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SENSOR-BASED PLANNING AND CONTROL FOR CONFORMAL DEPOSITION ON A DEFORMABLE SURFACE USING AN ARTICULATED INDUSTRIAL ROBOT 基于传感器的可变形表面保形沉积规划与控制的关节式工业机器人
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063560
Yang Yang, Ying Cai, Yeo Jung Yoon, Hangbo Zhao, Satyandra K. Gupta
Abstract Robotic manipulators can be used to deposit materials on non-planar surfaces. Conventional sensor-based industrial robots can only work on stationary surfaces, relying on the scanned data prior to printing. As a result, performing depositions that involve changes in plane motion presents significant challenges. The deposition of conformal materials on a time-varying deformable surface requires the manipulators to update coordinates in real time on the plane for positioning and orientation. This can be achieved by employing multiple sensors for manipulator motion planning and control, in order to prevent collisions between the tool and the surface. In this paper, we propose simple tool center point calibration, initial point coordinate estimation, and a gap compensation scheme to combine real-time feedback control and direct conformal deposition. Combining these elements allows us to maintain a controlled gap between the tooltip and the deformable surface during the deposition. We test the efficacy of the proposed approach by printing a single layer of ink patterns with approximately 950 μm line width on a deformable surface. We also characterize the printing quality with different gaps and printing steps and show that sensor-based control is critical in smooth printing. Finally, the effects of changing the relative position of the tooltip, different surface colors, and laser sensor position are characterized.
机器人机械手可以用于在非平面表面上沉积材料。传统的基于传感器的工业机器人只能在固定的表面上工作,依赖于打印前的扫描数据。因此,进行涉及平面运动变化的沉积提出了重大挑战。保形材料在时变变形表面上的沉积需要机器人实时更新平面上的坐标来进行定位和定向。这可以通过采用多个传感器进行机械手运动规划和控制来实现,以防止工具与表面之间的碰撞。本文提出了一种结合实时反馈控制和直接保形沉积的简单刀具中心点标定、初始点坐标估计和间隙补偿方案。结合这些元素,我们可以在沉积过程中保持工具提示和可变形表面之间的可控间隙。我们通过在可变形表面上打印约950 μm线宽的单层油墨图案来测试所提出方法的有效性。我们还描述了不同间隙和印刷步骤的印刷质量,并表明基于传感器的控制对于顺利印刷至关重要。最后,分析了改变工具提示的相对位置、不同表面颜色和激光传感器位置的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Coaxial Nozzle-Assisted Embedded 3D Printing of Single-Layered Channels Within a Yield-Stress Matrix Bath 同轴喷嘴辅助下屈服应力矩阵槽内单层通道的嵌入式3D打印
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063452
Lily Raymond, Weijian Hua, Naima Valentin, Ryan Coulter, Erick Bandala, Kaitlin Leong, Jada Okaikoi, Yifei Jin
Abstract Creating multilayered channels for mimicking human blood vessels in thick tissues is the main challenge to overcome in organ biofabrication. Current three-dimensional (3D) printing strategies cannot effectively manufacture hollow channels with multiple layers. This study aims to propose a coaxial nozzle-assisted embedded 3D printing method in which core–shell filaments can be formed in a yield-stress matrix bath by extruding different ink materials through the corresponding channels. The materials selected for the core ink, shell ink, and matrix bath are Pluronic F127 (F127) and calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium alginate (NaAlg), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and nanoclay, respectively. After crosslinking the matrix bath and shell, the core layer made from the sacrificial ink (F127) is removed to generate a single-layered, hollow channel. In this work, the effects of ink material properties and operating conditions on core–shell filament formation have been systematically studied. The rheological and mechanical properties of the yield-stress matrix bath have been characterized as well. A thick tissue-like structure with embedded single-layered, hollow channels has been successfully printed for demonstration. Since it is feasible to design coaxial nozzles with a core–shell–shell architecture, the proposed method is technically extendable to create double-layered channels within a cellular tissue construct, accurately mimicking human blood vascular networks in thick tissues in the future.
在厚组织中建立多层通道来模拟人体血管是器官生物制造中需要克服的主要挑战。目前的三维打印技术无法有效地制造多层中空通道。本研究旨在提出一种同轴喷嘴辅助的嵌入式3D打印方法,该方法通过相应的通道挤压不同的油墨材料,在屈服应力矩阵浴中形成核-壳细丝。芯墨、壳墨和基体液选用的材料分别为Pluronic F127 (F127)和氯化钙(CaCl2)、海藻酸钠(NaAlg)、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)和纳米粘土。将基体浴液与壳体交联后,除去由牺牲油墨(F127)制成的核心层,生成单层中空通道。本文系统地研究了油墨材料性能和操作条件对芯壳细丝形成的影响。本文还对屈服应力基体液的流变学和力学性能进行了表征。一种带有嵌入单层中空通道的厚组织状结构已成功打印用于演示。由于设计具有核-壳-壳结构的同轴喷嘴是可行的,因此所提出的方法在技术上是可扩展的,可以在细胞组织结构中创建双层通道,从而在未来准确地模拟厚组织中的人体血管网络。
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引用次数: 0
GENERATING DISPATCHING RULES FOR THE INTERRUPTING SWAP-ALLOWED BLOCKING JOB SHOP PROBLEM USING GRAPH NEURAL NETWORK AND REINFORCEMENT LEARNING 利用图神经网络和强化学习生成允许交换中断的阻塞作业车间调度规则
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063652
Vivian Wong, Sang Hun Kim, Junyoung Park, Jinkyoo Park, Kincho Law
Abstract The interrupting swap-allowed blocking job shop problem (ISBJSSP) is a complex scheduling problem that is able to model many manufacturing planning and logistics applications realistically by addressing both the lack of storage capacity and unforeseen production interruptions. Subjected to random disruptions due to machine malfunction or maintenance, industry production settings often choose to adopt dispatching rules to enable adaptive, real-time re-scheduling, rather than traditional methods that require costly re-computation on the new configuration every time the problem condition changes dynamically. To generate dispatching rules for the ISBJSSP problem, we introduce a dynamic disjunctive graph formulation characterized by nodes and edges subjected to continuous deletions and additions. This formulation enables the training of an adaptive scheduler utilizing graph neural networks and reinforcement learning. Furthermore, a simulator is developed to simulate interruption, swapping, and blocking in the ISBJSSP setting. By employing a set of reported benchmark instances, we conduct a detailed experimental study on ISBJSSP instances with a range of machine shutdown probabilities to show that the scheduling policies generated can outperform or are at least as competitive as existing dispatching rules with predetermined priority. This study shows that the ISBJSSP, which requires real-time adaptive solutions, can be scheduled efficiently with the proposed method when production interruptions occur with random machine shutdowns.
中断交换允许阻塞作业车间问题(ISBJSSP)是一个复杂的调度问题,它能够通过解决存储容量不足和不可预见的生产中断问题来模拟许多制造计划和物流应用。由于机器故障或维护造成的随机中断,工业生产设置通常选择采用调度规则来实现自适应、实时的重新调度,而不是传统的方法,这种方法需要在每次问题条件动态变化时重新计算昂贵的新配置。为了生成ISBJSSP问题的调度规则,我们引入了一种动态析取图公式,其特征是节点和边经过连续的删除和添加。这个公式可以利用图神经网络和强化学习来训练自适应调度程序。此外,还开发了一个模拟器来模拟ISBJSSP设置下的中断、交换和阻塞。通过使用一组报告的基准实例,我们对具有一系列机器关闭概率的ISBJSSP实例进行了详细的实验研究,以表明生成的调度策略可以优于或至少与具有预定优先级的现有调度规则一样具有竞争力。研究表明,当随机停机导致生产中断时,采用该方法可以有效地调度需要实时自适应解决方案的ISBJSSP。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Laser-Powder Alignment on Clad Dimension and Melt Pool Temperature in Directed Energy Deposition 定向能沉积中激光粉末对熔覆层尺寸和熔池温度的影响
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063390
Jihoon Jeong, Samantha Webster, Rujing Zha, Jon-Erik Mogonye, Kornel Ehmann, Jian Cao
Abstract The process parameters of Directed Energy Deposition (DED) have been widely studied including laser power, powder flow rate, and scanning speed. These parameters affect clad dimension and melt pool temperature, which are directly related to part quality. However, laser/powder profiles and their alignment have obtained less attention due to the cumbersome characterization process, although they can be directly associated with local energy density for melt pool formation. This study examines the impact of the alignment between the laser beam and powder flow distributions in DED on clad dimension and melt pool temperature. The laser beam and powder profiles are characterized by measuring their respective 2D Gaussian profiles for a given standoff distance. Aligned and misaligned laser-powder profiles are then used to build single-clad square geometries. It was found that a 500-µm offset between the centers of the laser and powder profiles causes up to a 20% change in both the width and the height of a single clad as well as an average temperature increase of 100 K. To understand the interaction between powder flow, energy flux, and local temperature, the local specific energy density distribution was plotted in 2D. These results suggest that laser-powder misalignment may significantly alter the thermal history and shape of deposited clads, possibly preventing DED-manufactured parts from meeting design properties and causing build failures.
摘要定向能沉积(DED)的工艺参数包括激光功率、粉末流速和扫描速度等,得到了广泛的研究。这些参数影响着包层尺寸和熔池温度,直接关系到零件质量。然而,由于表征过程繁琐,激光/粉末轮廓及其对准得到的关注较少,尽管它们可以直接与熔池形成的局部能量密度相关。本文研究了激光对线和粉末流分布对熔覆层尺寸和熔池温度的影响。激光束和粉末轮廓的特征是通过测量它们各自的二维高斯轮廓在给定的距离。然后使用对齐和不对齐的激光粉末轮廓来构建单层方形几何形状。结果表明,激光中心和粉末轮廓之间的500µm偏移会导致单包层的宽度和高度变化20%,平均温度升高100 K。为了了解粉末流动、能量通量和局部温度之间的相互作用,我们绘制了二维的局部比能量密度分布图。这些结果表明,激光粉末错位可能会显著改变沉积覆层的热历史和形状,可能会阻止ded制造的部件达到设计性能并导致构建失败。
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引用次数: 0
2023 Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference 2023制造科学与工程学术会议
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063521
Binil Starly, Albert Shih
Guest Editorial 2023 Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference Accepted Manuscript Binil Starly, Binil Starly 5999 S Backus Mall Mesa, AZ 85212 Email: binil.starly@asu.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Albert Shih Albert Shih Mech Engrg 2350 Hayward St 1029 Dow Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 Email: shiha@umich.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and Article Information Binil Starly 5999 S Backus Mall Mesa, AZ 85212 Albert Shih Mech Engrg 2350 Hayward St 1029 Dow Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 Email: shiha@umich.edu Email: binil.starly@asu.edu J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 1-2 (2 pages) Paper No: MANU-23-1588 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063521 Published Online: September 27, 2023 Article history Received: September 22, 2023 Revised: September 23, 2023 Accepted: September 23, 2023 Published: September 27, 2023
客座编辑2023制造科学与工程会议接受手稿Binil Starly, Binil Starly 5999 S Backus Mall Mesa, AZ 85212电子邮件:binil.starly@asu.edu搜索作者的其他作品在:本网站PubMed谷歌学者Albert Shih Albert Shih Mech Engrg 2350 Hayward St 1029 Dow Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125电子邮件:shiha@umich.edu搜索作者的其他作品在:该网站PubMed谷歌学者作者和文章信息Binil Starly 5999 S Backus Mall Mesa, AZ 85212 Albert Shih Mech Engrg 2350 Hayward St 1029 Dow Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 Email: shiha@umich.edu Email: binil.starly@asu.edu J. Manuf. Sci。论文编号:MANU-23-1588 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063521发表时间:2023年9月27日收稿时间:2023年9月22日修稿时间:2023年9月23日收稿时间:2023年9月23日发表时间:2023年9月27日
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引用次数: 0
A Spatio-Temporal Prediction and Planning Framework for Proactive Human-Robot Collaboration 主动人机协作的时空预测与规划框架
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063502
Jared Flowers, Gloria Wiens
Abstract A significant challenge in human–robot collaboration (HRC) is coordinating robot and human motions. Discoordination can lead to production delays and human discomfort. Prior works seek coordination by planning robot paths that consider humans or their anticipated occupancy as static obstacles, making them nearsighted and prone to entrapment by human motion. This work presents the spatio-temporal avoidance of predictions-prediction and planning framework (STAP-PPF) to improve robot–human coordination in HRC. STAP-PPF predicts multi-step human motion sequences based on the locations of objects the human manipulates. STAP-PPF then proactively determines time-optimal robot paths considering predicted human motion and robot speed restrictions anticipated according to the ISO15066 speed and separation monitoring (SSM) mode. When executing robot paths, STAP-PPF continuously updates human motion predictions. In real-time, STAP-PPF warps the robot’s path to account for continuously updated human motion predictions and updated SSM effects to mitigate delays and human discomfort. Results show the STAP-PPF generates robot trajectories of shorter duration. STAP-PPF robot trajectories also adapted better to real-time human motion deviation. STAP-PPF robot trajectories also maintain greater robot/human separation throughout tasks requiring close human–robot interaction. Tests with an assembly sequence demonstrate STAP-PPF’s ability to predict multi-step human tasks and plan robot motions for the sequence. STAP-PPF also most accurately estimates robot trajectory durations, within 30% of actual, which can be used to adapt the robot sequencing to minimize disruption.
人机协作(HRC)的一个重要挑战是协调机器人和人的运动。不协调会导致生产延迟和人类不适。先前的工作通过规划机器人路径来寻求协调,将人类或他们预期的占用视为静态障碍,使它们近视,容易被人类运动困住。本研究提出了一种时空回避预测-预测和规划框架(STAP-PPF),以改善人机协调。STAP-PPF基于人类操作对象的位置预测多步人类运动序列。然后,STAP-PPF根据ISO15066速度和分离监测(SSM)模式,考虑预测的人类运动和机器人速度限制,主动确定时间最优的机器人路径。在执行机器人路径时,STAP-PPF不断更新人类运动预测。在实时情况下,STAP-PPF会扭曲机器人的路径,以解释不断更新的人类运动预测和更新的SSM效应,以减轻延误和人类的不适。结果表明,STAP-PPF生成的机器人轨迹持续时间较短。STAP-PPF机器人的轨迹也能更好地适应实时的人体运动偏差。STAP-PPF机器人轨迹还在需要密切人机交互的任务中保持更大的机器人/人分离。装配序列的测试证明了STAP-PPF预测多步骤人类任务和计划机器人运动序列的能力。STAP-PPF还可以最准确地估计机器人的轨迹持续时间,在实际的30%以内,这可以用来调整机器人的排序,以尽量减少干扰。
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引用次数: 1
Smart Control of Springback in Stretch Bending of a Rectangular Tube by an Artificial Neural Network 基于人工神经网络的矩形管拉伸弯曲回弹智能控制
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063737
Taekwang Ha, Torgeir Welo, Geir Ringen, Jyhwen Wang
Abstract Springback is one of the factors that causes decreased product quality in metal forming. Advanced 2D and 3D stretch bending process can be used to manufacture a complex geometry a profile with springback reduction. For a non-linear springback problem, an artificial neural network (ANN) is an attractive data-driven approach to achieving springback prediction and control. The main objective of the present work is to control springback and improve geometrical quality with an ANN in 2D and 3D stretch bending. In general, an ANN is trained with collected data sets from a large number of experiments, causing expensive costs and time-consuming work. In the present work, the training data sets for the proposed ANN are obtained from both experiments and an analytical springback model. As the analytical model can adopt different bending angles, material properties, and geometries, supplementary data by the analytical model significantly reduced the number of experiments needed for ANN training. Contrary to the typical springback predictions, the proposed ANN synthesizes the machine settings based on the desired dimensions as the inputs. It is shown that springback can be controlled by specifying the bend angles provided by the ANN prediction. The proposed ANN method was validated in 2D and 3D stretch bending, and its prediction and control performance is favorably compared to an ANN trained with only experimental data sets.
摘要回弹是导致金属成形产品质量下降的因素之一。先进的2D和3D拉伸弯曲工艺可用于制造具有回弹减少的复杂几何形状的轮廓。对于非线性回弹问题,人工神经网络(ANN)是实现回弹预测和控制的一种有吸引力的数据驱动方法。本工作的主要目的是利用人工神经网络控制二维和三维拉伸弯曲的回弹和提高几何质量。一般来说,人工神经网络是用从大量实验中收集的数据集来训练的,这造成了昂贵的成本和耗时的工作。在目前的工作中,所提出的人工神经网络的训练数据集是从实验和分析回弹模型中获得的。由于解析模型可以采用不同的弯曲角度、材料性质和几何形状,因此通过解析模型补充数据大大减少了人工神经网络训练所需的实验次数。与典型的回弹预测相反,所提出的人工神经网络基于所需的尺寸作为输入来综合机器设置。结果表明,通过确定人工神经网络预测提供的弯曲角度,可以控制回弹。该方法在二维和三维拉伸弯曲中进行了验证,与仅使用实验数据集训练的人工神经网络相比,其预测和控制性能优越。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Tool Surface Properties Generated by Directed Energy Deposition and Subsequent Ball Burnishing 定向能沉积和后续球抛光产生的刀具表面特性的表征
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063736
Anna Komodromos, Joshua Grodotzki, Felix Kolpak, A. Erman Tekkaya
Abstract By Directed Energy Deposition (DED) a flexible design of cooling channels in forming tools, e.g. hot stamping, with a variety of sizes and a high positioning flexibility compared to machining processes is possible. The subsequent ball burnishing of the tool surfaces in combination with a variation of the DED process parameters enables a control of the tool surface properties and the friction behavior. Parameters such as the ball burnishing pressure or the path overlapping in the DED process are investigated to quantify their effects on roughness, hardness, friction, residual stresses and heat transfer coefficient of generic tool surfaces. The friction coefficient at elevated temperatures depends strongly on the surface roughness of the tool steel surfaces generated by DED and ball burnishing. The latter process improves the surface integrity: the roughness peaks are leveled by up to 75 %, the hardness and the residual stresses are enhanced by up to 20 % and 70 %, respectively. However, the roughness of the tool surfaces is determined mainly by the path overlapping of the welded beads in the DED process. Despite the higher surface roughness, the heat transfer coefficient is in the range of conventionally manufactured tool surfaces of up to 2,700 W/m2K for contact pressures up to 40 MPa. First hot stamping experiments demonstrate that the tools manufactured by the novel process combination are able to manufacture 22MnB5 hat profiles with an increased and more homogenous hardness as well as more homogeneous thickness distribution compared to conventionally manufactured tools.
通过定向能量沉积(DED),可以灵活地设计成形工具(如热冲压)的冷却通道,具有各种尺寸和与机械加工工艺相比的高定位灵活性。随后对刀具表面进行球磨,结合DED工艺参数的变化,可以控制刀具表面特性和摩擦行为。研究了球面抛光压力或路径重叠等参数对通用刀具表面粗糙度、硬度、摩擦、残余应力和传热系数的影响。高温下的摩擦系数很大程度上取决于由DED和球抛光产生的工具钢表面的表面粗糙度。后一种工艺提高了表面的完整性:粗糙度峰值提高了75%,硬度和残余应力分别提高了20%和70%。然而,工具表面的粗糙度主要是由焊珠在DED过程中的路径重叠决定的。尽管表面粗糙度更高,但在接触压力高达40 MPa的情况下,传统制造的刀具表面传热系数可达2,700 W/m2K。首先,热冲压实验表明,与传统制造的刀具相比,采用新工艺组合制造的刀具能够制造出硬度更高、厚度分布更均匀的22MnB5帽型。
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引用次数: 0
Chatter Avoidance by Spindle Speed and Orientation Planning in Five-Axis Ball-End Milling of Thin-Walled Blades 薄壁叶片五轴球端铣削中主轴转速和方向规划避免颤振
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063654
Behnam Karimi, Yusuf Altintas
Abstract Selecting suitable cutting conditions is crucial in maintaining chatter stability and achieving acceptable surface quality. However, the selection of a constant set of cutting parameters is not feasible due to the time-varying dynamics of highly flexible thin-walled blades. This paper presents an optimal selection of tool orientation and spindle speed along the tool path as the metal is removed during the ball end milling of blades. The effects of tool orientation and speed on the mechanics and dynamics of the ball-end milling process are formulated. Test case simulations are used to demonstrate the impact of tool orientation and speed on chatter stability and forced vibrations. The proposed algorithm identifies the optimal spindle speed and tool orientation by continuously updating the workpiece dynamics as a function of time and tool position to achieve improved stability and surface quality. Stability simulations are conducted to assess the optimization approach's performance, and the results are compared with experiments by machining a series of thin-walled twisted fan blades.
选择合适的切削条件是保持颤振稳定性和获得满意表面质量的关键。然而,由于高柔性薄壁叶片的时变动力学特性,选择一组恒定的切削参数是不可行的。介绍了刀具球头铣削过程中刀具方向和主轴转速沿刀具轨迹的最佳选择。阐述了刀具方向和速度对球头铣削过程力学和动力学的影响。测试用例模拟用于演示刀具方向和速度对颤振稳定性和强制振动的影响。该算法通过不断更新工件动态作为时间和刀具位置的函数来识别最佳主轴转速和刀具方向,从而提高稳定性和表面质量。通过稳定性仿真来评估优化方法的性能,并与一系列薄壁扭曲风扇叶片的加工实验结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Radius of Contact During Friction Surfacing of Stainless Steel 304L: Effect of Spindle Speed and Rod Diameter 304L不锈钢摩擦堆焊接触半径:主轴转速和杆径的影响
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063653
Hemant Agiwal, Hwasung Yeom, Kumar Sridharan, Shiva Rudraraju, Frank E. Pfefferkorn
Abstract The ‘radius of contact’ or the ‘real-rotational contact plane’, has been increasingly mentioned terminology in friction surfacing. However, the fundamental understanding of the flow dynamics behind this phenomenon is still very limited. The goal of this study was to understand the influence of spindle speed and consumable rod diameter on the flow dynamics and radius of contact during friction surfacing of 304L stainless steel over a substrate of the same material. Friction surfacing was performed using consumable rods with diameters of 4.76 mm, 9.52 mm, and 12.7 mm while using spindle speeds from 1,500 RPM to 20,000 RPM. The impact of spindle speed on deposition morphology, including the radius of contact, was studied. The radius of contact was calculated empirically and was found to be inversely proportional to the tangential velocity of the rod. The coupling between flow stresses and localized forces is hypothesized to be the key factor behind the variation of the radius of contact with processing conditions.
“接触半径”或“实旋转接触面”是摩擦表面加工中越来越多地被提及的术语。然而,对这种现象背后的流动动力学的基本理解仍然非常有限。本研究的目的是了解主轴转速和耗材杆直径对304L不锈钢摩擦表面在相同材料基体上的流动动力学和接触半径的影响。采用直径为4.76 mm、9.52 mm和12.7 mm的耗材进行摩擦堆焊,主轴转速为1,500 RPM至20,000 RPM。研究了主轴转速对接触半径等沉积形貌的影响。根据经验计算接触半径,发现接触半径与杆的切向速度成反比。假设流动应力和局部力之间的耦合是接触半径随加工条件变化的关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-transactions of The Asme
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