Stacked waveguide structures, consisting of alternating tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) nonlinear films and silicon dioxide (SiO2) interlayers, enable precise dispersion engineering by flattening the group-velocity dispersion (GVD) curve and extending the anomalous dispersion regime. In this work, we designed and fabricated a multilayer Ta2O5/SiO2 composite waveguide using electron-beam deposition and CMOS-compatible processing. Simulations confirmed that the stacked geometry reduced higher-order dispersion terms and provided an extended anomalous dispersion window compared with conventional single-layer waveguides. Experimentally, supercontinuum generation (SCG) was achieved using femtosecond pumping at 1030 nm, yielding a flatter and more uniform spectral profile across the near-infrared. Under 1550 nm femtosecond excitation, the stacked waveguide produced a broadband spectrum spanning ∼1.3 octaves at the 30 dB energy level—the widest SCG bandwidth reported from a stacked geometry to date. These findings establish that stacked dispersion engineering not only enhances spectral flatness but also maximizes usable bandwidth, demonstrating a scalable and CMOS-compatible route toward compact broadband light sources for high-speed optical communication and integrated photonics.
{"title":"Octave-Spanning Supercontinuum Generation in Dispersion-Engineered Stacked Waveguides","authors":"Hsin-Han Peng;Po-Hung Wu;De-Hao Yan;Guan-Hong Li;Siyao Li;Min-Hsiung Shih;Bo-Huei Liao;Chien-Nan Hsiao;Yi-Jen Chiu;Siheng Chen;Chao-Kuei Lee;Hsiang-Chen Chui","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3638737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3638737","url":null,"abstract":"Stacked waveguide structures, consisting of alternating tantalum pentoxide (Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) nonlinear films and silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) interlayers, enable precise dispersion engineering by flattening the group-velocity dispersion (GVD) curve and extending the anomalous dispersion regime. In this work, we designed and fabricated a multilayer Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> composite waveguide using electron-beam deposition and CMOS-compatible processing. Simulations confirmed that the stacked geometry reduced higher-order dispersion terms and provided an extended anomalous dispersion window compared with conventional single-layer waveguides. Experimentally, supercontinuum generation (SCG) was achieved using femtosecond pumping at 1030 nm, yielding a flatter and more uniform spectral profile across the near-infrared. Under 1550 nm femtosecond excitation, the stacked waveguide produced a broadband spectrum spanning ∼1.3 octaves at the 30 dB energy level—the widest SCG bandwidth reported from a stacked geometry to date. These findings establish that stacked dispersion engineering not only enhances spectral flatness but also maximizes usable bandwidth, demonstrating a scalable and CMOS-compatible route toward compact broadband light sources for high-speed optical communication and integrated photonics.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1439-1444"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents high-capacity, long-haul, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission exceeding 100 Tb/s over 1000 km in the S+C+L band, which utilizes forward (FW)- and backward (BW)-pumped distributed Raman amplifications (DRAs). From transmission experiments, we confirmed the relationship between the FW Raman on-off gain and improved signal-to-noise ratio of the signal to evaluate the effect of relative-intensity-noise transfer from the FW-pumped DRA on the transmitted signal quality and determine the optimal FW Raman on-off gain. We successfully demonstrated 100-Tb/s-class high-capacity long-haul transmission using 122 channels of 144-GBaud signals in the 18.3-THz triple-band WDM configuration with FW- and BW-pumped DRAs for 80-km fiber spans. The total achievable (and net) bitrates were 117.6 (112.0) Tb/s over 1040 km, 113.8 (107.7) Tb/s over 1200 km, 109.9 (103.0) Tb/s over 1360 km, and 104.0 (96.3) Tb/s over 1600 km.
{"title":"100-Tb/s-Class Long-Haul Transmission in Triple-Band WDM With Forward- and Backward-Pumped Distributed Raman Amplifications","authors":"Fukutaro Hamaoka;Kosuke Kimura;Masanori Nakamura;Takeo Sasai;Takayuki Kobayashi;Yutaka Miyamoto;Etsushi Yamazaki","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3638649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3638649","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents high-capacity, long-haul, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission exceeding 100 Tb/s over 1000 km in the S+C+L band, which utilizes forward (FW)- and backward (BW)-pumped distributed Raman amplifications (DRAs). From transmission experiments, we confirmed the relationship between the FW Raman on-off gain and improved signal-to-noise ratio of the signal to evaluate the effect of relative-intensity-noise transfer from the FW-pumped DRA on the transmitted signal quality and determine the optimal FW Raman on-off gain. We successfully demonstrated 100-Tb/s-class high-capacity long-haul transmission using 122 channels of 144-GBaud signals in the 18.3-THz triple-band WDM configuration with FW- and BW-pumped DRAs for 80-km fiber spans. The total achievable (and net) bitrates were 117.6 (112.0) Tb/s over 1040 km, 113.8 (107.7) Tb/s over 1200 km, 109.9 (103.0) Tb/s over 1360 km, and 104.0 (96.3) Tb/s over 1600 km.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 3","pages":"1054-1060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3637897
Gukbeen Ryu;Jongyeol Kim;Younggwan Hwang;Young Ho Kim;Joo-Young Lee;Youngwoong Kim
We investigated the effect of externally introduced 980 nm photobleaching on radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) in pure silica core (PSC) single-mode fibers and demonstrated that it enhanced the radiation-hard characteristics of PSC fiber based Raman-distributed temperature sensors (Raman-DTS) operating at 1550 nm. Gamma-ray irradiation experiments confirmed that 980 nm photobleaching effectively reduces the RIA of PSC fibers at 1550 nm. RIA spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 1400–1650 nm during gamma-ray irradiation to evaluate the influence of 980 nm photo-bleaching on the wavelength dependence of RIA. We also analyzed the spectral changes in RIA of the PSC fibers with different photobleaching power and showed that the wavelength dependence of RIA can be tuned by adjusting the bleaching power. Finally, we demonstrated that applying the external photo-bleaching strategy effectively mitigates radiation-induced temperature measurement distortion in Raman-DTS by reducing the RIA imbalance between the Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering bands.
{"title":"External Photobleaching Enhanced Radiation-Hardened Raman Distributed Temperature Sensor","authors":"Gukbeen Ryu;Jongyeol Kim;Younggwan Hwang;Young Ho Kim;Joo-Young Lee;Youngwoong Kim","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3637897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3637897","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effect of externally introduced 980 nm photobleaching on radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) in pure silica core (PSC) single-mode fibers and demonstrated that it enhanced the radiation-hard characteristics of PSC fiber based Raman-distributed temperature sensors (Raman-DTS) operating at 1550 nm. Gamma-ray irradiation experiments confirmed that 980 nm photobleaching effectively reduces the RIA of PSC fibers at 1550 nm. RIA spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 1400–1650 nm during gamma-ray irradiation to evaluate the influence of 980 nm photo-bleaching on the wavelength dependence of RIA. We also analyzed the spectral changes in RIA of the PSC fibers with different photobleaching power and showed that the wavelength dependence of RIA can be tuned by adjusting the bleaching power. Finally, we demonstrated that applying the external photo-bleaching strategy effectively mitigates radiation-induced temperature measurement distortion in Raman-DTS by reducing the RIA imbalance between the Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering bands.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1559-1566"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact monolithic 8-wavelength distributed feedback (DFB) laser array for broadband, continuously tunable continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) generation. The lasers are arranged in a parallel configuration, with outputs combined through a three-stage Y-branch combiner and amplified by an integrated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to enhance power. The DFB gratings are fabricated using the reconstruction equivalent chirp (REC) technique for precise phase control, while the enhanced self-heating effect, achieved by optimizing the p-cladding doping concentration, increases the current-induced wavelength tunability. Anti-reflection (AR) coatings are applied on both cavity facets to improve single-mode yield. Experimental results show output powers exceeding 10 mW per wavelength, individual wavelength tuning ranges over 6.3 nm, a total tuning span exceeding 50 nm, linewidths below 3.4 MHz, and side-mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) above 40 dB. Dual-wavelength operation achieves tunable wavelength spacing of 5.49–48.5 nm, corresponding to 0.69–6.09 THz, demonstrating high stability and compactness for integrated THz applications.
{"title":"Compact Monolithic 8-Wavelength DFB Laser Array Based on Enhanced Self-Heating Effect for Widely Tunable Continuous-Wave Terahertz Signal Generation","authors":"Yue Zhang;Zhuoying Wang;Jiale Xu;Wenjian Huang;Zhenxing Sun;Rulei Xiao;Xiangfei Chen","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3638330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3638330","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact monolithic 8-wavelength distributed feedback (DFB) laser array for broadband, continuously tunable continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) generation. The lasers are arranged in a parallel configuration, with outputs combined through a three-stage Y-branch combiner and amplified by an integrated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to enhance power. The DFB gratings are fabricated using the reconstruction equivalent chirp (REC) technique for precise phase control, while the enhanced self-heating effect, achieved by optimizing the p-cladding doping concentration, increases the current-induced wavelength tunability. Anti-reflection (AR) coatings are applied on both cavity facets to improve single-mode yield. Experimental results show output powers exceeding 10 mW per wavelength, individual wavelength tuning ranges over 6.3 nm, a total tuning span exceeding 50 nm, linewidths below 3.4 MHz, and side-mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) above 40 dB. Dual-wavelength operation achieves tunable wavelength spacing of 5.49–48.5 nm, corresponding to 0.69–6.09 THz, demonstrating high stability and compactness for integrated THz applications.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1454-1460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Period-doubling bifurcation, a crucial route from steady states to chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems, exhibits unique characteristics in laser optics. However, its underlying mechanisms in nonlinear amplifying loop mirror lasers remain incompletely understood. Here, a variational model based on energy transmission and Poincaré map is developed, unraveling that gain-induced nonlinear phase difference between bidirectional pulses trigger bifurcations and validating the existence of 2-based cascaded periodic states and chaos. Experimentally, an erbium-doped passively mode-locked figure-of-9 laser enables experimental observation of a complete cascaded bifurcation route. Furthermore, phenomena new to our knowledge are identified, including the statistical characteristics of chaos and spectral pulsations. These findings not only expand the understanding of nonlinear dynamics, but also offer valuable insights for applications such as metrology, telecommunication, and frequency comb.
{"title":"Unraveling Period-Doubling Bifurcations in Figure-of-9 Lasers via an Energy Transmission Model: From Cascaded Periodic States to Chaos","authors":"Xiangchen Kong;Xiyao Liu;Taoran Le;Chao Huang;Qingzhao Yang;Chun Li;Yan Li;Haoyun Wei","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3637895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3637895","url":null,"abstract":"Period-doubling bifurcation, a crucial route from steady states to chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems, exhibits unique characteristics in laser optics. However, its underlying mechanisms in nonlinear amplifying loop mirror lasers remain incompletely understood. Here, a variational model based on energy transmission and Poincaré map is developed, unraveling that gain-induced nonlinear phase difference between bidirectional pulses trigger bifurcations and validating the existence of 2-based cascaded periodic states and chaos. Experimentally, an erbium-doped passively mode-locked figure-of-9 laser enables experimental observation of a complete cascaded bifurcation route. Furthermore, phenomena new to our knowledge are identified, including the statistical characteristics of chaos and spectral pulsations. These findings not only expand the understanding of nonlinear dynamics, but also offer valuable insights for applications such as metrology, telecommunication, and frequency comb.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1503-1511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3638423
Jiacheng Li;Fei Wang;Tao Deng
Optical chaos is crucial in various applications, such as image encryption, secure communications, anti-jamming sensing, light detection and ranging, and reinforcement learning. External optical feedback represents the predominant configuration in laser diode chaos applications. However, various fixed external cavities introduce significant time delay signatures. The previously reported self-chaotic laser effectively addresses this issue; however, its utilization is limited due to the restricted number of output modes. In this paper, we propose a solitary chaotic comb source based on multimode interaction in a laser diode, providing 173 chaotic comb lines within a 100 nm spectral range, with a channel effective bandwidth of up to 8.4 GHz. The channels cross-correlation is consistently below 0.08, satisfying the orthogonality criteria. This scheme can generate an offline random number sequence with an expected data throughput of 32 Tbits/s and can resolve at least 256 multi-armed bandit issues. We have successfully opened a new way to develop low-cost, massively integrated, parallel chaotic comb sources, and this technology possesses the potential to revolutionize entire chaotic application systems.
{"title":"Solitary Chaotic Semiconductor Laser Diode for Parallel Random Number Generation and Optical Decision Making","authors":"Jiacheng Li;Fei Wang;Tao Deng","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3638423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3638423","url":null,"abstract":"Optical chaos is crucial in various applications, such as image encryption, secure communications, anti-jamming sensing, light detection and ranging, and reinforcement learning. External optical feedback represents the predominant configuration in laser diode chaos applications. However, various fixed external cavities introduce significant time delay signatures. The previously reported self-chaotic laser effectively addresses this issue; however, its utilization is limited due to the restricted number of output modes. In this paper, we propose a solitary chaotic comb source based on multimode interaction in a laser diode, providing 173 chaotic comb lines within a 100 nm spectral range, with a channel effective bandwidth of up to 8.4 GHz. The channels cross-correlation is consistently below 0.08, satisfying the orthogonality criteria. This scheme can generate an offline random number sequence with an expected data throughput of 32 Tbits/s and can resolve at least 256 multi-armed bandit issues. We have successfully opened a new way to develop low-cost, massively integrated, parallel chaotic comb sources, and this technology possesses the potential to revolutionize entire chaotic application systems.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1420-1429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) have made remarkable progress, surpassing the loss limit of conventional silica solid-core fibers, and achieving attenuation below 0.1 dB/km. Due to their ultra-low latency, negligible nonlinearity, and broad transmission bandwidth, AR-HCFs have attracted significant attention from both academia and industry, positioning them as a foundational technology for optical communications over the next half-century. However, large-scale industrial production of AR-HCFs remains underdeveloped, and prior research has been largely confined to laboratory-scale experiments using short fiber segments, failing to fully explore their performance potential or identify deployment-related challenges. To address this gap, we present the field deployments of four structurally distinct AR-HCF cables spanning 10∼42.7 km. Post-deployment measurements demonstrate an average link loss reduction from 0.599 dB/km to 0.113 dB/km, with the lowest recorded span loss reaching 0.065 dB/km, scoring the world’s first fiber cable deployment to break the 0.1 dB/km. Leveraging these deployed links, we conduct real-time coherent transmission experiments at 800 Gb/s to 1.2 Tb/s across S-, C-, and L-bands, validating the feasibility of co-time co-frequency full-duplex (CCFD) transmission in hollow-core fibers and characterizing the impact of gas absorption (e.g., CO2 id="240"> and H2 id="241">O) on system performance. Despite these impairments, we achieve the first field demonstration of real-time terabit-scale coherent transmission over the S+C+L band, delivering a record aggregate capacity of 114.9 Tb/s over 137.36 km using 105 channels.
{"title":"Tb/s-Class Optical Transmission Over AR-HCFs: Field Deployment, Characterization, and Performance","authors":"Dawei Ge;Dechao Zhang;Xiaodong Duan;Dong Wang;Mingqing Zuo;Yingying Wang;Jie Luo;Han Li;Zhangyuan Chen","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3638159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3638159","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) have made remarkable progress, surpassing the loss limit of conventional silica solid-core fibers, and achieving attenuation below 0.1 dB/km. Due to their ultra-low latency, negligible nonlinearity, and broad transmission bandwidth, AR-HCFs have attracted significant attention from both academia and industry, positioning them as a foundational technology for optical communications over the next half-century. However, large-scale industrial production of AR-HCFs remains underdeveloped, and prior research has been largely confined to laboratory-scale experiments using short fiber segments, failing to fully explore their performance potential or identify deployment-related challenges. To address this gap, we present the field deployments of four structurally distinct AR-HCF cables spanning 10∼42.7 km. Post-deployment measurements demonstrate an average link loss reduction from 0.599 dB/km to 0.113 dB/km, with the lowest recorded span loss reaching 0.065 dB/km, scoring the world’s first fiber cable deployment to break the 0.1 dB/km. Leveraging these deployed links, we conduct real-time coherent transmission experiments at 800 Gb/s to 1.2 Tb/s across S-, C-, and L-bands, validating the feasibility of co-time co-frequency full-duplex (CCFD) transmission in hollow-core fibers and characterizing the impact of gas absorption (e.g., CO<sub>2 id=\"240\"></sub> and H<sub>2 id=\"241\"></sub>O) on system performance. Despite these impairments, we achieve the first field demonstration of real-time terabit-scale coherent transmission over the S+C+L band, delivering a record aggregate capacity of 114.9 Tb/s over 137.36 km using 105 channels.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 3","pages":"1094-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3636914
Bin Li;Fan Zhang;Pengxing Guo;Bing Lu;Lei Guo;Weigang Hou
Optical temperature sensors with stretchability play a crucial role in the development of continuous, stable, and non-invasive wearable health monitoring systems. However, designing efficient and stretchable optical temperature sensors presents significant challenges. This study proposes a wearable optical temperature sensor based on flexible optical fibers, leveraging the temperature-sensitive properties of down-converted luminescent particles (ZnS:Mn). The flexible optical fibers, made from highly elastic polymers, can withstand tensile deformations of up to 250% and feature a core-cladding structure that effectively confines optical transmission. ZnS:Mn emits dual-wavelength light with distinct temperature dependencies, enabling stable temperature sensing through the intensity ratio. Experimental results demonstrate the sensor's exceptional temperature sensitivity, stability, and repeatability within the range of 7–80 °C. Notably, the sensor also exhibits the ability to rapidly detect body temperature and recognize respiratory patterns. This work offers a promising solution for the development of advanced, personalized medical and wearable health monitoring devices.
{"title":"Temperature Sensitive Flexible Optical Fiber Fluorescence Sensor for Wearable Health Monitoring","authors":"Bin Li;Fan Zhang;Pengxing Guo;Bing Lu;Lei Guo;Weigang Hou","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3636914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3636914","url":null,"abstract":"Optical temperature sensors with stretchability play a crucial role in the development of continuous, stable, and non-invasive wearable health monitoring systems. However, designing efficient and stretchable optical temperature sensors presents significant challenges. This study proposes a wearable optical temperature sensor based on flexible optical fibers, leveraging the temperature-sensitive properties of down-converted luminescent particles (ZnS:Mn). The flexible optical fibers, made from highly elastic polymers, can withstand tensile deformations of up to 250% and feature a core-cladding structure that effectively confines optical transmission. ZnS:Mn emits dual-wavelength light with distinct temperature dependencies, enabling stable temperature sensing through the intensity ratio. Experimental results demonstrate the sensor's exceptional temperature sensitivity, stability, and repeatability within the range of 7–80 °C. Notably, the sensor also exhibits the ability to rapidly detect body temperature and recognize respiratory patterns. This work offers a promising solution for the development of advanced, personalized medical and wearable health monitoring devices.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1540-1546"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3636992
Qihao Zhang;Shuai Qu;Xibao Gao;Shuo Bai;Chen Guan;Jiasheng Ni
In this study, we present and experimentally verify a method based on the adaptive matrix block weighting (AMBW) algorithm to achieve large-strain measurement in long-distance, high-spatial-resolution optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) systems. The system generates two-dimensional (2D) cross-correlation images representing strain information by calculating cross-correlations between the reference signals (RS) and measurement signals (MS) for each segment of the sensing fiber, thereby determining the strain distribution along the fiber. In practical applications, however, strain-induced stretching causes spatial misalignment between the measurement and reference signals. Consequently, the cross-correlation images become contaminated with bad points and outliers, leading to a significant reduction in measurement accuracy. To mitigate the above effects and enhance measurement accuracy, we employ the AMBW method to process the 2D cross-correlation images. Unlike conventional image denoising techniques such as Wiener filtering (WF), Gaussian filtering (GF), and median filtering (MF), the AMBW algorithm leverages both the redundancy and inherent correlation within the 2D cross-correlation data by adaptively adjusting the size of the matrix blocks used in similarity weighting based on the spatial distribution of local outliers. This adaptive capability allows it to effectively eliminate bad points and outlier. Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately measures strain gradients from 500 μϵ to 5500 μϵ with a spatial resolution of 2 mm, operating at a wavelength scanning rate of 10 nm/s over a 56 m sensing fiber. The proposed approach offers an effective solution for long-distance, high-spatial-resolution, large-strain measurement in OFDR systems, underscoring its strong potential and practical value.
{"title":"Improvement of Spatial Resolution and Strain Measurement Range Based on Adaptive Matrix Block Weighting Method in Long-Distance OFDR System","authors":"Qihao Zhang;Shuai Qu;Xibao Gao;Shuo Bai;Chen Guan;Jiasheng Ni","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3636992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3636992","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we present and experimentally verify a method based on the adaptive matrix block weighting (AMBW) algorithm to achieve large-strain measurement in long-distance, high-spatial-resolution optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) systems. The system generates two-dimensional (2D) cross-correlation images representing strain information by calculating cross-correlations between the reference signals (RS) and measurement signals (MS) for each segment of the sensing fiber, thereby determining the strain distribution along the fiber. In practical applications, however, strain-induced stretching causes spatial misalignment between the measurement and reference signals. Consequently, the cross-correlation images become contaminated with bad points and outliers, leading to a significant reduction in measurement accuracy. To mitigate the above effects and enhance measurement accuracy, we employ the AMBW method to process the 2D cross-correlation images. Unlike conventional image denoising techniques such as Wiener filtering (WF), Gaussian filtering (GF), and median filtering (MF), the AMBW algorithm leverages both the redundancy and inherent correlation within the 2D cross-correlation data by adaptively adjusting the size of the matrix blocks used in similarity weighting based on the spatial distribution of local outliers. This adaptive capability allows it to effectively eliminate bad points and outlier. Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately measures strain gradients from 500 μϵ to 5500 μϵ with a spatial resolution of 2 mm, operating at a wavelength scanning rate of 10 nm/s over a 56 m sensing fiber. The proposed approach offers an effective solution for long-distance, high-spatial-resolution, large-strain measurement in OFDR systems, underscoring its strong potential and practical value.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1581-1587"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is proposed and experimentally validated. It is composed of a multimode fiber–single-mode fiber–multimode fiber (MMF-SMF-MMF) hetero-core structure coated with Ag/PDMS/Pt-WO3. Due to the PDMS's significant thermal refractive index (RI) response and the SPR device's extremely high RI sensitivity, when the proposed hydrogen sensor is exposed to hydrogen, the exothermic reaction between Pt-WO3 and hydrogen causes a considerable resonance wavelength shift in the sensor's transmission spectrum. As a result, detecting the shift in the SPR resonance wavelength yields a simple and low-cost hydrogen sensor. Experimental results reveal that the sensor has an excellent linear response to the hydrogen concentration within the range of 0 to 1.8% (vol%) and an ultra-high sensitivity of up to −52.12 nm/% (vol%) which is far greater than most previously reported hydrogen sensor. Moreover, the proposed sensor exhibits a short response time of ∼21 s and recovery time of ∼15 s.
{"title":"Ultra-Sensitive SPR Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Coated With Ag/PDMS/Pt-WO3 Film","authors":"Xueqing Zheng;Zhewen Ding;Junlan Zhong;Ben Xu;Yan Liu;Yejun Shao;Minghong Yang;Chunlian Zhan;Xianfeng Chen;Chunliu Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3636152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3636152","url":null,"abstract":"A novel optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is proposed and experimentally validated. It is composed of a multimode fiber–single-mode fiber–multimode fiber (MMF-SMF-MMF) hetero-core structure coated with Ag/PDMS/Pt-WO<sub>3</sub>. Due to the PDMS's significant thermal refractive index (RI) response and the SPR device's extremely high RI sensitivity, when the proposed hydrogen sensor is exposed to hydrogen, the exothermic reaction between Pt-WO<sub>3</sub> and hydrogen causes a considerable resonance wavelength shift in the sensor's transmission spectrum. As a result, detecting the shift in the SPR resonance wavelength yields a simple and low-cost hydrogen sensor. Experimental results reveal that the sensor has an excellent linear response to the hydrogen concentration within the range of 0 to 1.8% (vol%) and an ultra-high sensitivity of up to −52.12 nm/% (vol%) which is far greater than most previously reported hydrogen sensor. Moreover, the proposed sensor exhibits a short response time of ∼21 s and recovery time of ∼15 s.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1574-1580"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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