Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108526
Haniieh Atrchian, Kamran Mahdian, Hamzeh Izadi
The term cellular immune response refers to hemocyte-mediated responses. In the present study, five types of circulating hemocytes in larvae of the predatory coccinellid, Menochillus sexmaculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was identified, including prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. The number of total hemocytes per larva increased significantly 6 h after the injection of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia. Upon conidia challenge, observed considerable increase in granulocyte counts following larval treatment after 3 h but the number of plasmatocytes significantly increased after 3 and 6 h. Moreover, the result confirmed the significant increase in phenoloxidase activity and nodulation in M. sexmaculatus larvae at the beginning of infection M. sexmaculatus. Overall, the cellular immune response of M. sexmaculatus helped eliminate the invading organisms even though not all the fungal conidia are killed.
{"title":"Immunological responses of larval Menochilus sexmaculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)","authors":"Haniieh Atrchian, Kamran Mahdian, Hamzeh Izadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The term cellular immune response refers to hemocyte-mediated responses. In the present study, five types of circulating hemocytes in larvae of the predatory coccinellid, <em>Menochillus sexmaculatus</em> (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was identified, including prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. The number of total hemocytes per larva increased significantly 6 h after the injection of <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia. Upon conidia challenge, observed considerable increase in granulocyte counts following larval treatment after 3 h but the number of plasmatocytes significantly increased after 3 and 6 h. Moreover, the result confirmed the significant increase in phenoloxidase activity and nodulation in <em>M. sexmaculatus</em> larvae at the beginning of infection <em>M. sexmaculatus</em>. Overall, the cellular immune response of <em>M. sexmaculatus</em> helped eliminate the invading organisms even though not all the fungal conidia are killed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108524
Alihan Katlav , Sitaram Aryal , Manoj Dhakal , Michael Duncan , Clarissa M. House , Uffe N. Nielsen , James M. Cook , Robert N. Spooner-Hart , Markus Riegler
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are effective biocontrol agents against soil-borne insect pests, yet the risks they pose to beneficial insects are understudied, particularly when applied outside soil environments. With growing interest in above-ground applications of EPNs such as on crop foliage or against pests of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) in hives, it is essential to evaluate their effects on honey bees. We conducted a large-scale assessment of honey bee brood and adult worker susceptibility to Australian EPN isolates ex situ and in situ. At 25 °C, filter paper bioassays showed that larvae (final instar) were highly susceptible to all EPN isolates (LC50 range: 0.66 to 6.8 IJs/cm2), with Heterorhabditis indica (particularly isolates Hi.HRN and Hi.HRN2) being the most virulent. Increasing the assay temperature to 33 °C slightly reduced virulence across isolates, yet all remained pathogenic (LC50 range: 0.7 to 9 IJs/cm2). Similarly, adult workers were highly susceptible (LC50 range: 1.8 to 10 IJs/cm2), again with H. indica Hi.HRN2 showing the greatest virulence. Conversely, Steinernema feltiae (notably isolate Sf.CPBR2) was the least virulent species, although it was still capable of causing high mortality in both honey bee larvae and workers. Interestingly, parasitisation of honey bee larvae by Varroa destructor increased susceptibility to S. feltiae Sf.CPBR2 but not to H. indica Hi.HRN2. Under hive-like conditions, direct treatment of uncapped and capped brood cells with H. indica Hi.HRN2 resulted in <50 % larval and <33 % pupal mortality. Finally, H. indica Hi.HRN2 treatment of subcolonies caused 19 % larval, 5.5 % pupal and 18 % adult worker mortality. Overall, our results indicate that EPN above-ground applications require precautions to safeguard honey bees, particularly during honey bee foraging or for in-hive use.
{"title":"The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Susceptibility of honey bee to entomopathogenic nematodes","authors":"Alihan Katlav , Sitaram Aryal , Manoj Dhakal , Michael Duncan , Clarissa M. House , Uffe N. Nielsen , James M. Cook , Robert N. Spooner-Hart , Markus Riegler","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are effective biocontrol agents against soil-borne insect pests, yet the risks they pose to beneficial insects are understudied, particularly when applied outside soil environments. With growing interest in above-ground applications of EPNs such as on crop foliage or against pests of the western honey bee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) in hives, it is essential to evaluate their effects on honey bees. We conducted a large-scale assessment of honey bee brood and adult worker susceptibility to Australian EPN isolates ex situ and in situ. At 25 °C, filter paper bioassays showed that larvae (final instar) were highly susceptible to all EPN isolates (LC<sub>50</sub> range: 0.66 to 6.8 IJs/cm<sup>2</sup>), with <em>Heterorhabditis indica</em> (particularly isolates Hi.HRN and Hi.HRN2) being the most virulent. Increasing the assay temperature to 33 °C slightly reduced virulence across isolates, yet all remained pathogenic (LC<sub>50</sub> range: 0.7 to 9 IJs/cm<sup>2</sup>). Similarly, adult workers were highly susceptible (LC<sub>50</sub> range: 1.8 to 10 IJs/cm<sup>2</sup>), again with <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2 showing the greatest virulence. Conversely, <em>Steinernema feltiae</em> (notably isolate Sf.CPBR2) was the least virulent species, although it was still capable of causing high mortality in both honey bee larvae and workers. Interestingly, parasitisation of honey bee larvae by <em>Varroa destructor</em> increased susceptibility to <em>S. feltiae</em> Sf.CPBR2 but not to <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2. Under hive-like conditions, direct treatment of uncapped and capped brood cells with <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2 resulted in <50 % larval and <33 % pupal mortality. Finally, <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2 treatment of subcolonies caused 19 % larval, 5.5 % pupal and 18 % adult worker mortality. Overall, our results indicate that EPN above-ground applications require precautions to safeguard honey bees, particularly during honey bee foraging or for in-hive use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108522
Yu-Ru Lin, Guan-Lin Lai, Yu-Hsuan Sun, Ta-Jeng Yang, Ting-Yu Huang, Huu-The Nguyen, Muhammad Ar Rozzaaq Nugraha, Novi Rosmala Dewi, Yeh-Fang Hu, Fan-Hua Nan
Trained innate immunity has been linked to epigenetic regulation in vertebrates, but corresponding mechanisms in shrimp remain poorly understood. Hemocytes are the central immune cells of Penaeus vannamei, and their chromatin states may reflect regulatory responses to microbial stimulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging mediators of immune-related intercellular communication, although their roles in shrimp immunity remain largely unexplored. In this study, we examined histone H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 dynamics in shrimp hemocytes following priming with formalin-inactivated Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND (VPAHPND) using immunofluorescence-based semi-quantitative analysis across multiple time points and doses. Hemolymph-derived EVs were further characterized by nano-flow cytometry at Day 7 post-priming. Semi-quantitative image analysis revealed no significant differences in H3K4me3 or H3K27me3 among groups at Day 1. At Day 2, a significant increase in H3K4me3 was detected only in the medium-dose group (7.5 × 106 CFU/mL), while H3K27me3 showed no group-level differences. By Day 4, the high-dose group (7.5 × 107 CFU/mL) exhibited significantly elevated levels of both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 compared with control and lower-dose groups. By Day 7, histone modification levels across all groups had largely returned to baseline. At Day 7, EVs were detected in shrimp hemolymph with stable size distributions but altered particle concentrations in the high-dose group. These EV observations are preliminary, based on limited sample availability and single-method characterization. Together, this study provides exploratory evidence that histone modification responses in shrimp hemocytes following bacterial priming are transient and dose-specific, accompanied by preliminary observations of hemolymph-derived EV profiles, establishing a baseline for future studies on epigenetic regulation and systemic communication in shrimp immunity.
{"title":"Exploratory analysis of epigenetic dynamics and small extracellular vesicles in Penaeus vannamei hemocytes under inactivated Vibrio parahaemolyticus priming","authors":"Yu-Ru Lin, Guan-Lin Lai, Yu-Hsuan Sun, Ta-Jeng Yang, Ting-Yu Huang, Huu-The Nguyen, Muhammad Ar Rozzaaq Nugraha, Novi Rosmala Dewi, Yeh-Fang Hu, Fan-Hua Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trained innate immunity has been linked to epigenetic regulation in vertebrates, but corresponding mechanisms in shrimp remain poorly understood. Hemocytes are the central immune cells of <em>Penaeus vannamei</em>, and their chromatin states may reflect regulatory responses to microbial stimulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging mediators of immune-related intercellular communication, although their roles in shrimp immunity remain largely unexplored. In this study, we examined histone H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 dynamics in shrimp hemocytes following priming with formalin-inactivated <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> AHPND (VP<sub>AHPND</sub>) using immunofluorescence-based semi-quantitative analysis across multiple time points and doses. Hemolymph-derived EVs were further characterized by nano-flow cytometry at Day 7 post-priming. Semi-quantitative image analysis revealed no significant differences in H3K4me3 or H3K27me3 among groups at Day 1. At Day 2, a significant increase in H3K4me3 was detected only in the medium-dose group (7.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/mL), while H3K27me3 showed no group-level differences. By Day 4, the high-dose group (7.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL) exhibited significantly elevated levels of both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 compared with control and lower-dose groups. By Day 7, histone modification levels across all groups had largely returned to baseline. At Day 7, EVs were detected in shrimp hemolymph with stable size distributions but altered particle concentrations in the high-dose group. These EV observations are preliminary, based on limited sample availability and single-method characterization. Together, this study provides exploratory evidence that histone modification responses in shrimp hemocytes following bacterial priming are transient and dose-specific, accompanied by preliminary observations of hemolymph-derived EV profiles, establishing a baseline for future studies on epigenetic regulation and systemic communication in shrimp immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145804655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108521
Beom Jun Park , Yoo Bin Yoon , Soon Cheol Park , Sung Jae Cho , Dong Ho Lee , David Chung , Brenda I. Medina-Jiménez , Jae-Hyo Bae , Seung-Jun Mun , Jung-Woong Kim , Sung-Jin Cho
Innate immunity is an ancient defense system present in most multicellular organisms. Among the key mediators of innate immunity, interleukin-17 (IL-17) is considered as the most well-conserved cytokine across animal phyla and plays a central role in promoting inflammation and regulating immune responses. Despite their lack of adaptive immunity, invertebrates exhibit complex immune responses mediated by soluble immune mediators such as cytokine-like molecules. Although the function of IL-17 has not been studied as extensively in lophotrochozoa as in deuterostomes and ecdysozoa, it has been suggested that annelids and bivalve mollusks produce evolutionarily conserved cytokines, including IL-17, whose function remains poorly understood. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the molecular structure and spatial expression patterns of annelid IL-17 proteins. Their inducibility following challenges with Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, or lipopolysaccharide was additionally examined. Five new full-length complementary DNA sequences of earthworm IL-17, designated EanIL-17A/B/C/D/E, may be subcategorized into two groups—subgroup A, including EanIL-17A, comprises seven highly conserved cysteine residues, six of which are predicted to form three cystine knots between the conserved Cys 1 and 4, Cys 2 and 5, and Cys 3 and 6; and subgroup B, including EanIL-17B/C/D/E, contains two highly conserved cysteine residues and four partially conserved cysteine residues, which are predicted to form two cystine knots between Cys 1 and 4 and Cys 2 and 5. Because the topology of knots plays a key role in receptor recognition and signaling transduction events in IL-17 signaling (Iyer and Acharya, 2011), these two types of IL-17s exhibiting different knot topologies are likely to be recognized by separate receptors. While EanIL-17A mRNA was primarily observed in coelomocytes, the majority of the expression signals of other EanIL-17 mRNAs were observed in the connective tissues of the body wall. These signals were mainly localized in the bundle sheaths of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and in the basal membrane, suggesting tissue-specific expression. Except for EanIL-17C, which responded only to Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other EanIL-17 mRNAs were upregulated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 6–24 h post-challenge, suggesting that they play an important role in earthworm immune defense against bacterial invasion and they are early response genes to pathogens.
{"title":"Identification and expression patterns of interleukin 17 (IL-17) genes in the earthworm Eisenia andrei: Differential inducibility and tissue-specific expression","authors":"Beom Jun Park , Yoo Bin Yoon , Soon Cheol Park , Sung Jae Cho , Dong Ho Lee , David Chung , Brenda I. Medina-Jiménez , Jae-Hyo Bae , Seung-Jun Mun , Jung-Woong Kim , Sung-Jin Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Innate immunity is an ancient defense system present in most multicellular organisms. Among the key mediators of innate immunity, interleukin-17 (IL-17) is considered as the most well-conserved cytokine across animal phyla and plays a central role in promoting inflammation and regulating immune responses. Despite their lack of adaptive immunity, invertebrates exhibit complex immune responses mediated by soluble immune mediators such as cytokine-like molecules. Although the function of IL-17 has not been studied as extensively in lophotrochozoa as in deuterostomes and ecdysozoa, it has been suggested that annelids and bivalve mollusks produce evolutionarily conserved cytokines, including IL-17, whose function remains poorly understood. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the molecular structure and spatial expression patterns of annelid IL-17 proteins. Their inducibility following challenges with Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, or lipopolysaccharide was additionally examined. Five new full-length complementary DNA sequences of earthworm <em>IL-17</em>, designated <em>EanIL-17A/B/C/D/E</em>, may be subcategorized into two groups—subgroup A, including EanIL-17A, comprises seven highly conserved cysteine residues, six of which are predicted to form three cystine knots between the conserved Cys 1 and 4, Cys 2 and 5, and Cys 3 and 6; and subgroup B, including EanIL-17B/C/D/E, contains two highly conserved cysteine residues and four partially conserved cysteine residues, which are predicted to form two cystine knots between Cys 1 and 4 and Cys 2 and 5. Because the topology of knots plays a key role in receptor recognition and signaling transduction events in IL-17 signaling (<span><span>Iyer and Acharya, 2011</span></span>), these two types of IL-17s exhibiting different knot topologies are likely to be recognized by separate receptors. While <em>EanIL-17A</em> mRNA was primarily observed in coelomocytes, the majority of the expression signals of other <em>EanIL-17</em> mRNAs were observed in the connective tissues of the body wall. These signals were mainly localized in the bundle sheaths of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and in the basal membrane, suggesting tissue-specific expression. Except for <em>EanIL-17C</em>, which responded only to Gram-negative <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, other <em>EanIL-17</em> mRNAs were upregulated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 6–24 h post-challenge, suggesting that they play an important role in earthworm immune defense against bacterial invasion and they are early response genes to pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108519
Daniele Bruno , Amr Mohamed , Rasha K. Al-Akeel , Hend M. Alharbi , Gianluca Tettamanti , Ioannis Eleftherianos
The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is a keystone for sustainable waste bioconversion and alternative protein production, and its tolerance to microbially rich substrates reflects a robust innate immune system. Most of the recent advances in our understanding of BSF innate immunity have been published between 2020 and 2025; this review synthesizes those recent findings across molecular, cellular, and ecological scales. BSF larvae deploy rapid cellular defenses, such as phagocytosis and encapsulation, supported by a broad and dynamic humoral arsenal—including dozens of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), lysozyme, and melanization factors—that are often strongly induced following microbial challenge. Conserved signaling modules (Toll/Imd-like cascades and dual oxidase–mediated pathway) shape both systemic resistance and gut microbial composition, while the resident microbiota contributes to pathogen suppression. Noteworthy, nutrition and environment can markedly shape BSF immunity: for example, nutrient-poor diets alter AMP expression and hemocyte numbers, while microbe- or fungus-rich substrates induce distinct AMP production and cellular responses. In general, BSF can reduce zoonotic pathogen load in the rearing substrate, BSF-derived AMPs act against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and BSF-based feedstuffs enhance immune markers in livestock—biosecurity and development of value-added BSF-based bioproducts. Modern tools (high-quality genomes, transcriptomics, proteomics, RNAi, and CRISPR) now permit precise functional dissection of immune mechanisms in this insect, but key gaps remain, including antiviral and antiparasite defenses, the roles of JAK/STAT signaling, and mechanisms of immune ontogeny. Building on this synthesis, we identify critical knowledge gaps and propose prioritized research and applied actions to improve biosecurity and advance BSF bioproduct development.
{"title":"Immunity of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): recent progress and technological applications","authors":"Daniele Bruno , Amr Mohamed , Rasha K. Al-Akeel , Hend M. Alharbi , Gianluca Tettamanti , Ioannis Eleftherianos","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The black soldier fly (BSF, <em>Hermetia illucens</em>) is a keystone for sustainable waste bioconversion and alternative protein production, and its tolerance to microbially rich substrates reflects a robust innate immune system. Most of the recent advances in our understanding of BSF innate immunity have been published between 2020 and 2025; this review synthesizes those recent findings across molecular, cellular, and ecological scales. BSF larvae deploy rapid cellular defenses, such as phagocytosis and encapsulation, supported by a broad and dynamic humoral arsenal—including dozens of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), lysozyme, and melanization factors—that are often strongly induced following microbial challenge. Conserved signaling modules (Toll/Imd-like cascades and dual oxidase–mediated pathway) shape both systemic resistance and gut microbial composition, while the resident microbiota contributes to pathogen suppression. Noteworthy, nutrition and environment can markedly shape BSF immunity: for example, nutrient-poor diets alter AMP expression and hemocyte numbers, while microbe- or fungus-rich substrates induce distinct AMP production and cellular responses. In general, BSF can reduce zoonotic pathogen load in the rearing substrate, BSF-derived AMPs act against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and BSF-based feedstuffs enhance immune markers in livestock—biosecurity and development of value-added BSF-based bioproducts. Modern tools (high-quality genomes, transcriptomics, proteomics, RNAi, and CRISPR) now permit precise functional dissection of immune mechanisms in this insect, but key gaps remain, including antiviral and antiparasite defenses, the roles of JAK/STAT signaling, and mechanisms of immune ontogeny. Building on this synthesis, we identify critical knowledge gaps and propose prioritized research and applied actions to improve biosecurity and advance BSF bioproduct development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525
Nguyen Thi Truc Linh , Pham Thi Hai Ha , Hong Mong Huyen , Do-Hyung Kim , Nguyen Thanh Luan
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, poses a critical threat to global shrimp aquaculture. This study evaluated antimicrobial efficacy of ten Vietnamese herbal extracts against multidrug-resistant AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) isolates from diseased white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Vinh Long, Vietnam. Three field isolates with complete intrinsic β-lactam resistance and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics were cultured and characterized via nested PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among conventional antibiotics, levofloxacin showed superior efficacy (28.22 ± 2.79 mm at 50 ppm), while most alternatives demonstrated reduced activity. Remarkably, herbal extracts demonstrated comparable or superior antimicrobial efficacy: Lagerstroemia speciosa exhibited the strongest activity (25.67 ± 0.58 mm inhibition zone), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.19–0.39 mg/mL and bactericidal minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratios of 2–3. Limnophila aromatica showed substantial activity (18.33 ± 0.58 mm), with MIC values of 0.78–1.56 mg/mL and MBC/MIC ratios of 3–4. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and sesquiterpene lactones in both extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed L. speciosa contained significantly higher polyphenolic (53.1 ± 2.8 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (195.2 ± 6.8 mg QE/g) contents compared to L. aromatica (48.7 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g and 182.4 ± 5.3 mg QE/g, respectively). This research establishes a crucial foundation for identifying abundant Vietnamese medicinal plants as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant VpAHPND in sustainable aquaculture. These findings establish L. speciosa and L. aromatica as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant VpAHPND in sustainable aquaculture, particularly for strains with accumulated acquired resistance mechanisms.
{"title":"Vietnamese herbal extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp aquaculture","authors":"Nguyen Thi Truc Linh , Pham Thi Hai Ha , Hong Mong Huyen , Do-Hyung Kim , Nguyen Thanh Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by<!--> <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>, poses a critical threat to global shrimp aquaculture. This study evaluated antimicrobial efficacy of ten Vietnamese herbal extracts against multidrug-resistant AHPND-causing<!--> <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> <!-->(Vp<sub>AHPND</sub>) isolates from diseased white-leg shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>) in Vinh Long, Vietnam. Three field isolates with complete intrinsic β-lactam resistance and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics were cultured and characterized via nested PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among conventional antibiotics, levofloxacin showed superior efficacy (28.22 ± 2.79 mm at 50 ppm), while most alternatives demonstrated reduced activity. Remarkably, herbal extracts demonstrated comparable or superior antimicrobial efficacy:<!--> <em>Lagerstroemia speciosa</em> <!-->exhibited the strongest activity (25.67 ± 0.58 mm inhibition zone), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.19–0.39 mg/mL and bactericidal minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratios of 2–3.<!--> <em>Limnophila aromatica</em> <!-->showed substantial activity (18.33 ± 0.58 mm), with MIC values of 0.78–1.56 mg/mL and MBC/MIC ratios of 3–4. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and sesquiterpene lactones in both extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed<!--> <em>L. speciosa</em> <!-->contained significantly higher polyphenolic (53.1 ± 2.8 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (195.2 ± 6.8 mg QE/g) contents compared to<!--> <em>L. aromatica</em> <!-->(48.7 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g and 182.4 ± 5.3 mg QE/g, respectively). This research establishes a crucial foundation for identifying abundant Vietnamese medicinal plants as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant Vp<sub>AHPND</sub> in sustainable aquaculture.<!--> <!-->These findings establish<!--> <em>L. speciosa</em> <!-->and<!--> <em>L. aromatica</em> <!-->as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant VpAHPND in sustainable aquaculture, particularly for strains with accumulated acquired resistance mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523
Elangovan Prabu , Pushparaj Chidambaram , Nathan Felix , Arumugam Uma , Albin Jemila Thangarani , Thangaraju Thiruvasagam , Ganesh Vijay Sundar Deva
In intensive shrimp aquaculture, the primary challenge is enhancing shrimp innate immunity to increase resilience against Vibrio-caused diseases. NagroWall, a commercial product containing prebiotic compounds (mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, nucleotides, and nucleosides) has been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics. This study evaluated the effect of adding NagroWall to Penaeus vannamei diet on growth and immune responses against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. 9600 juvenile shrimp (5.06 ± 0.10 g) were divided into four treatment groups in quadruplicates. Four treatment diets were formulated by adding 0, 1, 2, and 3 g 100 g−1 NagroWall to the basal diet (NW0, NW1, NW2, and NW3), and the feeding experiment spanned 60 days, with the respective diets administered three times daily at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00H. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of shrimp fed NW2 were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P < 0.005). A better feed conversion ratio, increased digestive enzyme activities, and muscle protein retention were observed in shrimp fed the NW2 diet (P<0.005). The survival rate and muscle amino acid composition were not significantly different between the treatment groups (P ˃ 0.005). After 7 days challenge test, shrimp fed NW2 showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the other treatments. Non-specific immune parameters and relative mRNA expression of immune-related genes (LYZ, TLR, and IMD) were significantly higher in shrimp fed NW2 diets (P < 0.005). A reduced mortality rate following Vibrio infection was observed in NW2 compared to the other groups. In conclusion, supplementation with 2 g 100 g−1 NagroWall enhanced the growth performance and resistance of P. vannamei to V. parahaemolyticus by modifying the innate immunity.
在集约化对虾养殖中，主要挑战是增强对虾的先天免疫，以增强对弧菌引起的疾病的抵御能力。NagroWall是一种含有益生元化合物（甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖、核苷酸和核苷）的商业产品，已被提议作为抗生素的替代品。本研究评价了在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加NagroWall对其生长和抗副溶血性弧菌感染的免疫反应的影响。选取幼虾9600只（5.06±0.10 g），分为4个处理组，每组4个重复。在基础饲粮（NW0、NW1、NW2和NW3）中分别添加0、1、2和3 g 100 g−1的NagroWall，配制4种处理饲粮，饲喂时间分别为每天06:00、12:00和18:00，饲喂时间为60 d。NW2饲喂对虾的末重、增重和特定生长率显著高于其他各组（P < 0.005）。饲喂NW2日粮的对虾具有较好的饲料转化率、较高的消化酶活性和肌肉蛋白质保留率（P<0.005）。各组间存活率和肌肉氨基酸组成差异无统计学意义（P > 0.005）。7 d攻毒试验后，饲喂NW2的对虾抗氧化酶活性高于其他处理。NW2饲料显著提高了虾的非特异性免疫参数和免疫相关基因（LYZ、TLR和IMD） mRNA的相对表达量（P < 0.005）。与其他组相比，NW2组感染弧菌后的死亡率降低。综上所述，添加2 g 100 g−1 NagroWall可通过改变先天免疫增强凡纳美弧菌的生长性能和对副溶血性弧菌的抗性。
{"title":"Immunostimulation of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) through dietary NagroWall enhances resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Elangovan Prabu , Pushparaj Chidambaram , Nathan Felix , Arumugam Uma , Albin Jemila Thangarani , Thangaraju Thiruvasagam , Ganesh Vijay Sundar Deva","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In intensive shrimp aquaculture, the primary challenge is enhancing shrimp innate immunity to increase resilience against Vibrio-caused diseases. NagroWall, a commercial product containing prebiotic compounds (mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, nucleotides, and nucleosides) has been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics. This study evaluated the effect of adding NagroWall to <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> diet on growth and immune responses against <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> infection. 9600 juvenile shrimp (5.06 ± 0.10 g) were divided into four treatment groups in quadruplicates. Four treatment diets were formulated by adding 0, 1, 2, and 3 g 100 g<sup>−1</sup> NagroWall to the basal diet (NW0, NW1, NW2, and NW3), and the feeding experiment spanned 60 days, with the respective diets administered three times daily at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00<em>H</em>. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of shrimp fed NW2 were significantly higher than those of the other groups (<em>P</em> < 0.005). A better feed conversion ratio, increased digestive enzyme activities, and muscle protein retention were observed in shrimp fed the NW2 diet (<em>P</em><0.005). The survival rate and muscle amino acid composition were not significantly different between the treatment groups (<em>P ˃</em> 0.005). After 7 days challenge test, shrimp fed NW2 showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the other treatments. Non-specific immune parameters and relative mRNA expression of immune-related genes (<em>LYZ</em>, <em>TLR</em>, and <em>IMD</em>) were significantly higher in shrimp fed NW2 diets (<em>P</em> < 0.005). A reduced mortality rate following Vibrio infection was observed in NW2 compared to the other groups. In conclusion, supplementation with 2 g 100 g<sup>−1</sup> NagroWall enhanced the growth performance and resistance of <em>P. vannamei</em> to <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> by modifying the innate immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520
Fernando Tamayo-Sánchez , Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco , Ma.Teresa Santillán-Galicia , Candelario Santillán-Ortega
Entomopathogenic fungi are widely used as biological control agents, but repeated in vitro subculturing can lead to degenerative changes affecting their efficacy. This study investigated the impact of serial subculturing on conidial size, production, germination, thermotolerance and virulence. We used G. mellonella larvae as a model host and evaluated four fungal isolates: Beauveria bassiana (Bb88), B. pseudobassiana (Bp30), Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma129) and M. pingshaense (Mp140). Conidia were from early (Sc1), intermediate (Sc5) or late (Sc10) subcultures. Results demonstrated isolate-specific variation in conidial size with increasing number of subcultures: Bb88 exhibited no variation; Bp30 showed an increase in size with increased subculture; Mp140 and Ma129 exhibited a decrease in size with increased subculture. Conidia production declined progressively with subculturing in Bb88, Bp30 and Mp140, while conidia yield of Ma129 remained stable. In contrast, germination, thermotolerance and virulence against G. mellonella were not significantly affected across all isolates and subcultures. To determine whether degenerative traits could be restored, subcultured isolates were passaged through alternative insect hosts (Plutella xylostella, Galleria mellonella, Anthonomus eugenii and Phyllophaga sp). Host passage partially restored conidial production in Bb88 and Mp140, but not in isolate Bp30, except when recovered from P. xyllostella. While germination rates remained unchanged, host passage significantly affected conidial thermotolerance, especially in isolate Mp140. These findings highlight the necessity to monitor and manage subculturing practices and suggest that periodic host passage may sustain the biological control potential of entomopathogenic fungi.
{"title":"Phenotypic and pathogenicity changes in Beauveria and Metarhizium isolates induced by serial subculturing and passage through different host species","authors":"Fernando Tamayo-Sánchez , Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco , Ma.Teresa Santillán-Galicia , Candelario Santillán-Ortega","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic fungi are widely used as biological control agents, but repeated <em>in vitro</em> subculturing can lead to degenerative changes affecting their efficacy. This study investigated the impact of serial subculturing on conidial size, production, germination, thermotolerance and virulence. We used <em>G. mellonella</em> larvae as a model host and evaluated four fungal isolates: <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> (Bb88), <em>B. pseudobassiana</em> (Bp30), <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (Ma129) and <em>M. pingshaense</em> (Mp140). Conidia were from early (Sc1), intermediate (Sc5) or late (Sc10) subcultures. Results demonstrated isolate-specific variation in conidial size with increasing number of subcultures: Bb88 exhibited no variation; Bp30 showed an increase in size with increased subculture; Mp140 and Ma129 exhibited a decrease in size with increased subculture. Conidia production declined progressively with subculturing in Bb88, Bp30 and Mp140, while conidia yield of Ma129 remained stable. In contrast, germination, thermotolerance and virulence against <em>G. mellonella</em> were not significantly affected across all isolates and subcultures. To determine whether degenerative traits could be restored, subcultured isolates were passaged through alternative insect hosts (<em>Plutella xylostella</em>, <em>Galleria mellonella</em>, <em>Anthonomus eugenii</em> and <em>Phyllophaga</em> sp). Host passage partially restored conidial production in Bb88 and Mp140, but not in isolate Bp30, except when recovered from <em>P. xyllostella</em>. While germination rates remained unchanged, host passage significantly affected conidial thermotolerance, especially in isolate Mp140. These findings highlight the necessity to monitor and manage subculturing practices and suggest that periodic host passage may sustain the biological control potential of entomopathogenic fungi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108518
Fareed Uddin Memon , Jing Xu , Xiaole Xie , Chan Shu , Yu Li , Kang Li , Yang Xiao , Ling Tian
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen threatening sericulture, yet the role of gut microbiota in strain-specific resistance remains poorly understood. This study compared three silkworm strains with high (Xinjiu, XJ), intermediate (An3, A3), and low (Zhenchixian, ZCX) resistance to BmNPV. Protein assays showed that the resistant XJ strain exhibited the lowest viral EGFP and VP39 expression and highest survival, whereas the susceptible ZCX strain displayed the opposite trend. Shotgun metagenomics revealed strain-specific microbial responses to infection. XJ and A3 maintained significantly higher alpha diversity and more dynamic beta diversity clustering than ZCX, with infection inducing increased microbial gene abundance and emergence of unique taxa in XJ. Taxonomic profiling showed XJ enriched in Firmicutes and beneficial fungal taxa such as Mucoromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota, alongside reductions in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria following infection. At finer resolution, resistant strains were enriched in beneficial bacterial classes (Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria, Opitutae) and fungal classes (Agaricomycetes, Saccharomycetes), with cooperative co-occurrence networks linking these taxa and antagonizing pathogens. In contrast, ZCX was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Actinomycetia, and Hydrogenophilalia, consistent with dysbiosis and susceptibility. Functional analysis demonstrated pronounced metabolic reprogramming in resistant strains, especially XJ, with coordinated activation of carbohydrate, amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism, forming tightly integrated functional networks. Together, these findings reveal that silkworm resistance to BmNPV is associated with microbiome diversity, restructuring toward beneficial taxa, and synergistic metabolic pathways, offering new insights for probiotic-based antiviral strategies.
家蚕核多角体病毒（Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrovirus, BmNPV）是一种威胁蚕桑养殖的主要病原体，但肠道微生物群在菌株特异性抗性中的作用尚不清楚。本研究比较了3个家蚕品系对BmNPV的高抗性（新九、XJ）、中抗性（AN3、A3）和低抗性（真赤县、ZCX）。蛋白检测结果显示，抗性菌株XJ的EGFP和VP39病毒表达量最低，体重损失最小，存活率最高，而易感菌株ZCX则相反。霰弹枪宏基因组学揭示了菌株对感染的特异性微生物反应。与ZCX相比，XJ和A3保持了更高的α多样性和更动态的β多样性聚类，感染诱导了XJ微生物基因丰度的增加和独特分类群的出现。分类学分析显示，XJ在厚壁菌门和有益真菌类群（如Mucoromycota、Ascomycota、担子菌门和Zoopagomycota）中富集，同时在感染后放线菌门和变形菌门中减少。在更精细的分辨率下，耐药菌株在有益菌类（芽胞杆菌、α变形菌、Opitutae）和真菌类（aga omycetes、saccharomyetes）中富集，这些类群与拮抗病原体之间存在合作共发生的网络。相比之下，ZCX以γ变形菌、放线菌和嗜氢菌为主，与生态失调和易感性相一致。功能分析表明，抗性菌株（尤其是XJ）的代谢重编程明显，碳水化合物、氨基酸、核苷酸和脂质代谢协同激活，形成紧密整合的功能网络。总之，这些发现揭示了家蚕对BmNPV的抗性与微生物组多样性、向有益分类群的重组和协同代谢途径有关，为基于益生菌的抗病毒策略提供了新的见解。
{"title":"Strain-specific gut microbiota modulation is linked to resistance to BmNPV infection in silkworms","authors":"Fareed Uddin Memon , Jing Xu , Xiaole Xie , Chan Shu , Yu Li , Kang Li , Yang Xiao , Ling Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bombyx mori</em> nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen threatening sericulture, yet the role of gut microbiota in strain-specific resistance remains poorly understood. This study compared three silkworm strains with high (Xinjiu, XJ), intermediate (An3, A3), and low (Zhenchixian, ZCX) resistance to BmNPV. Protein assays showed that the resistant XJ strain exhibited the lowest viral EGFP and VP39 expression and highest survival, whereas the susceptible ZCX strain displayed the opposite trend. Shotgun metagenomics revealed strain-specific microbial responses to infection. XJ and A3 maintained significantly higher alpha diversity and more dynamic beta diversity clustering than ZCX, with infection inducing increased microbial gene abundance and emergence of unique taxa in XJ. Taxonomic profiling showed XJ enriched in Firmicutes and beneficial fungal taxa such as Mucoromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota, alongside reductions in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria following infection. At finer resolution, resistant strains were enriched in beneficial bacterial classes (Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria, Opitutae) and fungal classes (Agaricomycetes, Saccharomycetes), with cooperative co-occurrence networks linking these taxa and antagonizing pathogens. In contrast, ZCX was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Actinomycetia, and Hydrogenophilalia, consistent with dysbiosis and susceptibility. Functional analysis demonstrated pronounced metabolic reprogramming in resistant strains, especially XJ, with coordinated activation of carbohydrate, amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism, forming tightly integrated functional networks. Together, these findings reveal that silkworm resistance to BmNPV is associated with microbiome diversity, restructuring toward beneficial taxa, and synergistic metabolic pathways, offering new insights for probiotic-based antiviral strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108504
Laura E. Cota-Ortega , Irais Ramírez-Sánchez , Bruno Gomez-Gil , Sonia A. Soto-Rodríguez , José Luis Balcázar , Eduardo Quiroz-Guzmán
Despite notable advances in shrimp aquaculture over recent decades, infectious diseases remain a major limiting factor for further intensification. Among these, vibriosis has caused substantial economic losses worldwide. This study, therefore, aimed to identify and characterize virulence- and antibiotic resistance-associated genes in Vibrio species isolated from Mexican shrimp farms affected by disease outbreaks. Six Vibrio strains were isolated and identified through whole-genome sequencing. One strain was identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which carries several antibiotic resistance genes on its chromosome and harbors a plasmid containing the pirA and pirB toxin genes responsible for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). The remaining five strains were identified as Vibrio diabolicus, which also carry several antibiotic resistance genes but lack the pirA- and pirB toxin genes. Moreover, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed that the V. parahaemolyticus strain identified in this study is genetically more closely related to strains previously isolated in China. In contrast, the V. diabolicus strains show greater similarity to a strain from Colombia, although genetic differences among them remain evident. Taken together, these findings highlight the complexity of genetic relationships among these isolates and suggest possible routes of global dissemination.
{"title":"Whole-genome insights into antibiotic resistance in Vibrio strains isolated from shrimp farms in Mexico","authors":"Laura E. Cota-Ortega , Irais Ramírez-Sánchez , Bruno Gomez-Gil , Sonia A. Soto-Rodríguez , José Luis Balcázar , Eduardo Quiroz-Guzmán","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite notable advances in shrimp aquaculture over recent decades, infectious diseases remain a major limiting factor for further intensification. Among these, vibriosis has caused substantial economic losses worldwide. This study, therefore, aimed to identify and characterize virulence- and antibiotic resistance-associated genes in <em>Vibrio</em> species isolated from Mexican shrimp farms affected by disease outbreaks. Six <em>Vibrio</em> strains were isolated and identified through whole-genome sequencing. One strain was identified as <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>, which carries several antibiotic resistance genes on its chromosome and harbors a plasmid containing the <em>pirA</em> and <em>pirB</em> toxin genes responsible for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). The remaining five strains were identified as <em>Vibrio diabolicus</em>, which also carry several antibiotic resistance genes but lack the <em>pirA</em>- and <em>pirB</em> toxin genes. Moreover, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed that the <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> strain identified in this study is genetically more closely related to strains previously isolated in China. In contrast, the <em>V. diabolicus</em> strains show greater similarity to a strain from Colombia, although genetic differences among them remain evident. Taken together, these findings highlight the complexity of genetic relationships among these isolates and suggest possible routes of global dissemination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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