The distributed heterogeneous hybrid flow-shop scheduling problem (DHHFSP) involves geographically dispersed factories, heterogeneous machines, and skilled workers, leading to complex multiobjective scheduling challenges. Existing studies usually ignore the critical role of workers in distributed manufacturing, and conventional multiobjective optimization algorithms struggle to balance convergence and solution diversity. To address these gaps, this paper develops a worker–machine–environment collaborative model for DHHFSP that simultaneously minimizes makespan, total energy consumption, and total worker cost, and proposes a hybrid multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm with Q-learning-driven local search (HMOPSO-QLS). The proposed approach features a hybrid framework that combines multidirectional particle swarm global search with reinforcement learning-based local search, a Pareto front oriented four directional swarm decomposition and update mechanism where three boundary exploration sub-swarms and one central exploration sub-swarm cooperatively guide particle evolution, and a two level local search scheme that integrates domain knowledge based inter-factory load balancing with Q-learning based adaptive intra-factory variable neighborhood search. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that HMOPSO-QLS significantly outperforms classical multiobjective optimization algorithms in solving DHHFSP in terms of convergence and solution diversity. In distributed human–machine collaborative manufacturing, the proposed framework and algorithm support more effective configuration of factories, machines, and workers, providing robust schedules that are directly applicable to practical production decision-making and cross-factory coordination.
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