Proton-assisted amino acid transporter 4 (PAT4) is a member of the solute carrier (SLC) 36 family, which mediates the transmembrane transport of amino acids and their derivatives. However, the function of PAT4 in Bombyx mori is not clear. In this study, BmPAT4 was cloned and identified using PCR technology. Its open reading frame (ORF) includes 1,395 bp, encoding 464 amino acid (Aa). Moreover, the sequence of BmPAT4 has the highest similarity with wild Bombyx.mandarina, Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura, and it has ten transmembrane domains. BmPAT4 was localized in the cell membrane and expressed in all tissues of the silkworm. After Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) infection, the expression of BmPAT4 in midgut, hemolymph and fat body was significantly up-regulated. In addition, overexpression of BmPAT4 in BmN cells could significantly inhibit the proliferation of BmNPV, and the expression of several genes in autophagy pathway decreased significantly. On the contrary, down-regulation of BmPAT4 expression by RNA interference can promote BmNPV replication and proliferation, and the expression of key genes in autophagy pathway is significantly increased. This is the first time to report that BmPAT4 has an antiviral effect in silkworm. Moreover, the silkworm activates BmTORC1 via BmPAT4, which inhibits autophagy in silkworm cells, resulting in a lack of energy and raw materials for BmNPV infection and replication in cells.
{"title":"Bombyx mori PAT4 gene inhibits BmNPV infection and replication through autophagy","authors":"Kaifang Jia , Jinyang Wang , Dan Jiang , Xiangrui Ding , Qiaoling Zhao , Dongxu Shen , Zhiyong Qiu , Xuelian Zhang , Cheng Lu , Heying Qian , Dingguo Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton-assisted amino acid transporter 4 (PAT4) is a member of the solute carrier (SLC) 36 family, which mediates the transmembrane transport of amino acids and their derivatives. However, the function of <em>PAT4</em> in <em>Bombyx mori</em> is not clear. In this study, <em>BmPAT4</em> was cloned and identified using PCR technology. Its open reading frame (ORF) includes 1,395 bp, encoding 464 amino acid (Aa). Moreover, the sequence of BmPAT4 has the highest similarity with wild <em>Bombyx.mandarina</em>, <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> and <em>Spodoptera litura</em>, and it has ten transmembrane domains. BmPAT4 was localized in the cell membrane and expressed in all tissues of the silkworm. After <em>Bombyx mori</em> nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) infection, the expression of <em>BmPAT4</em> in midgut, hemolymph and fat body was significantly up-regulated. In addition, overexpression of <em>BmPAT4</em> in BmN cells could significantly inhibit the proliferation of BmNPV, and the expression of several genes in autophagy pathway decreased significantly. On the contrary, down-regulation of <em>BmPAT4</em> expression by RNA interference can promote BmNPV replication and proliferation, and the expression of key genes in autophagy pathway is significantly increased. This is the first time to report that <em>BmPAT4</em> has an antiviral effect in silkworm. Moreover, the silkworm activates <em>BmTORC1</em> via <em>BmPAT4</em>, which inhibits autophagy in silkworm cells, resulting in a lack of energy and raw materials for BmNPV infection and replication in cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108235"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108237
Fangneng Huang , Wenbo Yu , Graham P. Head , Ying Niu , Caroline Sakuno , Shucong Lin , Tiago Silva , Bhavana Patla
Cry2Ab2 is a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein that has been pyramided with Cry1A.105 in transgenic maize and Cry1Ac in cotton to control some major lepidopteran pests including the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, the widespread occurrence of resistance of this pest to the pyramided Cry1A/Cry2A crops in the southern region of the United State has become a threat to the sustainability of the technology. In this study, multiple genetic crosses and backcrosses were developed to characterize the inheritance of Cry2Ab2 resistance in two H. zea populations resistant to the single protein, Cry2Ab2 (RR2Ab) and the dual proteins in Bt maize, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 (RRVT2P). Diet-overlay bioassays with F1 hybrids from reciprocal crosses between a susceptible and the resistant populations showed that the Cry2Ab2 resistance in both RR2Ab and RRVT2P was inherited autosomally and non-recessively. Segregation tests in F2 and backcrossed generations indicated that the resistance was likely controlled by more than one locus. The effective dominance levels of the resistance estimated at each of three discriminating concentrations were similar between RR2Ab and RRVT2P, ranging from incompletely dominant to incompletely recessive. The similar inheritance observed in RR2Ab and RRVT2P suggests that the Cry2Ab2 resistance is independent from the Cry1A.105 resistance. The non-recessive inheritance of the resistance could be an important factor causing the widespread resistance of this insect to the Cry1A/Cry2A crops in the southern region. Implications of the observed inheritance properties in Bt crop resistance management are discussed.
{"title":"Inheritance of Cry2Ab2 resistance in two Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations resistant to single- and dual-Bacillus thuringiensis proteins","authors":"Fangneng Huang , Wenbo Yu , Graham P. Head , Ying Niu , Caroline Sakuno , Shucong Lin , Tiago Silva , Bhavana Patla","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cry2Ab2 is a <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (Bt) protein that has been pyramided with Cry1A.105 in transgenic maize and Cry1Ac in cotton to control some major lepidopteran pests including the corn earworm/bollworm, <em>Helicoverpa zea</em> (Boddie). However, the widespread occurrence of resistance of this pest to the pyramided Cry1A/Cry2A crops in the southern region of the United State has become a threat to the sustainability of the technology. In this study, multiple genetic crosses and backcrosses were developed to characterize the inheritance of Cry2Ab2 resistance in two <em>H. zea</em> populations resistant to the single protein, Cry2Ab2 (RR<sub>2Ab</sub>) and the dual proteins in Bt maize, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 (RR<sub>VT2P</sub>). Diet-overlay bioassays with F1 hybrids from reciprocal crosses between a susceptible and the resistant populations showed that the Cry2Ab2 resistance in both RR<sub>2Ab</sub> and RR<sub>VT2P</sub> was inherited autosomally and non-recessively. Segregation tests in F2 and backcrossed generations indicated that the resistance was likely controlled by more than one locus. The effective dominance levels of the resistance estimated at each of three discriminating concentrations were similar between RR<sub>2Ab</sub> and RR<sub>VT2P</sub>, ranging from incompletely dominant to incompletely recessive. The similar inheritance observed in RR<sub>2Ab</sub> and RR<sub>VT2P</sub> suggests that the Cry2Ab2 resistance is independent from the Cry1A.105 resistance. The non-recessive inheritance of the resistance could be an important factor causing the widespread resistance of this insect to the Cry1A/Cry2A crops in the southern region. Implications of the observed inheritance properties in Bt crop resistance management are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108236
Georgina Clark , Carl N. Keiser , Steven T. Cassidy , Desiré Dalton , Jamie Bojko
The study of invertebrate pathology relies on histopathological tools to define visible internal structures and processes in understudied taxa like spiders. Histopathology involves the infiltration of tissues and organ structures with wax or resin, allowing for the visualisation of cellular anatomy and morphological structure, which can lead to the identification of abnormalities (e.g., pathology) and symbioses (e.g., parasites). In this study, southern African social spiders − Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae: Eresidae) − were histologically prepared whole and their tissue appearances described (eyes, stomach, heart, ovaries, cuticle, stercoral pocket, chelicerae, book lungs, and silk gland). In addition to healthy tissues, an intranuclear, baculovirus-like pathology was identified. The availability of this material and whole-preparation method makes for a valuable histological resource, where few such resources currently exist for spiders.
{"title":"A histopathological guide for the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola","authors":"Georgina Clark , Carl N. Keiser , Steven T. Cassidy , Desiré Dalton , Jamie Bojko","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of invertebrate pathology relies on histopathological tools to define visible internal structures and processes in understudied taxa like spiders. Histopathology involves the infiltration of tissues and organ structures with wax or resin, allowing for the visualisation of cellular anatomy and morphological structure, which can lead to the identification of abnormalities (e.g., pathology) and symbioses (e.g., parasites). In this study, southern African social spiders − <em>Stegodyphus dumicola</em> (Araneae: Eresidae) − were histologically prepared whole and their tissue appearances described (eyes, stomach, heart, ovaries, cuticle, stercoral pocket, chelicerae, book lungs, and silk gland). In addition to healthy tissues, an intranuclear, baculovirus-like pathology was identified. The availability of this material and whole-preparation method makes for a valuable histological resource, where few such resources currently exist for spiders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108236"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108229
Edouard Bessette , Jamie Bojko , Kelly S. Bateman , Stuart Ross , Nicolai V. Meyling , Bryony A.P. Williams
This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic description of a microsporidian parasite infecting crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and G. assimilis. Our analysis includes gross pathology, histopathology, spore ultrastructure, parasite development cycle, single gene phylogenies, and phylogenomic comparisons. We introduce a new taxon, Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp., characterised by its unique developmental stages within a sporophorous vesicle, leading to the formation of mature spores measuring 5.7 × 2.8 µm. Although prevalent in commercial cricket cultures, this parasite seemed to have limited effects on cricket survival. Indeed, microsporidia exposure and density assays with the host G. bimaculatus, only revealed density as a significant factor affecting the crickets’ survival. Nevertheless, exposure showed significant effect on the crickets’ emergence time, where exposed crickets emerged as adults earlier than unexposed individuals. Moreover, exposure to the parasite increased the faeces production and weight gain in cricket males. However, neither exposure nor density significantly impacted the females’ fecundity. The absence of spores in non-exposed cricket groups suggested a horizontal transmission, highlighting the importance of controlled rearing practices to eliminate this microsporidium in control groups. The well-known anti-microsporidian drug ‘fumagillin’ was studied with a higher microsporidia dose of exposure to evaluate any improvement in cricket survival, without showing any significant differences between exposed and unexposed groups. Our findings underscore the nuanced dynamics of host-microsporidia interactions and emphasise the need for ecological context in understanding microsporidian impacts. Even if non-dangerous for its host, monitoring of this parasite seems crucial due to its potential zoonotic transmission by its close phylogenomic relation to human-infecting microsporidia species.
本研究对感染蟋蟀（Gryllus bimaculatus 和 G. assimilis）的微孢子虫寄生虫进行了全面的分类描述。我们的分析包括大体病理学、组织病理学、孢子超微结构、寄生虫发育周期、单基因系统发生和系统发生组比较。我们引入了一个新的分类群--Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp.，其特点是在孢子囊内具有独特的发育阶段，最终形成 5.7 × 2.8 µm 大小的成熟孢子。虽然这种寄生虫在商品蟋蟀养殖中很普遍，但似乎对蟋蟀的生存影响有限。事实上，用寄主 G. bimaculatus 进行微孢子虫暴露和密度测定，只发现密度是影响蟋蟀存活率的一个重要因素。然而，暴露对蟋蟀的出壳时间有显著影响，暴露的蟋蟀比未暴露的个体更早出壳。此外，接触寄生虫会增加雄性蟋蟀的粪便产量和体重增加。然而，暴露和密度都不会对雌性蟋蟀的繁殖力产生明显影响。未接触寄生虫的蟋蟀群体中没有孢子，这表明寄生虫是横向传播的，突出了控制饲养方法的重要性，以消除控制群体中的微孢子虫。我们研究了知名的抗微孢子虫药物 "福马吉林"，并增加了微孢子虫的接触剂量，以评估蟋蟀存活率的提高情况，结果显示接触组和未接触组之间没有明显差异。我们的研究结果强调了宿主与微孢子虫相互作用的微妙动态，并强调在了解微孢子虫的影响时需要考虑生态背景。即使这种寄生虫不会对宿主造成危害，但由于它与人类感染的微孢子虫物种有着密切的系统发育关系，因此监测这种寄生虫似乎是至关重要的。
{"title":"Identification of Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp. (Microsporidia) and its impact on crickets (Gryllus spp.) in food-and-feed culture systems","authors":"Edouard Bessette , Jamie Bojko , Kelly S. Bateman , Stuart Ross , Nicolai V. Meyling , Bryony A.P. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic description of a microsporidian parasite infecting crickets, <em>Gryllus bimaculatus</em> and <em>G. assimilis</em>. Our analysis includes gross pathology, histopathology, spore ultrastructure, parasite development cycle, single gene phylogenies, and phylogenomic comparisons. We introduce a new taxon, <em>Albopleistophora grylli</em> n. gen. n. sp., characterised by its unique developmental stages within a sporophorous vesicle, leading to the formation of mature spores measuring 5.7 × 2.8 µm. Although prevalent in commercial cricket cultures, this parasite seemed to have limited effects on cricket survival. Indeed, microsporidia exposure and density assays with the host <em>G. bimaculatus</em>, only revealed density as a significant factor affecting the crickets’ survival. Nevertheless, exposure showed significant effect on the crickets’ emergence time, where exposed crickets emerged as adults earlier than unexposed individuals. Moreover, exposure to the parasite increased the faeces production and weight gain in cricket males. However, neither exposure nor density significantly impacted the females’ fecundity. The absence of spores in non-exposed cricket groups suggested a horizontal transmission, highlighting the importance of controlled rearing practices to eliminate this microsporidium in control groups. The well-known anti-microsporidian drug ‘fumagillin’ was studied with a higher microsporidia dose of exposure to evaluate any improvement in cricket survival, without showing any significant differences between exposed and unexposed groups. Our findings underscore the nuanced dynamics of host-microsporidia interactions and emphasise the need for ecological context in understanding microsporidian impacts. Even if non-dangerous for its host, monitoring of this parasite seems crucial due to its potential zoonotic transmission by its close phylogenomic relation to human-infecting microsporidia species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 108229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108221
Jörg T. Wennmann , Sergei Senger , Birgit Ruoff , Johannes A. Jehle , Siripuk Suraporn
Silk is an economically and culturally important product of Thailand that is threatened by the outbreaks of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) in silkworm rearings. BmNPV infects the larval stages of the silkworm Bombyx mori, causing fatal viral infection and preventing the larvae from reaching the pupal stage. Numerous BmNPV isolates have been described from silk-producing countries from all over the world. In this study, the geographic distribution of BmNPV in Thailand was analyzed by collecting 18 samples from different regions. The BmNPV samples were analyzed by PCR and whole genome sequencing was performed for eight specimens. Their genome size ranged from 125,888 bp to 126,783 bp, comprising 138 open reading frames. Although the sequenced BmNPV genomes could be phylogenetically differentiated, no correlation between geographic and genetic distance was observed, indicating a close relationship between the BmNPV from Thailand.
{"title":"Distribution and genetic diversity of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus in mass-reared silkworms in Thailand","authors":"Jörg T. Wennmann , Sergei Senger , Birgit Ruoff , Johannes A. Jehle , Siripuk Suraporn","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silk is an economically and culturally important product of Thailand that is threatened by the outbreaks of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) in silkworm rearings. BmNPV infects the larval stages of the silkworm <em>Bombyx mori</em>, causing fatal viral infection and preventing the larvae from reaching the pupal stage. Numerous BmNPV isolates have been described from silk-producing countries from all over the world. In this study, the geographic distribution of BmNPV in Thailand was analyzed by collecting 18 samples from different regions. The BmNPV samples were analyzed by PCR and whole genome sequencing was performed for eight specimens. Their genome size ranged from 125,888 bp to 126,783 bp, comprising 138 open reading frames. Although the sequenced BmNPV genomes could be phylogenetically differentiated, no correlation between geographic and genetic distance was observed, indicating a close relationship between the BmNPV from Thailand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 108221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142467750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108223
Cristian Montalva , Cristian González , Cecilia Ruiz , Isabel Vives , Andrea Díaz , Luis Devotto , Juscelino Rodrigues , Luiz F.N. Rocha , Javiera Manríquez , Tania Vásquez , Richard A. Humber , Christian Luz
Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest of berries and other soft-skinned fruits, was first detected in Chile in 2017, and has since spread over 2,800 km from north to south. Sustainable control of the spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) is essential due the negative attitude of the consumers toward the excessive use of insecticides. During a survey in Chile for biological control agents, thirty-two isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) were isolated from mycotized insects and soil samples, identified through sequence analysis, and tested against D. suzukii adults under laboratory conditions. The EPF identified are Akanthomyces muscarius, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria pseudobassiana, Clonostachys rosea, Metarhizium alvesii, Metarhizium brunneum and Metarhizium robertsii. Six isolates caused 100 % of mortality of D. suzukii adults within ten days after the initial exposition to conidia; these included four B. bassiana isolates (LSB 110, LSB 114, LSB 122 and LSB 125), one M. robertsii isolate (LSB 115) and one M. brunneum isolate (LSB 127). LSB 122 and LSB 125 induced the shortest lethal time (LT50 4 and 4.2 days, respectively), while Akanthomyces and Clonostachys caused ≤ 36 % cumulative mortality of the adults at 10 days of exposure. These results indicate that isolates of B. bassiana, M. robertsii and M. brunneum have significant potential as microbial control agents against D. suzukii adults. This study marks a critical step forward in identifying and validating native entomopathogenic fungi in Chile for sustainable pest management. Future work will focus on further testing these isolates under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions to optimize their application in real-world agricultural settings.
{"title":"Isolation and identification of native Chilean entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for the control of Drosophila suzukii","authors":"Cristian Montalva , Cristian González , Cecilia Ruiz , Isabel Vives , Andrea Díaz , Luis Devotto , Juscelino Rodrigues , Luiz F.N. Rocha , Javiera Manríquez , Tania Vásquez , Richard A. Humber , Christian Luz","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Drosophila suzukii</em> is an invasive pest of berries and other soft-skinned fruits, was first detected in Chile in 2017, and has since spread over 2,800 km from north to south. Sustainable control of the spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) is essential due the negative attitude of the consumers toward the excessive use of insecticides. During a survey in Chile for biological control agents, thirty-two isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) were isolated from mycotized insects and soil samples, identified through sequence analysis, and tested against <em>D. suzukii</em> adults under laboratory conditions. The EPF identified are <em>Akanthomyces muscarius</em>, <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>, <em>Beauveria pseudobassiana</em>, <em>Clonostachys rosea</em>, <em>Metarhizium alvesii</em>, <em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> and <em>Metarhizium robertsii</em>. Six isolates caused 100 % of mortality of <em>D. suzukii</em> adults within ten days after the initial exposition to conidia; these included four <em>B</em>. <em>bassiana</em> isolates (LSB 110, LSB 114, LSB 122 and LSB 125), one <em>M</em>. <em>robertsii</em> isolate (LSB 115) and one <em>M</em>. <em>brunneum</em> isolate (LSB 127). LSB 122 and LSB 125 induced the shortest lethal time (LT<sub>50</sub> 4 and 4.2 days, respectively), while <em>Akanthomyces</em> and <em>Clonostachys</em> caused ≤ 36 % cumulative mortality of the adults at 10 days of exposure. These results indicate that isolates of <em>B. bassiana</em>, <em>M. robertsii</em> and <em>M. brunneum</em> have significant potential as microbial control agents against <em>D. suzukii</em> adults. This study marks a critical step forward in identifying and validating native entomopathogenic fungi in Chile for sustainable pest management. Future work will focus on further testing these isolates under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions to optimize their application in real-world agricultural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 108223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108230
Hongyan Hu , Zhenhua Lu , Yajie Ma , Xianpeng Song , Dan Wang , Changcai Wu , Xiaoyan Ma , Yongpan Shan , Xiangliang Ren , Yan Ma
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is critical global pest threatening crops and leading to agricultural losses. Wolbachia is an intracellular symbiotic bacterium in insects, which can regulate the growth and development of the host through various ways. In a prior study, Wolbachia was found to be transferred to whitefly and induce fitness changes. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of host-Wolbachia interactions in B. tabaci. In this study, a Wolbachia strain wStri was isolated from the small brown planthopper, Laodelphex striatellus, and transferred to B. tabaci. The distribution of Wolbachia in whiteflies was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Reciprocal crossing experiments demonstrated that wStri did not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotypes in B. tabaci, but prolonged the developmental duration of the offspring. We performed transcriptomic analysis of Wolbachia-infected female and male adults using Illumina-based RNA-Seq. A total of 843 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in infected females, among them 141 were significantly up-regulated and 702 were down-regulated by Wolbachia infection. In infected males, of 511 gene sets, 279 host genes were significantly up-regulated, and 232 were down-regulated by Wolbachia infection. KEGG analysis of DEGs demonstrated significant differences in gene pathway distribution between up-regulated and down-regulated genes. These genes are involved in various biological processes, including, but not limited to, detoxification, oxidation–reduction, metabolic processes, and immunity. The transcriptomic profiling of this study offers valuable information on the differential expression of genes in whiteflies following Wolbachia infection, and enhances our understanding of this host-symbiotic interaction.
{"title":"Impact of transinfection of Wolbachia from the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus on reproductive fitness and transcriptome of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci","authors":"Hongyan Hu , Zhenhua Lu , Yajie Ma , Xianpeng Song , Dan Wang , Changcai Wu , Xiaoyan Ma , Yongpan Shan , Xiangliang Ren , Yan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The whitefly <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> is critical global pest threatening crops and leading to agricultural losses. <em>Wolbachia</em> is an intracellular symbiotic bacterium in insects, which can regulate the growth and development of the host through various ways. In a prior study, <em>Wolbachia</em> was found to be transferred to whitefly and induce fitness changes. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of host-<em>Wolbachia</em> interactions in <em>B. tabaci</em>. In this study, a <em>Wolbachia</em> strain <em>w</em>Stri was isolated from the small brown planthopper, <em>Laodelphex striatellus</em>, and transferred to <em>B. tabaci</em>. The distribution of <em>Wolbachia</em> in whiteflies was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Reciprocal crossing experiments demonstrated that <em>w</em>Stri did not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotypes in <em>B. tabaci</em>, but prolonged the developmental duration of the offspring. We performed transcriptomic analysis of <em>Wolbachia</em>-infected female and male adults using Illumina-based RNA-Seq. A total of 843 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in infected females, among them 141 were significantly up-regulated and 702 were down-regulated by <em>Wolbachia</em> infection. In infected males, of 511 gene sets, 279 host genes were significantly up-regulated, and 232 were down-regulated by <em>Wolbachia</em> infection. KEGG analysis of DEGs demonstrated significant differences in gene pathway distribution between up-regulated and down-regulated genes. These genes are involved in various biological processes, including, but not limited to, detoxification, oxidation–reduction, metabolic processes, and immunity. The transcriptomic profiling of this study offers valuable information on the differential expression of genes in whiteflies following <em>Wolbachia</em> infection, and enhances our understanding of this host-symbiotic interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 108230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108228
Yuying Zhang , Peilong Tan , Mingshu Yang
Translucent post-larva vibriosis (VTPD) in Penaeus vannamei, caused by the virulence factor Vibrio high virulent protein 2 (vhvp-2) gene, poses a significant threat to the shrimp aquaculture industry in China. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the vhvp-2 gene distribution and genetic diversity among Vibrio, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of translucent post-larvae disease (TPD). A total of 6281 Vibrio genomes from the NCBI database were screened, revealing the presence of the vhvp-2 gene in 26 strains, predominantly in V. parahaemolyticus, with diverse locations on both plasmids and chromosomes. Comparative analysis of the genomes, plasmids, and the vhvp-2 gene successfully differentiated three distinct clusters of Vibrio species and identified at least two major plasmid groups. However, these plasmid groups did not exhibit the same evolutionary relationships as the host bacteria themselves. The analysis also revealed the conserved presence of the vhvp-2 gene along with genetic variations. Moreover, the widespread presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors in Vibrio strains enhances their pathogenicity and poses increased public health risks. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the adaptability, evolution, and ecological characteristics of Vibrio strains harboring vhvp-2 gene. This research provides a scientific foundation for the development of effective disease prevention and control strategies, contributing to the mitigation of TPD’s impact on the shrimp aquaculture industry and supporting its sustainable and healthy growth.
{"title":"Characteristics of vhvp-2 gene distribution and diversity within the Vibrio causing translucent post-larvae disease (TPD)","authors":"Yuying Zhang , Peilong Tan , Mingshu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Translucent post-larva vibriosis (<em>V</em><sub>TPD</sub>) in <em>Penaeus vannamei</em>, caused by the virulence factor <em>Vibrio</em> high virulent protein 2 (<em>vhvp-2</em>) gene, poses a significant threat to the shrimp aquaculture industry in China. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the <em>vhvp-2</em> gene distribution and genetic diversity among <em>Vibrio</em>, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of translucent post-larvae disease (TPD). A total of 6281 <em>Vibrio</em> genomes from the NCBI database were screened, revealing the presence of the <em>vhvp-2</em> gene in 26 strains, predominantly in <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em>, with diverse locations on both plasmids and chromosomes. Comparative analysis of the genomes, plasmids, and the <em>vhvp-2</em> gene successfully differentiated three distinct clusters of <em>Vibrio</em> species and identified at least two major plasmid groups. However, these plasmid groups did not exhibit the same evolutionary relationships as the host bacteria themselves. The analysis also revealed the conserved presence of the <em>vhvp-2</em> gene along with genetic variations. Moreover, the widespread presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors in <em>Vibrio</em> strains enhances their pathogenicity and poses increased public health risks. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the adaptability, evolution, and ecological characteristics of <em>Vibrio</em> strains harboring <em>vhvp-2</em> gene. This research provides a scientific foundation for the development of effective disease prevention and control strategies, contributing to the mitigation of TPD’s impact on the shrimp aquaculture industry and supporting its sustainable and healthy growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 108228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108232
Martín Santamarina , Alicia L. Bruzos , Ana Pequeño-Valtierra , Jorge Rodríguez-Castro , Seila Díaz , Jose M.C. Tubio
Transmissible cancers are a rare phenomenon in which cancer cells are passed between individuals, leading to the development of neoplasia in the host organism. Transmissible cancers have been identified in three independent clonal lineages in mammals and eight different clonal lineages in bivalves. This study focused on the development of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of two types of bivalve transmissible neoplasias (BTN) of cockles Cerastoderma edule (CedBTN1 and CedBTN2). The diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the new PCR of hemolymph samples were assessed using a maximum likelihood estimation in the 88 samples compared to diagnoses obtained by histology and confirmed with genomic analyses. The results showed a Se of 100 % and a Sp of 98.1 % for CedBTN1, and a Se and Sp of 100 % for CedBTN2. The analytical Sp and Se were tested using DNA extractions from infected and non-infected C. edule and other bivalves affected by BTN. The assay demonstrated high analytical sensitivity and specificity, detecting down to 0.4 % of circulating CedBTN1 cells at a DNA concentration of 0.05 ng/µL in a hemolymph sample of a cockle with 85.7 % of CedBTN1 cells. The multiplex PCR assay was type-specific for CedBTN and capable of detecting both lineages simultaneously.
Overall, this multiplex PCR assay is a reliable tool for the detection of transmissible cancers in cockles which will facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.
传染性癌症是一种罕见的现象，即癌细胞在个体之间传递，导致宿主机体发生肿瘤。在哺乳动物和双壳类动物中分别发现了三个独立的克隆系和八个不同的克隆系中存在可传播的癌症。这项研究的重点是开发一种多重 PCR 检测方法，用于检测毛蚶的两种双壳类传染性肿瘤（BTN）（CedBTN1 和 CedBTN2）。采用最大似然估计法对 88 个样本的血淋巴样本进行了评估，并与组织学诊断结果和基因组分析确认的诊断结果进行了比较，评估了新型 PCR 的诊断灵敏度（Se）和特异性（Sp）。结果显示，CedBTN1 的 Se 为 100%，Sp 为 98.1%，CedBTN2 的 Se 和 Sp 均为 100%。使用从受感染和未感染的 C. edule 及其他受 BTN 影响的双壳类动物中提取的 DNA 对分析 Sp 和 Se 进行了测试。检测结果表明，分析灵敏度和特异性都很高，在 CedBTN1 细胞占 85.7% 的毛蚶血淋巴样本中，当 DNA 浓度为 0.05 纳克/微升时，可检测到低至 0.4% 的循环 CedBTN1 细胞。多重 PCR 检测对 CedBTN 具有类型特异性，并能同时检测两种细胞系。总之，这种多重 PCR 检测法是检测毛蚶传染性癌症的可靠工具，有助于诊断和监测该疾病。
{"title":"Novel PCR assay for the identification of two transmissible cancers in Cerastoderma edule","authors":"Martín Santamarina , Alicia L. Bruzos , Ana Pequeño-Valtierra , Jorge Rodríguez-Castro , Seila Díaz , Jose M.C. Tubio","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transmissible cancers are a rare phenomenon in which cancer cells are passed between individuals, leading to the development of neoplasia in the host organism. Transmissible cancers have been identified in three independent clonal lineages in mammals and eight different clonal lineages in bivalves. This study focused on the development of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of two types of bivalve transmissible neoplasias (BTN) of cockles <em>Cerastoderma edule</em> (CedBTN1 and CedBTN2). The diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the new PCR of hemolymph samples were assessed using a maximum likelihood estimation in the 88 samples compared to diagnoses obtained by histology and confirmed with genomic analyses. The results showed a Se of 100 % and a Sp of 98.1 % for CedBTN1, and a Se and Sp of 100 % for CedBTN2. The analytical Sp and Se were tested using DNA extractions from infected and non-infected <em>C. edule</em> and other bivalves affected by BTN. The assay demonstrated high analytical sensitivity and specificity, detecting down to 0.4 % of circulating CedBTN1 cells at a DNA concentration of 0.05 ng/µL in a hemolymph sample of a cockle with 85.7 % of CedBTN1 cells. The multiplex PCR assay was type-specific for CedBTN and capable of detecting both lineages simultaneously.</div><div>Overall, this multiplex PCR assay is a reliable tool for the detection of transmissible cancers in cockles which will facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 108232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are known for their efficacy in controlling adult mosquito populations by penetrating through their cuticle. However, the effect of oral administration of EPF on the biological parameters of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effect of orally administrated EPF isolates on the survival, feeding behavior, fecundity, fertility, follicle development and host-searching behavior in response to yeast-generated CO2 of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. An initial screening of 50 isolates involved exposure of adult Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi by integument inoculation. Subsequently, the entomopathogenic effect of the five highly virulent isolates was confirmed through oral administration revealing Beauveria pseudobassiana 42–51 as a potent mosquito killer. B. pseudobassiana 42–51 was administered orally to evaluate sub-lethal effects. The results showed a 63 % and 43 % reduction in blood feeding of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in egg hatching rate was observed, with a reduction of 83% for Ae. aegypti and 74% for An. stephensi on the seventh day following fungal administration, showing decreased hatchability in both species. Poor and abnormal follicle development was observed in both mosquito species. Also, the host-searching behavior was evaluated by attraction to CO2 utilizing a Y-tube olfactometer. A tendency of reduction in the attraction rate towards the odor was observed three days post-fungal administration. These findings underscore the significant impact of oral administration of B. pseudobassiana 42–51 on mosquitoes, highlighting not only its lethal effects but also sub lethal impacts on their biology. Moreover, this fungus may exhibit the potential to simultaneously control both mosquito species and serve as a biocontrol agent for the management of vector-borne diseases.
{"title":"Pathogenicity and sub-lethal activity of orally administered entomopathogenic fungi against two adult mosquito species, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Sikandar Hussain , Hirotaka Kanuka , Aurelie Rakotondrafara , Masayuki Tani , Daigo Aiuchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are known for their efficacy in controlling adult mosquito populations by penetrating through their cuticle. However, the effect of oral administration of EPF on the biological parameters of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Anopheles stephensi</em> remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effect of orally administrated EPF isolates on the survival, feeding behavior, fecundity, fertility, follicle development and host-searching behavior in response to yeast-generated CO<sub>2</sub> of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>An. stephensi</em>. An initial screening of 50 isolates involved exposure of adult <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>An. stephensi</em> by integument inoculation. Subsequently, the entomopathogenic effect of the five highly virulent isolates was confirmed through oral administration revealing <em>Beauveria pseudobassiana</em> 42–51 as a potent mosquito killer. <em>B. pseudobassiana</em> 42–51 was administered orally to evaluate sub-lethal effects. The results showed a 63 % and 43 % reduction in blood feeding of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>An. stephensi</em>, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in egg hatching rate was observed, with a reduction of 83% for <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and 74% for <em>An. stephensi</em> on the seventh day following fungal administration, showing decreased hatchability in both species. Poor and abnormal follicle development was observed in both mosquito species. Also, the host-searching behavior was evaluated by attraction to CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing a Y-tube olfactometer. A tendency of reduction in the attraction rate towards the odor was observed three days post-fungal administration. These findings underscore the significant impact of oral administration of <em>B. pseudobassiana</em> 42–51 on mosquitoes, highlighting not only its lethal effects but also sub lethal impacts on their biology. Moreover, this fungus may exhibit the potential to simultaneously control both mosquito species and serve as a biocontrol agent for the management of vector-borne diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 108233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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