaluate the effectiveness of applying the optical Vernier effect and to differentiate between the two cases, a new formulation of the magnification factor (M-factor) is introduced. This leads to the definition of a novel figure of merit for the optical Vernier effect, denoted as (FoMVernier). In Case 1, where harmonics are generated by increasing the reference cavity, the figure of merit assumes a value of (m + 1). In Case 2, where harmonics are generated by increasing the sensor cavity, the figure of merit remains constant at 1, regardless of the state order (whether fundamental or harmonic). This study also concludes that the observed increase in sensitivity is apparent rather than intrinsic, as the sensitivity curve produced by the optical Vernier effect mirrors that of a conventional interferometer.
{"title":"Optical Harmonic Vernier Effect: Conditions Required for Effective Sensitivity Amplification","authors":"Paulo Robalinho;Vinícius Piaia;António Lobo Ribeiro;Susana Silva;Orlando Frazão","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3634488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3634488","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the conditions required for effective sensitivity amplification in the optical harmonic Vernier effect. Two distinct cases are analyzed: in the first, the sensor cavity is the shortest, while in the second, it is the longest. Based on the proposed theoretical model, supported by experimental results, it is concluded that, in the first case, the sensitivity associated with the spectral extremes increases with the order of the harmonic states. In contrast, in the second case, the sensitivity at the spectral extremes remains constant, regardless of the harmonic order. To evaluate the effectiveness of applying the optical Vernier effect and to differentiate between the two cases, a new formulation of the magnification factor (M-factor) is introduced. This leads to the definition of a novel figure of merit for the optical Vernier effect, denoted as (FoM<sub>Vernier</sub>). In Case 1, where harmonics are generated by increasing the reference cavity, the figure of merit assumes a value of (m + 1). In Case 2, where harmonics are generated by increasing the sensor cavity, the figure of merit remains constant at 1, regardless of the state order (whether fundamental or harmonic). This study also concludes that the observed increase in sensitivity is apparent rather than intrinsic, as the sensitivity curve produced by the optical Vernier effect mirrors that of a conventional interferometer.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"644-650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in optical fibers as the cornerstone of ultrashort laser pulse transmission and control is significant for the rapid development of mode-locked fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, and fiber communication technologies. Solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation using traditional numerical methods is very time-consuming, which greatly limits the design of experiments and real-time optimization. Deep learning technology has been introduced to predict ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in optical fibers and has achieved significant breakthroughs. However, existing deep learning-based methods mainly focus on the effective prediction of single scenarios. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of deep learning-based methods for ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in optical fibers needs to be further improved. In this study, a conditional Fourier neural operator (FNO) is proposed to predict the ultrafast nonlinear dynamics of multiple typical propagation scenarios in optical fibers accurately. A total of six independent tasks are completed by a single model of conditional FNO. The results show that the conditional FNO can predict the ultrafast nonlinear dynamics of different input pulses propagating under different fiber parameter settings with extremely high accuracy and strong generalization ability. In terms of accuracy metrics, the conditional FNO achieves state-of-the-art results. Strong generalization ability is the inherent advantage of neural operators. Our work provides an advanced and powerful generalized model for predicting ultrafast nonlinear dynamics, offering important insights into the widespread applications of deep learning in ultrafast optics.
{"title":"Conditional Fourier Neural Operator for Prediction of Ultrafast Nonlinear Dynamics in Optical Fibers","authors":"Yuanhang Zeng;Xiangyu Ma;Qingzhe Cui;Guangzhi Zhu;Xiao Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3633748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3633748","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in optical fibers as the cornerstone of ultrashort laser pulse transmission and control is significant for the rapid development of mode-locked fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, and fiber communication technologies. Solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation using traditional numerical methods is very time-consuming, which greatly limits the design of experiments and real-time optimization. Deep learning technology has been introduced to predict ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in optical fibers and has achieved significant breakthroughs. However, existing deep learning-based methods mainly focus on the effective prediction of single scenarios. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of deep learning-based methods for ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in optical fibers needs to be further improved. In this study, a conditional Fourier neural operator (FNO) is proposed to predict the ultrafast nonlinear dynamics of multiple typical propagation scenarios in optical fibers accurately. A total of six independent tasks are completed by a single model of conditional FNO. The results show that the conditional FNO can predict the ultrafast nonlinear dynamics of different input pulses propagating under different fiber parameter settings with extremely high accuracy and strong generalization ability. In terms of accuracy metrics, the conditional FNO achieves state-of-the-art results. Strong generalization ability is the inherent advantage of neural operators. Our work provides an advanced and powerful generalized model for predicting ultrafast nonlinear dynamics, offering important insights into the widespread applications of deep learning in ultrafast optics.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"665-672"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-performance natural scene image transmission via multimode fiber (MMF) represents a substantial challenge. Conventional MMF gray imaging system relies on the visual persistence phenomenon of the digital micromirror device (DMD), causing redundant capture time and loss of bit-depth information. We introduce bit-plane encoding to extract eight speckles from gray targets at different bit-planes, thereby constructing a speckle cube to enrich the captured information. Our self-designed HySpeckNet model enhances the connections among high-dimensional features within speckle cubes. As a result, the average structural similarity index (SSIM) on the ImageNet dataset improves from 0.586 to 0.617, representing a 5.3% increase compared to traditional methods. Notably, gray image reconstruction can be approximately achieved using only two high-order speckles, resulting in a transmission speed about 11.76 times faster than traditional gray image restoration method. Our research sets the stage for the practical transmission of complex image information via MMFs.
{"title":"Multimode Fiber Imaging With Bit-Plane Encoding: Improving Fidelity and Speed","authors":"Mengyao Zhang;Wei Jin;Jinhua Mou;Shanshan Li;Jiaxing Gao;Cunkai Lou;Yifan Qin;He Zhang;Yu Zhang;Zhihai Liu;Chenxu Wu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3633646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3633646","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance natural scene image transmission via multimode fiber (MMF) represents a substantial challenge. Conventional MMF gray imaging system relies on the visual persistence phenomenon of the digital micromirror device (DMD), causing redundant capture time and loss of bit-depth information. We introduce bit-plane encoding to extract eight speckles from gray targets at different bit-planes, thereby constructing a speckle cube to enrich the captured information. Our self-designed HySpeckNet model enhances the connections among high-dimensional features within speckle cubes. As a result, the average structural similarity index (SSIM) on the ImageNet dataset improves from 0.586 to 0.617, representing a 5.3% increase compared to traditional methods. Notably, gray image reconstruction can be approximately achieved using only two high-order speckles, resulting in a transmission speed about 11.76 times faster than traditional gray image restoration method. Our research sets the stage for the practical transmission of complex image information via MMFs.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 2","pages":"651-658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3633605
Enrique Delacruz-Mendoza;Daniel Jauregui-Vazquez;Luis A. Herrera-Piad;Carlos E. Osornio-Martinez;Diana Tentori;Jose A. Alvarez-Chavez
In this work, we propose an optical fiber coupling structure for the excitation of whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances in polymer microbottle resonators (MBR). The MBRs were fabricated using a UV-curable polymer deposited over micro-optical fiber tapers (∼5 µm waist). These MBRs were subsequently integrated into a spliced SMF–GRIN–capillary fiber assembly without the need for tapering or etching processes. Three configurations were tested using two MBRs (∼17 µm and ∼16 µm in diameter), where resonances were excited via antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide and interference mechanisms. These structures have high Q-factors of up to 12,000 and notable signal-to-noise ratios of 7 dB. Fourier analysis confirmed the geometry-dependent WGM behavior.
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