Journal of invertebrate pathology最新文献_第5页

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence belowground interactions between a specialist root-feeder and its natural enemy 丛枝菌根真菌会影响专性根饲养者与其天敌之间的地下相互作用。

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108200

Elizabeth Davidson-Lowe , Nursyafiqi Zainuddin , Olivia Trase , Nathaniel McCarthy , Jared Gregory Ali

As primary producers, plants play a central role in mediating interactions across trophic levels. Although plants are the primary food source for herbivorous insects, they can protect themselves from herbivore damage. Many plants produce toxic compounds that directly reduce herbivore feeding, but plants also protect themselves indirectly by attracting natural enemies of the attacking herbivore through volatile signaling. These so-called tri-trophic interactions have historically been documented aboveground in aerial plant parts but are also known to occur belowground in root systems. In addition to herbivores, plants directly interact with other organisms, which can influence the outcomes of tri-trophic interactions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic soil microbes that colonize the roots of plants and facilitate nutrient uptake. These microbes can alter plant chemistry and subsequent resistance to herbivores. Few studies, however, have shown how AMF affect tri-trophic interactions above- or belowground. This study examines how AMF colonization affects the emission of root volatiles when plants are under attack by western corn rootworm, a problematic pest of corn, and subsequent attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes, a natural enemy of western corn rootworm. Mycorrhizal fungi increased rootworm survival but decreased larval weight. Differences were detected across root volatile profiles, but there was not a clear link between volatile signaling and nematode behavior. Nematodes were more attracted to non-mycorrhizal plants without rootworms and AMF alone in soil, suggesting that AMF may interfere with cues that are used in combination with volatiles which nematodes use to locate prey.

作为初级生产者，植物在调解各营养级之间的相互作用方面发挥着核心作用。虽然植物是食草昆虫的主要食物来源，但它们也能保护自己免受食草昆虫的伤害。许多植物会产生有毒化合物，直接减少食草昆虫的食量，但植物也会通过挥发性信号吸引攻击食草昆虫的天敌，从而间接保护自己。这些所谓的 "三营养交互作用 "历来被记录在植物气生部分的地上部分，但也已知发生在根系的地下部分。除食草动物外，植物还与其他生物直接相互作用，从而影响三营养体相互作用的结果。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是一种共生土壤微生物，可定植于植物根部并促进养分吸收。这些微生物可以改变植物的化学性质，进而提高对食草动物的抵抗力。然而，很少有研究显示 AMF 如何影响地上或地下的三营养交互作用。本研究探讨了当植物受到西部玉米根虫（玉米的一种问题害虫）的攻击时，AMF 的定殖如何影响根部挥发性物质的释放，以及随后如何吸引西部玉米根虫的天敌--昆虫病原线虫。菌根真菌提高了根虫的存活率，但降低了幼虫的体重。根部挥发性物质之间存在差异，但挥发性信号与线虫行为之间没有明确的联系。线虫更容易被土壤中没有根虫的非菌根植物和单独的 AMF 所吸引，这表明 AMF 可能会干扰线虫用来定位猎物的与挥发性物质结合使用的线索。

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引用次数: 0

Identification of function modules in the co-expression protein–protein interaction network of Bombyx mori in response to Beauveria bassiana infection 确定桑蚕对巴氏杆菌感染的共表达蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络中的功能模块。

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108214

Dingding Lü , Zihe Wang , Ya Wang , Sheng Qin

Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana) is a common fungal disease in sericulture. Previous research has primarily focused on investigating genes involved in innate immunity. However, the response of Bombyx mori (B. mori) to B. bassiana requires the coordination of other biological processes in addition to the immune system. We measured protein expression profile of B. mori after inoculating B. bassiana using iTRAQ technology in previous. Here we constructed a co-expression protein–protein interaction network of B. mori in response to B. bassiana infection. Subnetworks and modules were analyzed, and the functions of these modules were annotated. The results revealed the identification of numerous proteins associated with cellular immunity, including those involved in phagosomes, lysosomes, mTOR signaling, sugar metabolism, and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Meanwhile, we observed that the pathways involved in protein synthesis were activated, including pyruvate and purine metabolism, RNA transport, ribosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and protein export pathways, during B. bassiana infection. Based on this analysis, we selected six candidate genes (shock protein, ribosome, translocon, actin muscle-type A2, peptidoglycan recognition protein, and collagenase) that were found to be related to the response to B. bassiana. Further verification experiments demonstrated significant changes in their expression levels after inoculation with B. bassiana. These research findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of insect immune response to fungal infection.

Beauveria bassiana（B. bassiana）是一种常见的养蚕真菌疾病。以往的研究主要集中于研究先天免疫相关基因。然而，桑蚕（Bombyx mori）对 B. bassiana 的反应除了需要免疫系统外，还需要其他生物过程的协调。以前我们曾利用 iTRAQ 技术测量了 B. mori 接种 B. bassiana 后的蛋白质表达谱。在此，我们构建了森蝽在应对 B. bassiana 感染时的共表达蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络。我们分析了子网络和模块，并对这些模块的功能进行了注释。结果发现了许多与细胞免疫相关的蛋白质，包括参与吞噬体、溶酶体、mTOR 信号转导、糖代谢和泛素-蛋白酶体通路的蛋白质。同时，我们观察到，在 B. bassiana 感染期间，参与蛋白质合成的途径被激活，包括丙酮酸和嘌呤代谢、RNA 转运、核糖体、内质网蛋白质加工和蛋白质输出途径。根据这一分析，我们选出了六个候选基因（休克蛋白、核糖体、转座子、肌动蛋白 A2 型、肽聚糖识别蛋白和胶原酶），发现它们与 B. bassiana 的反应有关。进一步的验证实验表明，接种 B. bassiana 后，它们的表达水平发生了显著变化。这些研究成果为昆虫对真菌感染的免疫反应分子机制提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Direct effects of Xenorhabdus spp. cell-free supernatant on Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants and its impact on entomopathogenic nematodes Xenorhabdus spp.无细胞上清液对番茄植株上的黑僵菌的直接作用及其对昆虫病原线虫的影响

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108213

M.M. González-Trujillo , J. Artal , I. Vicente-Díez , R. Blanco-Pérez , M. Talavera , J. Dueñas-Hernani , S. Álvarez-Ortega , R. Campos-Herrera

Entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus spp. bacteria, symbiont of the nematode Steinernema spp., shows potential for mitigating agricultural pests and diseases through bioactive compound production. The plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) Meloidogyne incognita affects the yield and quality of numerous crops, causing significant economic losses. We speculate that Cell-Free Supernatants (CFS) from Xenorhabdus spp. could reduce the impact of the root-knot nematode (RKN) M. incognita without negatively affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which are considered beneficial organisms. This study explored the activity of seven CFS against M. incognita (two populations, AL05 and Chipiona) and their possible effects on EPNs. The in vitro impact of CFS at 10 %, 40 %, and 90 % concentrations on nematode motility at four and 24 h were tested on the PPN M. incognita and two EPNs, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora. Additionally, EPN viability and virulence were evaluated at two and five days. On the other hand, tomato plant-mesocosm experiments examined the activity of four CFS on M. incognita reproductive capacity and EPN virulence. In vitro exposure of M. incognita to 90 % concentration of CFS resulted in reductions of activity over 60 % after four hours of expossure in four out of seven CFS. In the in vitro evaluation of two species of EPNs, none of the CFS affected the activity across any tested doses after four hours of exposure nor after 24 h. Plant-mesocosm experiments showed that CFS application significantly reduced RKN galls, egg masses, and galling index. However, the virulence of both EPN species decreased 15 days after application, with a significant impact on S. feltiae. Overall, these findings suggest that CFS could be used as a bio-tool against M. incognita in tomato crops, mitigating its impact on plant growth. However, this study also highlights the necessity of investigating the effects of CFS on non-target organisms.

昆虫致病性 Xenorhabdus 菌是线虫 Steinernema spp.的共生菌，通过生产生物活性化合物，显示出减轻农业病虫害的潜力。植物寄生线虫（PPN）Meloidogyne incognita 影响许多作物的产量和质量，造成重大经济损失。我们推测，来自 Xenorhabdus 植物的无细胞超微液（CFS）可以减少根结线虫（RKN）M. incognita 的影响，而不会对被认为是有益生物的昆虫病原线虫（EPNs）产生负面影响。本研究探讨了七种 CFS 对 M. incognita 的活性及其对 EPNs 可能产生的影响。体外测试了 10%、40% 和 90% 浓度的 CFS 在 4 小时和 24 小时内对 PPN M. incognita 和两种 EPN（S. feltiae 和 H. bacteriophora）线虫运动的影响。此外，还在 2 天和 5 天后对 EPN 的活力和毒力进行了评估。另一方面，番茄植株-中生代实验检验了四种 CFS 对 M. incognita 生殖能力和 EPN 毒力的影响。将 M. incognita 体外暴露于 90% 浓度的 CFS 后，七种 CFS 中的四种活性降低了 60% 以上。在对两种 EPN 的体外评估中，无论暴露 4 小时后还是 24 小时后，任何 CFS 都不会影响任何测试剂量的活性。植物-中生代实验表明，施用 CFS 能显著减少 RKN虫瘿、卵块和虫瘿指数。然而，施用 15 天后，两种 EPN 的毒力都有所下降，其中对 S. feltiae 的影响最大。总之，这些研究结果表明，CFS 可作为一种生物工具，用于防治番茄作物中的 M. incognita，减轻其对植物生长的影响。不过，这项研究也强调了研究 CFS 对非目标生物影响的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani infecting the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis in southeastern Brazil 巴西东南部感染鼹蟹 Emerita brasiliensis 的棘头蚤 Profilicollis altmani。

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108211

Tatiana Medeiros Barbosa Cabrini , Bruna N. Machado , Raquel A.F. Neves , Rogério T. Vianna , Darlânia S. Silva , Patricia Mirella da Silva

Acanthocephalan parasites, specifically from the genus Profilicollis, are known to infect decapod crustaceans, including mole crabs like Emerita brasiliensis, which serve as intermediate hosts in their complex life cycles. This study reports the first occurrence of the acanthocephalan parasite Profilicollis altmani infecting the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis on a sandy beach in southeastern Brazil, thereby expanding the known geographic range of this parasite. Additionally, the study provides novel molecular data that enhance our understanding of the parasite’s taxonomy and distribution, including the first evidence of genetic variation within populations of the intermediate host E. brasiliensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial COX1 gene sequences confirmed the identification of the parasite and underlined small genetic differences among P. altmani populations. These findings suggest a weak genetic population structure of the parasite and underscore the need for further studies to understand gene flow among these populations. This work contributes to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions in sandy beach ecosystems. It highlights the importance of monitoring parasitic infections in species like E. brasiliensis, which play a crucial ecological role in these environments.

据了解，棘头蚴寄生虫，特别是Profilicollis属的棘头蚴寄生虫，会感染十足目甲壳类动物，包括巴西雌鲎等鼹形蟹，这些鼹形蟹是棘头蚴寄生虫复杂生命周期中的中间宿主。本研究报告了巴西东南部沙滩上首次出现的棘头蚴寄生虫Profilicollis altmani感染鼹蟹Emerita brasiliensis的情况，从而扩大了这种寄生虫的已知地理范围。此外，该研究还提供了新的分子数据，加深了我们对该寄生虫的分类和分布的了解，包括首次证明中间宿主巴西鲎（E. brasiliensis）种群内的遗传变异。基于线粒体 COX1 基因序列的系统发育分析证实了寄生虫的身份，并强调了 P. altmani 种群之间的微小遗传差异。这些发现表明寄生虫的遗传种群结构较弱，并强调有必要开展进一步研究，以了解这些种群之间的基因流动情况。这项研究有助于了解沙滩生态系统中寄生虫与宿主之间的相互作用。它强调了监测巴西鳗等物种寄生虫感染的重要性，这些物种在这些环境中发挥着至关重要的生态作用。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing the nested PCR method for Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) targeting ATPase gene by reselecting the inner primers 通过重新选择内部引物，优化针对十足类虹彩病毒 1 (DIV1) ATPase 基因的嵌套 PCR 方法。

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108212

Jing-Yi Xing , An-Qi Li , Xiao-Meng Guo , Meng Wang , Xin Guan , Liang Qiu , Qing-Li Zhang , Jie Huang

DIV1 has the characteristics of fast transmission and a broad host range. Its infection leads to a high mortality rate, posing a serious threat to the global crustacean aquaculture industry. In order to increase the accuracy of DIV1 detection and reduce the difficulty of result interpretation, this study modified the original nested PCR method targeting the DIV1 ATPase gene. The internal primers for the nested PCR were redesigned to produce a 338 bp amplification product in the second step PCR, effectively distinguishing the target band from primer dimers. The newly established nested PCR method exhibits strong specificity and high sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 1.37 × 10¹ copies/reaction. The developed nested PCR assay provides new technical support for the accurate detection of DIV1 in global crustacean aquaculture.

DIV1 具有传播速度快、宿主范围广的特点。其感染后死亡率极高，对全球甲壳类水产养殖业构成严重威胁。为了提高 DIV1 检测的准确性并降低结果解读的难度，本研究对原有的针对 DIV1 ATPase 基因的巢式 PCR 方法进行了改进。重新设计了巢式 PCR 的内部引物，使其在第二步 PCR 中产生 338 bp 的扩增产物，从而有效地将目标条带与引物二聚体区分开来。新建立的巢式 PCR 方法特异性强、灵敏度高，检测限低至 1.37 × 101 拷贝/反应。所开发的巢式 PCR 检测方法为在全球甲壳类水产养殖中准确检测 DIV1 提供了新的技术支持。

引用次数: 0

Construction and characterization of different hemolysin gene deletion strains in Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ΔhlyA, ΔhlyIII) and evaluation of their virulence 副溶血性弧菌中不同溶血素基因缺失菌株（ΔhlyA、ΔhlyIII）的构建和特征描述及其毒力评估。

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108210

Jinyuan Che , Shaojie Hu , Qitong Fang , Binghong Liu , Zhuochen Liu , Cunjie Hu , Lei Wang , Lekang Li , Baolong Bao

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic food-borne pathogen, possesses an arsenal of virulence factors. The pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus results from a combination of various virulence factors. HlyA and hlyIII genes are presumed to function in hemolysis, in addition to tdh and trh in V. parahaemolyticus. To confirm the hemolytic function of genes hlyA and hlyIII, ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII strains of V. parahaemolyticus were separately constructed via homologous recombination. The cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of the ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII strains were evaluated using a Tetrahymena-Vibrio co-culture model and an immersion challenge in Litopenaeus vannamei. Results indicated that the hemolytic activity of the ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII strains decreased by approximately 31.4 % and 24.9 % respectively, compared to the WT strain. Both ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII exhibited reduced cytotoxicity towards Tetrahymena. Then shrimp infection experiments showed LD₅₀ values for ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII of 3.06 × 10⁸ CFU/mL and 1.23 × 10⁸ CFU/mL, respectively, both higher than the WT strain’s value of 2.57 × 10⁷ CFU/mL. Histopathological observations revealed that hepatopancreas from shrimps challenged with ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII exhibited mild symptoms, whereas those challenged with the WT strain displayed severe AHPND. These findings indicate that the ΔhlyA and ΔhlyIII strains are significantly less virulent than the WT strain. In conclusion, both hlyA and hlyIII are vital virulence genes involved in hemolytic and cytotoxic of V. parahaemolyticus.

副溶血性弧菌是一种嗜卤食源性病原体，具有多种致病因子。副溶血性弧菌的致病性是多种致病因子综合作用的结果。据推测，除了tdh 和 trh 外，副溶血性弧菌的 HlyA 和 hlyIII 基因还具有溶血功能。为了证实 hlyA 和 hlyIII 基因的溶血功能，通过同源重组分别构建了副溶血弧菌的 ΔhlyA 和 ΔhlyIII 菌株。利用四膜虫-弧菌共培养模型和万年青浸泡法评估了 ΔhlyA 和 ΔhlyIII 菌株的细胞毒性和致病性。结果表明，与 WT 菌株相比，ΔhlyA 和 ΔhlyIII 菌株的溶血活性分别降低了约 31.4% 和 24.9%。ΔhlyA和ΔhlyIII对四膜虫的细胞毒性都有所降低。虾感染实验显示，ΔhlyA 和 ΔhlyIII 的半数致死剂量分别为 3.06 × 108 CFU/mL 和 1.23 × 108 CFU/mL，均高于 WT 菌株的 2.57 × 107 CFU/mL。组织病理学观察显示，受到 ΔhlyA 和 ΔhlyIII 挑战的对虾的肝胰腺表现出轻微症状，而受到 WT 菌株挑战的对虾则表现出严重的 AHPND。这些发现表明，ΔhlyA 和 ΔhlyIII 株系的毒力明显低于 WT 株系。总之，hlyA 和 hlyIII 都是参与副溶血性弧菌溶血和细胞毒性的重要毒力基因。

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引用次数: 0

Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of a novel cryptic species of the Mesomycetozoea clade isolated from Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, on the west coast of Korea 从韩国西海岸的马尼拉蛤蜊（Ruditapes philippinarum）中分离出的中霉菌纲（Mesomycetozoea）一个新隐居物种的分子和超微结构特征

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108202

S.D.N.K. Bathige , Seung-Hyeon Kim , Yu Chen , W.A.A.H. Kalhari , Donghyun Lee , Hyung-Bae Jeon , Hyoun Joong Kim , Kyung-Il Park

In the present study, a cryptic species (IchX) was isolated from the hemolymph of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, collected from the west coast region of South Korea. Following comprehensive molecular analysis, a partial sequence resembling the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene was obtained, indicating that this species belonged to the class Mesomycetozoea, also known as Ichthyosporea. Detailed phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA sequences placed IchX in a distinct clade within the order Dermocystida, class Mesomycetozoea, and showed that IchX is closely related to Ichthyosporea sp. Microscopic examination of in vitro cultured IchX cells revealed life-cycle stages of different sizes, from the endospore to sporangium through vegetative stages. An ameboid-like structure was observed in the early endospore stages as the characteristic feature of zoospores. Ultrastructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy revealed that all endospores and vegetative cell stages are spherical. Transmission electron microscopy revealed characteristic features, including a spindle pole body and membrane-decorated hyaline vesicles, consistent with those previously described in Mesomycetozoea. In addition, a prominent fibrillar structure was observed. Notably, the cell wall of mature IchX sporangia was digested with 2 M NaOH, while that of the endospores was resistant. This is the first report of a novel Mesomycetozoean from the Manila clams. Further taxonomic study of this organism and elucidation of its pathological characteristics are necessary.

本研究从韩国西海岸地区采集的马尼拉蛤（Ruditapes philippinarum）的血淋巴中分离出了一个隐性物种（IchX）。经过全面的分子分析，获得了与核糖体 RNA（SSU rRNA）小亚基基因相似的部分序列，表明该物种属于中霉菌纲（Mesomycetozoea），又称鱼鳞目（Ichthyosporea）。基于 SSU rRNA 序列的详细系统进化分析表明，IchX 属于皮囊菌目、中真菌纲中的一个独特支系，并表明 IchX 与 Ichthyosporea sp.密切相关。对体外培养的 IchX 细胞进行显微镜检查后发现，其生命周期阶段大小不一，从内孢子到孢子囊再到无性阶段。在内生孢子的早期阶段，观察到一种类似meboid的结构，这是动物孢子的特征。利用扫描电子显微镜进行的超微结构分析表明，所有内孢子和无性细胞阶段都是球形的。透射电子显微镜显示了一些特征，包括纺锤极体和膜装饰透明囊泡，这与之前在中真菌纲中描述的特征一致。此外，还观察到突出的纤维状结构。值得注意的是，成熟 IchX 孢子体的细胞壁可被 2 M NaOH 消化，而内生孢子的细胞壁则不能被消化。这是首次报道来自马尼拉蛤蜊的新型中生真菌。有必要对这种生物进行进一步的分类研究，并阐明其病理特征。

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引用次数: 0

Co-infection is linked to infection prevalence and intensity in oysters amidst high environmental and spatial variation 在环境和空间差异很大的情况下，共同感染与牡蛎的感染率和感染强度有关。

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108201

Allison M. Tracy , Katrina M. Pagenkopp Lohan , Ryan B. Carnegie , Carol B. McCollough , Melissa Southworth , Matthew B. Ogburn

Co-infecting parasites modify infection outcomes in the wild. However, it is unclear how multiple environmental factors influence co-infection. The Chesapeake Bay metapopulation of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, provides an opportunity to test the importance of co-infection across heterogeneous environments because multiple parasites infect oysters across a broad salinity gradient. This study leverages Maryland and Virginia oyster monitoring for a large-scale survey of four co-infecting organisms, including two tissue parasites and two shell bio-eroding parasites. We diagnosed infection in 440 oysters across 16 paired harvested and unharvested reefs and tested the importance of co-infecting organisms for each parasite relative to environmental conditions, host traits, and marine spatial management. Microscopic visual methods were used to diagnose prevalence and intensity of tissue infections with Perkinsus marinus (the causative agent of dermo disease) and Haplosporidium nelsoni (the causative agent of MSX disease). Macroscopic visual methods were used to diagnose prevalence and intensity of shell infections with Cliona boring sponges and blister-inducing Polydora worms. For the three oyster parasites that were detected [H. nelsoni infections were absent in all oysters], salinity was the overall strongest predictor, corresponding to bay-wide patterns of parasite prevalence and/or intensity. Despite high environmental and spatial variation, co-infections corresponded to altered prevalence and/or intensity for all three oyster parasites. The correlational patterns suggest that P. marinus acts as a lynchpin in co-infection, as its intensity increased with Cliona sponge prevalence and P. marinus co-infection predicted higher Polydora blister intensity. Oyster shell height, reef habitat, and harvest status also predicted parasite prevalence and intensity, further reflecting the multivariate drivers of infections in this system. Unharvested reefs had greater vertical habitat structure and higher intensities of Cliona sponge infections, but no differences in the prevalence of any of the three parasites. Spatial patterns unexpectedly show that reef-level predictors of parasite patterns were more important than differences between tributaries. This correlational survey provides novel insights through the statistical relationships between the three oyster parasites, environmental conditions, host traits, and human resource management. New and more detailed scenarios are needed to expand disease ecological theory to encompass co-infection in anthropogenically impacted wildlife populations.

寄生虫共感染会改变野生环境中的感染结果。然而，目前还不清楚多种环境因素如何影响共同感染。切萨皮克湾的东部牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica）元种群提供了一个机会，可以测试在不同环境中共同感染的重要性，因为多种寄生虫会在广泛的盐度梯度中感染牡蛎。本研究利用马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的牡蛎监测，对四种共感染生物（包括两种组织寄生虫和两种贝壳生物侵蚀寄生虫）进行了大规模调查。我们对 16 个已收获和未收获配对礁石上的 440 只牡蛎进行了感染诊断，并测试了每种寄生虫的共感染生物与环境条件、宿主特征和海洋空间管理相关的重要性。采用显微视觉方法诊断海鲈病（dermo 病的病原体）和奈尔索尼合孢虫（MSX 病的病原体）组织感染的流行率和强度。采用宏观目测方法诊断贝壳感染 Cliona boring sponges 和水泡诱导 Polydora 蠕虫的流行程度和强度。对于检测到的三种牡蛎寄生虫（所有牡蛎均未感染 H. nelsoni），盐度是总体上最强的预测因子，与整个海湾的寄生虫流行率和/或强度模式相对应。尽管环境和空间差异很大，但共同感染与所有三种牡蛎寄生虫的流行率和/或强度的改变相对应。相关模式表明，牡蛎寄生虫在共同感染中起着关键作用，因为其强度随 Cliona 海绵的流行而增加，而牡蛎寄生虫的共同感染预示着 Polydora 水泡强度的增加。牡蛎壳高度、礁石栖息地和采收状况也预测了寄生虫的流行率和强度，进一步反映了该系统中感染的多元驱动因素。未收获的珊瑚礁具有更高的垂直生境结构和更高的克利奥纳海绵感染强度，但三种寄生虫的感染率没有差异。空间模式出乎意料地表明，珊瑚礁层面的寄生虫模式预测因素比支流之间的差异更为重要。这项相关调查通过三种牡蛎寄生虫、环境条件、宿主特征和人力资源管理之间的统计关系提供了新的见解。我们需要新的、更详细的方案来扩展疾病生态理论，以涵盖受人类影响的野生动物种群中的共同感染。

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引用次数: 0

Starvation increases susceptibility to bacterial infection and promotes systemic pathogen proliferation in Drosophila melanogaster females 饥饿会增加黑腹果蝇雌体对细菌感染的易感性，并促进系统性病原体增殖

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108209

Aabeer Basu , Aparajita Singh , Suhaas Sehgal , Tanvi Madaan , Nagaraj Guru Prasad

Defense against pathogens and parasites requires substantial investment of energy and resources on part of the host. This makes the host immune function dependent on availability and accessibility of resources. A resource deprived host is therefore expected to be more susceptible to infections, although empirical results do not always align with this prediction. Limiting host access to resources can additionally impact within-host pathogen numbers, either directly by altering the amount of resources available to the pathogens for proliferation or indirectly by altering the efficiency of the host immune system. We tested for the effects of host starvation (complete deprivation of resources) on susceptibility to bacterial pathogens, and within-host pathogen proliferation, in Drosophila melanogaster females. Our results show that starvation increases post-infection mortality of the host, but in a pathogen-specific manner. This increase in mortality is always accompanied by increased within-host pathogen proliferation. We therefore propose that starvation compromises host resistance to bacterial infections in Drosophila melanogaster females thereby increasing susceptibility to infections.

抵御病原体和寄生虫需要宿主投入大量的能量和资源。这使得宿主的免疫功能取决于资源的可用性和可获得性。因此，资源匮乏的宿主预计更容易受到感染，尽管经验结果并不总是与这一预测一致。限制宿主对资源的获取还会影响宿主内病原体的数量，或者直接改变病原体可用于增殖的资源量，或者间接改变宿主免疫系统的效率。我们测试了宿主饥饿（完全剥夺资源）对黑腹果蝇雌体对细菌病原体的易感性以及宿主内病原体增殖的影响。我们的研究结果表明，饥饿会增加宿主感染后的死亡率，但以病原体特异性的方式增加。死亡率的增加总是伴随着宿主体内病原体增殖的增加。因此，我们认为饥饿会削弱雌果蝇宿主对细菌感染的抵抗力，从而增加感染的易感性。

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引用次数: 0

The sandwich feeding assay for use with first instar nymphs of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri confirms the high susceptibility of this life stage to bacterial pesticidal proteins 用于亚洲柑橘木虱（Diaphorina citri）初龄若虫的夹心取食试验证实了这一生命阶段对细菌杀虫蛋白的高度敏感性

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY

Journal of invertebrate pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108208

Clebson S. Tavares , Lukasz L. Stelinski , Bryony C. Bonning

Citrus greening or huanglongbing is the most important disease of citrus and threatens citrus production worldwide. As nymphs of Diaphorina citri play a crucial role in the acquisition and transmission of the citrus greening bacterium, suppression of this life stage is particularly important. However, the lack of a tractable feeding assay for use with first instar D. citri nymphs has impeded assessment of the toxicity of bioactives. Of several bacterial pesticidal proteins (BPP) that are toxic to D. citri adults, Mpp51Aa1 and Cry1Ba1, which have LC₅₀ values of 110 and 120 µg/mL respectively in adults, were fed to 1st instar nymphs in a newly developed assay. For this new sandwich feeding assay, parafilm layers containing feeding solution were placed on top of two 35 mm Petri dishes, with a concave surface created on each. Fifty nymphs were transferred to the membrane on one Petri dish, and the second Petri dish placed on the top to create a “sandwich” with the 1st instar nymphs in the middle. Nymphs were fed for four days and the LC₅₀ values for Mpp51Aa1 and Cry1Ba1 were calculated at 6.7 and 41.6 µg/mL respectively. Bioassays with bioengineered plants expressing Cry1Ba1 confirmed that the majority of D. citri mortality occurs during the 1st instar nymph stage, while egg laying adults are much less susceptible. Taken together, these results confirm that 1st instar D. citri nymphs are more susceptible to BPP than adults and demonstrate the utility of the sandwich feeding assay for effective screening of BPPs prior to investment into production of transgenic plants.

柑橘绿化或黄龙病是柑橘最重要的病害，威胁着全世界的柑橘生产。由于柑橘褐斑病若虫在柑橘绿化病菌的获取和传播过程中起着至关重要的作用，因此对这一生命阶段的抑制尤为重要。然而，由于缺乏可用于柑橘褐斑病初生若虫的喂食试验，因此阻碍了对生物活性物质毒性的评估。在几种对 D. citri 成虫有毒的细菌杀虫蛋白（BPP）中，Mpp51Aa1 和 Cry1Ba1 对成虫的半数致死浓度分别为 110 和 120 µg/mL，在一种新开发的试验中，将这两种蛋白喂给初生若虫。在这种新的夹心喂养试验中，将含有喂养液的薄膜层放在两个 35 毫米培养皿的顶部，每个培养皿上都有一个凹面。将 50 只若虫转移到其中一个培养皿的薄膜上，然后将第二个培养皿放在上面，形成一个 "三明治"，将第一龄若虫放在中间。若虫喂养四天，计算出 Mpp51Aa1 和 Cry1Ba1 的半数致死浓度分别为 6.7 和 41.6 微克/毫升。用表达 Cry1Ba1 的生物工程植物进行的生物测定证实，大部分柠檬蝇的死亡发生在第一龄若虫阶段，而产卵成虫的易感性要低得多。总之，这些结果证实，柠条幼虫比成虫更容易受到 BPP 的影响，并证明了夹心饲喂试验在投资生产转基因植物之前有效筛选 BPP 的实用性。

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