Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3640537
Fernando S. Fernandez;Joseph J. Schuyt;Shahna M. Haneef;Dominic A. Moseley;Bartholomew M. Ludbrook;Rodney A. Badcock
The use of optical fiber sensors in ionizing radiation environments is complicated by radiation-induced attenuations (RIAs) that cause significant signal loss as the cumulative radiation dose increases. Moreover, the RIA growth kinetics are strongly dependent on the temperature of irradiation and the wavelengths and intensities of the probe and/or photobleaching lights. Herein, we experimentally investigated the interdependence of the high-dose RIA, radiation dose rate (up to 8.7 Gy s−1), irradiation temperature (down to 15 K), and photobleaching power, in standard germanosilicate optical fibers (SMF28e+). Generally, the RIA increased as a function of dose rate and decreased as functions of temperature and photobleaching power. The experimental high-dose (i.e., saturation) RIA data were fit to a simple kinetic model with quantitative accuracy. Thus, we validate the model, demonstrating that the model accurately captures the interdependence of three key experimental parameters. Using a single set of fiber-specific constants, the saturation RIA was accurately calculated over a broad range of dose rates, temperatures, and photobleaching powers, and across distinct experiments.
{"title":"Radiation-Induced Attenuation in Standard Optical Fibers at Cryogenic Temperatures: Dose Rate, Temperature, and Photobleaching Interdependence","authors":"Fernando S. Fernandez;Joseph J. Schuyt;Shahna M. Haneef;Dominic A. Moseley;Bartholomew M. Ludbrook;Rodney A. Badcock","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3640537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3640537","url":null,"abstract":"The use of optical fiber sensors in ionizing radiation environments is complicated by radiation-induced attenuations (RIAs) that cause significant signal loss as the cumulative radiation dose increases. Moreover, the RIA growth kinetics are strongly dependent on the temperature of irradiation and the wavelengths and intensities of the probe and/or photobleaching lights. Herein, we experimentally investigated the interdependence of the high-dose RIA, radiation dose rate (up to 8.7 Gy s<sup>−1</sup>), irradiation temperature (down to 15 K), and photobleaching power, in standard germanosilicate optical fibers (SMF28e+). Generally, the RIA increased as a function of dose rate and decreased as functions of temperature and photobleaching power. The experimental high-dose (i.e., saturation) RIA data were fit to a simple kinetic model with quantitative accuracy. Thus, we validate the model, demonstrating that the model accurately captures the interdependence of three key experimental parameters. Using a single set of fiber-specific constants, the saturation RIA was accurately calculated over a broad range of dose rates, temperatures, and photobleaching powers, and across distinct experiments.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1493-1502"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3640582
Tailei Cheng;Yuhan Zhang;Bowen Zhang;Shan Gao;Yan Liu;Peng Ye;Jing Yang;Ping Li;Jinhui Shi;K. T. V. Grattan;Chunying Guan
Multi-core fiber (MCF), with a multichannel structure, can serve very effectively as an alternative sensing platform for measuring multiple physical parameters using a single fiber. Femtosecond laser 3D printing technology significantly improves the integration of the devices, due to high processing precision and flexibility it offers. A triple-parameter sensor based on Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavities on a multicore fiber tip was demonstrated. Three different FP cavities were fabricated by femtosecond laser 3D printing on the end faces of the three fiber cores. Temperature, humidity, and pressure were measured using a fluid-infiltrated closed microcavity, an open air-cavity, and a closed hollow cavity, respectively. The sensitivities of these devices were shown to be −182.4 pm/°C, 109 pm/% RH, and 11.24 pm/kPa respectively. This tiny fiber-tip sensor created in this way has the advantages of compact structure, small volume, ease of packaging and low cost. The sensor discussed thus enables monitoring of temperature, humidity, and pressure, and as a device has the potential to be applied in chemical manufacturing and storage, to reduce the risk of leakage and explosion of hazardous chemicals through better in situ monitoring.
{"title":"3D-Printed Sensor on a Multicore Fiber for Triple-Parameter Sensing","authors":"Tailei Cheng;Yuhan Zhang;Bowen Zhang;Shan Gao;Yan Liu;Peng Ye;Jing Yang;Ping Li;Jinhui Shi;K. T. V. Grattan;Chunying Guan","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3640582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3640582","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-core fiber (MCF), with a multichannel structure, can serve very effectively as an alternative sensing platform for measuring multiple physical parameters using a single fiber. Femtosecond laser 3D printing technology significantly improves the integration of the devices, due to high processing precision and flexibility it offers. A triple-parameter sensor based on Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavities on a multicore fiber tip was demonstrated. Three different FP cavities were fabricated by femtosecond laser 3D printing on the end faces of the three fiber cores. Temperature, humidity, and pressure were measured using a fluid-infiltrated closed microcavity, an open air-cavity, and a closed hollow cavity, respectively. The sensitivities of these devices were shown to be −182.4 pm/°C, 109 pm/% RH, and 11.24 pm/kPa respectively. This tiny fiber-tip sensor created in this way has the advantages of compact structure, small volume, ease of packaging and low cost. The sensor discussed thus enables monitoring of temperature, humidity, and pressure, and as a device has the potential to be applied in chemical manufacturing and storage, to reduce the risk of leakage and explosion of hazardous chemicals through better in situ monitoring.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1567-1573"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low-frequency acoustic source tracking is essential for early fault diagnosis and structural health monitoring, yet conventional fiber-optic acoustic sensors that use circular diaphragms face fundamental trade-offs among radius, thickness, and material strength that limit sensitivity and robustness. This work proposes an optomechanical fiber-optic acoustic sensor employing an aluminum spiral-beams–supported diaphragm with a tunable resonant frequency, integrated into a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. Finite-element-guided design and experiments demonstrate a calibrated sensitivity of 6.127 V/Pa, a minimum detectable pressure of 51.23 ${rm{mu Pa}}/sqrt {rm Hz} $ at 112 Hz, and a frequency response spanning 50 Hz to 20 kHz. To enable spatiotemporal tracking, we build a four-sensor array and develop a real-time adaptive strong-tracking unscented Kalman filter (AST-UKF) pipeline that enhances TDOA-based localization under low-SNR, reverberant conditions, reconstructing moving-source trajectories with 0.88 cm RMSE. The combination of low-frequency-optimized sensing and array-level inference yields a compact, passive, and electro-magnetic interference immune platform for weak-signal detection and trajectory tracking, providing practical support for online monitoring and decision-making in industrial environments.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Source Trajectory Tracking Using Multiplexed Optomechanical Fiber-Optic FPI Sensors","authors":"Yanzhi Lv;Aoxue Zhang;Yuhao Xue;Bin Yin;Yaoming Wei;Xiujie Dou;Shengnan Zhou;Jiawei Wang;Yongkang Dong;Jiajun Tian","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3640121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3640121","url":null,"abstract":"Low-frequency acoustic source tracking is essential for early fault diagnosis and structural health monitoring, yet conventional fiber-optic acoustic sensors that use circular diaphragms face fundamental trade-offs among radius, thickness, and material strength that limit sensitivity and robustness. This work proposes an optomechanical fiber-optic acoustic sensor employing an aluminum spiral-beams–supported diaphragm with a tunable resonant frequency, integrated into a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. Finite-element-guided design and experiments demonstrate a calibrated sensitivity of 6.127 V/Pa, a minimum detectable pressure of 51.23 <inline-formula><tex-math>${rm{mu Pa}}/sqrt {rm Hz} $</tex-math></inline-formula> at 112 Hz, and a frequency response spanning 50 Hz to 20 kHz. To enable spatiotemporal tracking, we build a four-sensor array and develop a real-time adaptive strong-tracking unscented Kalman filter (AST-UKF) pipeline that enhances TDOA-based localization under low-SNR, reverberant conditions, reconstructing moving-source trajectories with 0.88 cm RMSE. The combination of low-frequency-optimized sensing and array-level inference yields a compact, passive, and electro-magnetic interference immune platform for weak-signal detection and trajectory tracking, providing practical support for online monitoring and decision-making in industrial environments.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1596-1603"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3629770
Doug Hargis
{"title":"A Thank You to All Our Reviewers","authors":"Doug Hargis","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3629770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3629770","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 24","pages":"11159-11160"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3640178
Zexu Wang;Feifei Yin;Kun Xu;Yitang Dai
In practical applications, the achievement of long-distance, large-array-scale, relay-free sensing is associated with the accommodating loss of the system. The most effective way to improve it is to increase the maximum optical power entering the transmission fiber. However, this will inevitably lead to more significant fiber nonlinear effects, resulting in deterioration of the system noise performance. In comparison to the narrow-linewidth laser, the white-light suffers less from fiber nonlinear effects, and thus has a higher maximum fiber-input power. Here we present an interferometric fiber-optic hydrophone system that employs a white-light source. We develop a concise theoretical model of this scheme and elucidate the limitations of the light source factors on the minimum phase noise of the system. The experimental results show that the maximum fiber-input power of our scheme is enhanced by 11 dB to 20 dBm, and the maximum link accommodating loss is augmented by 12 dB to 70 dB in comparison to the scheme that employs a narrow-linewidth laser. A phase noise of −95.08 dB ref 1 rd/√Hz near 1 kHz is obtained at the accommodating loss of 70 dB. The proposed scheme can provide effective support for low-noise underwater detection applications in long-distance, relay-free scenarios.
{"title":"Long-Distance Relay-Free Interferometric Fiber-Optic Hydrophone Based on White-Light","authors":"Zexu Wang;Feifei Yin;Kun Xu;Yitang Dai","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3640178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3640178","url":null,"abstract":"In practical applications, the achievement of long-distance, large-array-scale, relay-free sensing is associated with the accommodating loss of the system. The most effective way to improve it is to increase the maximum optical power entering the transmission fiber. However, this will inevitably lead to more significant fiber nonlinear effects, resulting in deterioration of the system noise performance. In comparison to the narrow-linewidth laser, the white-light suffers less from fiber nonlinear effects, and thus has a higher maximum fiber-input power. Here we present an interferometric fiber-optic hydrophone system that employs a white-light source. We develop a concise theoretical model of this scheme and elucidate the limitations of the light source factors on the minimum phase noise of the system. The experimental results show that the maximum fiber-input power of our scheme is enhanced by 11 dB to 20 dBm, and the maximum link accommodating loss is augmented by 12 dB to 70 dB in comparison to the scheme that employs a narrow-linewidth laser. A phase noise of −95.08 dB ref 1 rd/√Hz near 1 kHz is obtained at the accommodating loss of 70 dB. The proposed scheme can provide effective support for low-noise underwater detection applications in long-distance, relay-free scenarios.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1532-1539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3639549
Yifan Li;Yuhan Yang;Qiegen Liu;Shuyuan Xiao;Tingting Liu
Metasurfaces facilitate high-capacity optical information integration by simultaneously supporting near-field nanoprinting and far-field holography on a single platform. However, conventional multi-channel designs face critical security vulnerabilities for sensitive information due to insufficient encryption mechanisms. In this work, we propose a four-channel phase-change metasurface featuring algorithm-physical co-security—a dual-protection framework combining intrinsic metasurface physical security with chaotic encryption. Our polarization-multiplexed metasurface generates four optical imaging channels through meta-atom design, including two far-field holograms and two near-field patterns. To enhance system security, we apply Chen hyperchaotic encryption combined with the Logistic map and DNA encoding to convert near-field information into secure QR codes; far-field holograms are retained to demonstrate the metasurface’s information capacity and for attack detection. The phase-change metasurface further provides physical-layer security through its reconfigurable capability, dynamically controlling imaging channels via reversible crystalline-to-amorphous state transitions. This reconfigurability enhances anti-counterfeiting and reliability while demonstrating the physical security mechanism. The proposed metasurface achieves high-fidelity imaging, robust anti-attack performance, and independent channel control. This integrated approach pioneers a secure paradigm for high-density optical information processing.
{"title":"Four-Channel Imaging Based on Reconfigurable Metasurfaces: Hyperchaotic Encryption Under Physical Protection","authors":"Yifan Li;Yuhan Yang;Qiegen Liu;Shuyuan Xiao;Tingting Liu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3639549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3639549","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces facilitate high-capacity optical information integration by simultaneously supporting near-field nanoprinting and far-field holography on a single platform. However, conventional multi-channel designs face critical security vulnerabilities for sensitive information due to insufficient encryption mechanisms. In this work, we propose a four-channel phase-change metasurface featuring algorithm-physical co-security—a dual-protection framework combining intrinsic metasurface physical security with chaotic encryption. Our polarization-multiplexed metasurface generates four optical imaging channels through meta-atom design, including two far-field holograms and two near-field patterns. To enhance system security, we apply Chen hyperchaotic encryption combined with the Logistic map and DNA encoding to convert near-field information into secure QR codes; far-field holograms are retained to demonstrate the metasurface’s information capacity and for attack detection. The phase-change metasurface further provides physical-layer security through its reconfigurable capability, dynamically controlling imaging channels via reversible crystalline-to-amorphous state transitions. This reconfigurability enhances anti-counterfeiting and reliability while demonstrating the physical security mechanism. The proposed metasurface achieves high-fidelity imaging, robust anti-attack performance, and independent channel control. This integrated approach pioneers a secure paradigm for high-density optical information processing.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1430-1438"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3639822
Daniele Orsuti;Benjamin J. Puttnam;Ruben S. Luís;Manuel S. Neves;Divya A. Shaji;Budsara Boriboon;Robson A. Colares;Darli A. A. Mello;Georg Rademacher;Cristian Antonelli;Paulo P. Monteiro;Fernando P. Guiomar;Jun Sakaguchi;Luca Palmieri;Hideaki Furukawa
We demonstrate a phase-coherent transmission system supported by the transmission of a seed lightwave in a dedicated multi-core fiber (MCF) core used as a reference for parametric optical frequency comb (OFC) generation at both the transmitter and receiver. We exploit the phase coherence of the wavelength/space-division multiplexed channels to implement a shared digital signal processing (DSP) scheme that reduces the complexity of carrier phase recovery (CPR). In the scheme, the carrier phase noise estimated from a small set of reference channels is used to recover other channels across both wavelengths and cores. The system performance is evaluated over transmission distances of up to 176 km in a 4-core MCF, showing that just 6 reference channels enable CPR of 3 (cores)$times 150times$24.5-GBaud polarization-multiplexed 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation C-band channels, with data-rates >30 Tb/s/core. This is achieved with <0.5 dB Q-factor compared to independent CPR. The results demonstrate the potential of OFC-based MCF systems for high-capacity, short- to medium-reach optical interconnects with reduced hardware requirements and simplified DSP.
{"title":"Shared Carrier Phase Recovery of Wavelength- and Space-Division Multiplexed Channels Enabled by CW-Seeded Parametric Optical Frequency Combs","authors":"Daniele Orsuti;Benjamin J. Puttnam;Ruben S. Luís;Manuel S. Neves;Divya A. Shaji;Budsara Boriboon;Robson A. Colares;Darli A. A. Mello;Georg Rademacher;Cristian Antonelli;Paulo P. Monteiro;Fernando P. Guiomar;Jun Sakaguchi;Luca Palmieri;Hideaki Furukawa","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3639822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3639822","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a phase-coherent transmission system supported by the transmission of a seed lightwave in a dedicated multi-core fiber (MCF) core used as a reference for parametric optical frequency comb (OFC) generation at both the transmitter and receiver. We exploit the phase coherence of the wavelength/space-division multiplexed channels to implement a shared digital signal processing (DSP) scheme that reduces the complexity of carrier phase recovery (CPR). In the scheme, the carrier phase noise estimated from a small set of reference channels is used to recover other channels across both wavelengths and cores. The system performance is evaluated over transmission distances of up to 176 km in a 4-core MCF, showing that just 6 reference channels enable CPR of 3 (cores)<inline-formula><tex-math>$times 150times$</tex-math></inline-formula>24.5-GBaud polarization-multiplexed 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation C-band channels, with data-rates >30 Tb/s/core. This is achieved with <0.5 dB Q-factor compared to independent CPR. The results demonstrate the potential of OFC-based MCF systems for high-capacity, short- to medium-reach optical interconnects with reduced hardware requirements and simplified DSP.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 3","pages":"1113-1124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with significantly enhanced reflectivity in ring-core fibers (RCFs) were successfully inscribed by using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser and the ring-by-ring (RbR) method. In comparison to FBGs with very low reflectivity produced in RCF through point-by-point or line-by-line methods, those inscribed via the RbR method exhibit an improved reflectivity of up to 80% . This enhancement is attributed to the alignment of the refractive index modulation trajectory with the mode field distribution of the RCF. To further increase the overlap area, a multi-layer RbR method was employed, achieving near-complete coverage of the fiber core and thereby enhancing the reflectivity to 98.8% . Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the FBGs reaches over 30 dB, due to the strong high-frequency components in the frequency domain of the uniform refractive index modulation, the side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is less than 10 dB. Therefore, two novel apodization techniques – one involving diameter variation and the other arc-length variation – which are compatible with the RbR method are proposed and demonstrated. By precisely controlling the diameters or arc-lengths of each ring induced by femtosecond laser, diverse apodization modulation profiles can be achieved to inscribe apodized FBGs with a SMSR of more than 25 dB. Four types of FBGs using different apodization functions were compared and analyzed, the experimental results show that the Gaussian function has the optimal apodization effect.
{"title":"Effective Inscription of Fiber Bragg Gratings With High Reflectivity by Femtosecond Laser and Ring-by-Ring Method in Ring Core Fiber","authors":"Binchuan Sun;Ziyi Zhao;Shan Huang;Yu Liu;Jianjun Wang;Changle Shen;Dexing Yang;Jianlin Zhao;Yajun Jiang;Rumao Tao","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3639810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3639810","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with significantly enhanced reflectivity in ring-core fibers (RCFs) were successfully inscribed by using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser and the ring-by-ring (RbR) method. In comparison to FBGs with very low reflectivity produced in RCF through point-by-point or line-by-line methods, those inscribed via the RbR method exhibit an improved reflectivity of up to 80% . This enhancement is attributed to the alignment of the refractive index modulation trajectory with the mode field distribution of the RCF. To further increase the overlap area, a multi-layer RbR method was employed, achieving near-complete coverage of the fiber core and thereby enhancing the reflectivity to 98.8% . Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the FBGs reaches over 30 dB, due to the strong high-frequency components in the frequency domain of the uniform refractive index modulation, the side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is less than 10 dB. Therefore, two novel apodization techniques – one involving diameter variation and the other arc-length variation – which are compatible with the RbR method are proposed and demonstrated. By precisely controlling the diameters or arc-lengths of each ring induced by femtosecond laser, diverse apodization modulation profiles can be achieved to inscribe apodized FBGs with a SMSR of more than 25 dB. Four types of FBGs using different apodization functions were compared and analyzed, the experimental results show that the Gaussian function has the optimal apodization effect.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1522-1531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3639416
Shiyi Xia;Carlos E. Osornio-Martinez;Dawson B. Bonneville;Aaron Albores-Mejia;Boyang Zheng;Ryosuke Matsumoto;Oded Raz;Sonia M. García-Blanco;Nicola Calabretta
This paper presents an experimental investigation of a scalable, reconfigurable wavelength distribution node (WDN) architecture for next-generation optical metro-access networks, capable of dynamically routing coherent Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) channels at multi-Tbps levels, with 800 Gbps per channel. The proposed architecture leverages novel photonic integrated erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) combined with Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)-based 1×N Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS), facilitating dynamic add/drop capabilities essential for flexible metro-access deployments. Three experiments validated the architecture’s transmission performance and scalability. The first experiment demonstrated successful add/drop and drop&continue dynamic switching of six 800 Gbps WDM channels, achieving an aggregate throughput of 4.8 Tbps with an average Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) degradation of only 0.55 dB after one node, and 2.4 dB after cascading two nodes over a 55.2 km link. The second experiment confirmed error-free transmission of eight 800 Gbps WDM channels, recording a maximum OSNR penalty variation among channels of 3.56 dB. The third experiment evaluated scalability using a 1×4 for WDN1, 1×16 WSS for WDN2 configuration, achieving error-free transmission serving up to 64 access points at 800 Gbps per channel, with a cumulative OSNR penalty of 7.44 dB after cascading two WDN nodes. These results demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of integrated photonic solutions in meeting future 6G network demands.
{"title":"Novel Wavelength Distribution Nodes Based on Photonic Integrated EDWA and SOA-Based WSS for Metro-Access Networks","authors":"Shiyi Xia;Carlos E. Osornio-Martinez;Dawson B. Bonneville;Aaron Albores-Mejia;Boyang Zheng;Ryosuke Matsumoto;Oded Raz;Sonia M. García-Blanco;Nicola Calabretta","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3639416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3639416","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental investigation of a scalable, reconfigurable wavelength distribution node (WDN) architecture for next-generation optical metro-access networks, capable of dynamically routing coherent Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) channels at multi-Tbps levels, with 800 Gbps per channel. The proposed architecture leverages novel photonic integrated erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) combined with Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)-based 1×N Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS), facilitating dynamic add/drop capabilities essential for flexible metro-access deployments. Three experiments validated the architecture’s transmission performance and scalability. The first experiment demonstrated successful add/drop and drop&continue dynamic switching of six 800 Gbps WDM channels, achieving an aggregate throughput of 4.8 Tbps with an average Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) degradation of only 0.55 dB after one node, and 2.4 dB after cascading two nodes over a 55.2 km link. The second experiment confirmed error-free transmission of eight 800 Gbps WDM channels, recording a maximum OSNR penalty variation among channels of 3.56 dB. The third experiment evaluated scalability using a 1×4 for WDN1, 1×16 WSS for WDN2 configuration, achieving error-free transmission serving up to 64 access points at 800 Gbps per channel, with a cumulative OSNR penalty of 7.44 dB after cascading two WDN nodes. These results demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of integrated photonic solutions in meeting future 6G network demands.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 3","pages":"1159-1166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3638962
Florent Bessin;Filipe M. Ferreira;Nick J. Doran;Vladimir Gordienko
We demonstrate a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) architecture for polarization-insensitive (PI) fiber optical parametric amplifiers (FOPA) and confirm that it improves both noise figure and nonlinear crosstalk as compared to PI-FOPAs employing a polarization diversity loop. We characterize the MZ PI-FOPA by employing it to amplify 17x100 GHz-spaced WDM channels including a 35 GBaud PDM-QPSK signal between 1528.0 and 1540.56 nm with a net gain between 15.5 and 24 dB. We demonstrate the record low PI-FOPA noise figure down to 4.4 dB, and a noise figure below 6 dB across all amplified channels for the total signal output power up to 13 dBm. The latter demonstrates an improvement in the nonlinear crosstalk tolerance by $sim$ 7dB as compared to previously reported looped PI-FOPAs.
{"title":"Polarization-Insensitive Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier With Noise Figure Down to 4.4 dB Enabled by Mach–Zehnder Architecture","authors":"Florent Bessin;Filipe M. Ferreira;Nick J. Doran;Vladimir Gordienko","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3638962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3638962","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) architecture for polarization-insensitive (PI) fiber optical parametric amplifiers (FOPA) and confirm that it improves both noise figure and nonlinear crosstalk as compared to PI-FOPAs employing a polarization diversity loop. We characterize the MZ PI-FOPA by employing it to amplify 17x100 GHz-spaced WDM channels including a 35 GBaud PDM-QPSK signal between 1528.0 and 1540.56 nm with a net gain between 15.5 and 24 dB. We demonstrate the record low PI-FOPA noise figure down to 4.4 dB, and a noise figure below 6 dB across all amplified channels for the total signal output power up to 13 dBm. The latter demonstrates an improvement in the nonlinear crosstalk tolerance by <inline-formula><tex-math>$sim$</tex-math></inline-formula> 7dB as compared to previously reported looped PI-FOPAs.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 4","pages":"1468-1476"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：