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Pose-dependent Cutting Force Identification for Robotic Milling 基于位姿的铣削机器人切削力辨识
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062145
Maxiao Hou, Hongru Cao, Yang Luo, Yanjie Guo
Cutting force identification is critical to improving industrial robot performance and reducing machining vibration. However, most indirect identification methods of cutting force are not applicable since the dynamic characteristics of the robotic milling system vary with the robot pose. In this paper, a novel pose-dependent method is proposed to identify the cutting force using the acceleration signal generated by robotic milling. Firstly, the modal parameters of the robot at different machining points are used as a training dataset to develop the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model. Next, the modal parameters predicted by the GPR model are used to optimize the cutting force estimation based on the minimum variance unbiased estimate method. Then, the Kalman filter method is used to update the covariance matrix of the cutting force identification error and the state estimation error. Lastly, the proposed method is verified with the experiment, and the results show that the identification error and time are acceptable under the condition of variable robot pose.
切削力识别是提高工业机器人性能和降低加工振动的关键。然而,由于机器人铣削系统的动态特性随机器人姿态的变化而变化,大多数切削力的间接识别方法都不适用。本文提出了一种利用机器人铣削产生的加速度信号识别切削力的新方法。首先,将机器人在不同加工点的模态参数作为训练数据集,建立高斯过程回归模型;然后,利用GPR模型预测的模态参数,基于最小方差无偏估计方法对切削力估计进行优化。然后,利用卡尔曼滤波方法对切削力辨识误差和状态估计误差的协方差矩阵进行更新;最后,通过实验验证了该方法的有效性,结果表明,在机器人姿态可变的情况下,该方法的识别误差和时间是可以接受的。
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引用次数: 1
Implementation of inerter-based dynamic vibration absorber for chatter suppression 基于interter的颤振抑制动态吸振器的实现
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062118
H. Dogan, N. Sims, D. Wagg
Chatter is one of the major issues that cause undesirable effects limiting machining productivity. Passive control devices, such as tuned mass dampers (TMDs), have been widely employed to increase machining stability by suppressing chatter. More recently, inerter-based devices have been developed for a wide variety of engineering vibration mitigation applications. However, no experimental study for the application of inerters to the machining stability problem has yet been conducted. This paper presents an implementation of an inerter-based dynamic vibration absorber (IDVA) to the problem of chatter stability, for the first time. For this, it employs the IDVA with a pivoted-bar inerter developed in [1] to mitigate the chatter effect under cutting forces in milling. Due to the nature of machining stability, the optimal design parameters for the IDVA are numerically obtained by considering the real part of the frequency response function (FRF) which enables the absolute stability limit in a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) to be maximised for a milling operation. Chatter performance is experimentally validated through milling trials using the prototype IDVA and a flexible workpiece. The experimental results show that the IDVA provides more than 15% improvement in the absolute stability limit compared to a classical TMD.
颤振是造成不良影响的主要问题之一,限制了加工生产率。被动控制装置,如调谐质量阻尼器(TMDs),已被广泛用于通过抑制颤振来提高加工稳定性。最近,基于惯性仪的设备已被开发用于各种工程减振应用。然而,还没有进行将惰性物质应用于加工稳定性问题的实验研究。本文首次提出了一种基于惯性的动态减振器(IDVA)来解决颤振稳定性问题。为此,它采用了IDVA和[1]中开发的枢轴杆惯性仪,以减轻铣削中切削力作用下的颤振效应。由于加工稳定性的性质,IDVA的最佳设计参数是通过考虑频率响应函数(FRF)的实部来数值获得的,该实部能够使铣削操作的单自由度(SDOF)中的绝对稳定性极限最大化。通过使用原型IDVA和柔性工件的铣削试验,对颤振性能进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,与经典TMD相比,IDVA在绝对稳定性极限上提高了15%以上。
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引用次数: 1
Face Turning of Single Crystal (111)Ge: Cutting Mechanics and Surface/Subsurface Characteristics 单晶表面车削(111):切削力学和表面/次表面特性
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057054
A. Zare, M. Tunesi, T. Harriman, John R. Troutman, M. Davies, D. Lucca
Single crystal Ge is a semiconductor that has broad applications, especially in manipulation of infra-red (IR) light. Diamond machining enables the efficient production of surfaces with tolerances required by the optical industry. During machining of anisotropic single crystals, the cutting direction with respect to the in-plane lattice orientation plays a fundamental role in the final quality of the surface and subsurface. In this study, on-axis face turning experiments were performed on an undoped (111)Ge wafer to investigate the effects of crystal anisotropy and feedrate on the surface and subsurface condition. Atomic force microscopy and scanning white light interferometry were used to characterize the presence of brittle fracture on the machined surfaces and to evaluate the resultant surface roughness. Raman spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the residual stresses and lattice disorder induced by the tool during machining. Nanoindentation with Berkovich and cube corner indenter tips was performed to evaluate elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness of the machined surfaces and to study their variations with feedrate and cutting direction. Post-indentation studies of selected indentations were also performed to characterize the corresponding quasi-plasticity mechanisms. It was found that an increase of feedrate produced a rotation of the resultant force imparted by the tool indication a shift from indentation-dominant to cutting-dominant behavior. Fracture increased with the feedrate and showed a higher propensity when the cutting direction belonged to the <112¯> family.
单晶锗是一种具有广泛应用的半导体,特别是在红外(IR)光的操纵方面。金刚石加工能够有效生产具有光学行业所需公差的表面。在加工各向异性单晶的过程中,相对于平面内晶格取向的切割方向对表面和次表面的最终质量起着重要作用。在本研究中,在未掺杂的(111)Ge晶片上进行了轴面车削实验,以研究晶体各向异性和进给速率对表面和亚表面条件的影响。原子力显微镜和扫描白光干涉测量法用于表征加工表面上是否存在脆性断裂,并评估由此产生的表面粗糙度。拉曼光谱用于评估加工过程中由工具引起的残余应力和晶格无序。使用Berkovich和直角压头尖端进行纳米压痕,以评估加工表面的弹性模量、硬度和断裂韧性,并研究它们随进给速率和切削方向的变化。还对选定压痕进行了压痕后研究,以表征相应的准塑性机制。研究发现,进给速率的增加产生了由刀具施加的合力的旋转,这表明从压痕主导行为转变为切削主导行为。断裂随着进给速度的增加而增加,当切割方向属于家族时,断裂表现出更高的倾向。
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引用次数: 2
Why parallelism of workpieces becomes convergent during double-sided lapping? 为什么双面研磨时工件的平行度会收敛?
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057053
Bo Pan, R. Kang, Xu Zhu, Zhe Yang, Juntao Zhang, Jiang Guo
Double-sided lapping (DSL) is a precision process widely used for machining flat workpieces, such as optical windows, wafers, and brake pads owing to its high efficiency and parallelism. However, the mechanism of parallelism error reduced by the DSL process was rarely investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between parallelism and the flatness was not clearly illustrated. To explain why the parallelism of workpieces becomes convergent by the DSL, a theoretical model has been developed in this paper by calculating the parallelism evolution with the consideration of variation contact situations between workpieces and lapping plates for the first time. Moreover, several workpieces, including a slanted one rendering the model close to the actual process, are taken to calculate the parallelism evolution, and the mechanism of the parallelism error reduced by the DSL process is clarified. The calculation result has indicated that the parallelism error was reduced from 100.0 μm to 25.6 μm based on the parallelism evolution model. The experimental results showed that the parallelism improved from 108.6 μm to 28.2 μm, which agreed with the theoretical results well.
双面研磨(DSL)是一种精密工艺,由于其高效率和平行性,被广泛用于加工平面工件,如光学窗口、晶圆和刹车片。然而,DSL过程减少并行度误差的机制很少被研究。此外,平行度和平面度之间的关系没有明确说明。为了解释DSL使工件平行度收敛的原因,本文首次在考虑工件与研磨板接触情况变化的情况下,通过计算平行度演化,建立了一个理论模型。此外,还选取了几个工件,包括一个使模型接近实际过程的倾斜工件,来计算并行度演化,并阐明了DSL过程降低并行度误差的机制。计算结果表明,基于并行度演化模型,并行度误差从100.0μm减小到25.6μm。实验结果表明,平行度从108.6μm提高到28.2μm,与理论结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 社论
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057045
Albert Shih, Ajay P. Malshe
May 2023 Editorial
2023年5月社论
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引用次数: 0
Pose optimization in robotic milling based on surface location error 基于曲面定位误差的铣削机器人位姿优化
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057055
Teng-fei Hou, Yang Lei, Ye Ding
Industrial robots have become a suitable alternative to machine tools due to their great flexibility, low cost, and large working space. However, the deformation and vibration caused by the cutting forces during machining result in poor machining accuracy and surface quality. In order to improve the machining performance of the robot, this paper proposes a posture optimization method for robotic milling with the redundant degree of freedom of the industrial robot. First, modal tests are conducted in the robotic workspace to obtain the parameters of the structural dynamics of the robotic milling system. Then, considering the dynamics model of the system, the optimization model based on surface location error (SLE) is proposed to obtain the optimal robotic posture. Finally, a series of experiments illustrate that pose optimization based on SLE can improve the machining accuracy and surface machining quality.
工业机器人具有灵活性强、成本低、工作空间大等优点,已成为机床的理想替代品。然而,在加工过程中,由于切削力引起的变形和振动导致加工精度和表面质量差。为了提高机器人的加工性能,提出了一种考虑工业机器人冗余自由度的机器人铣削姿态优化方法。首先,在机器人工作空间进行模态试验,得到机器人铣削系统的结构动力学参数。然后,考虑系统的动力学模型,提出了基于表面定位误差(SLE)的优化模型,以获得最优机器人姿态。最后,通过一系列的实验表明,基于SLE的位姿优化可以提高加工精度和表面加工质量。
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引用次数: 1
Understanding the Effects of Process Conditions on Thermal-Defect Relationship: A Transfer Machine Learning Approach 了解工艺条件对热缺陷关系的影响:一种传递机器学习方法
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057052
Ayantha Senanayaka, Wenmeng Tian, T. Falls, L. Bian
This study aims to develop an intelligent, rapid porosity prediction methodology for varying process conditions based on knowledge transfer from the existing process conditions. Conventional machine learning algorithms are extensively used in porosity prediction. However, these approaches assume that the training (source) and testing (target) data follow the same probability distribution, and the labeled data are available in both source and target domains. The source and target do not follow the same distribution in real-world manufacturing environments. The diversity of industrialization processes leads to heterogeneous data collection in different production conditions, and labeling is costly. Transfer learning is one of the robust techniques that enables transferring learned knowledge between source and target to establish a relationship while the target has less data. Therefore, this paper presents similarity-based multi-source transfer learning(SiMuS-TL) method to develop a relationship between a source and an unknown target. The similarities between sources and targets are learned by forming a new domain called the mixed domain, which organizes data into identity groups. Then, a group-based learning process is designated to transfer knowledge to make target predictions. The effectiveness of the SiMuS-TL is explored with the application of porosity prediction in additively manufactured parts in realistic situations, i.e., single-source and multi-sources transfer to unknown target porosity prediction. The porosity prediction accuracies are approximately 90% for both scenarios with the SiMuS-TL method, but conventional SVM and CNN classifiers barely perform well in predicting porosity while process condition varies.
本研究旨在基于现有工艺条件的知识转移,开发一种针对不同工艺条件的智能、快速孔隙率预测方法。传统的机器学习算法被广泛用于孔隙度预测。然而,这些方法假设训练(源)和测试(目标)数据遵循相同的概率分布,并且标记的数据在源域和目标域中都可用。在现实世界的制造环境中,源和目标并不遵循相同的分布。工业化过程的多样性导致在不同的生产条件下收集不同的数据,并且标记成本高昂。迁移学习是一种稳健的技术,它能够在源和目标之间转移所学知识,以在目标拥有较少数据的情况下建立关系。因此,本文提出了基于相似性的多源迁移学习(SiMuS-TL)方法来建立源和未知目标之间的关系。源和目标之间的相似性是通过形成一个称为混合域的新域来学习的,该域将数据组织成身份组。然后,指定基于组的学习过程来转移知识以进行目标预测。SiMuS TL的有效性是通过在实际情况下在添加制造的零件中应用孔隙率预测来探索的,即,从单一来源和多来源转移到未知目标孔隙率预测。使用SiMuS TL方法,两种情况下的孔隙率预测准确率均约为90%,但当工艺条件不同时,传统的SVM和CNN分类器在预测孔隙率方面几乎不能很好地发挥作用。
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引用次数: 1
On kinematics in sequential three-dimensional (3D) stretch bending: Analytical springback model 序列三维拉伸弯曲的运动学:回弹分析模型
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057027
T. Ha, T. Welo, G. Ringen, Jyhwen Wang
In profile bending, the geometrical defect that reduces dimensional quality is mainly due to springback. While predicting dimensions after bending is important for quality control, many factors during bending cause difficulty in springback prediction. Furthermore, complex three-dimensional (3D) shapes in bending can make springback prediction significantly more difficult. This work presents a springback prediction method for varying curvature 3D profile/tube bending. An advanced 5-axis bending machine, with rotary semi-dies opposing each other, has been developed. As the geometry of the bend die constrains the workpiece in the bending region, a model for 3D stretch bending is established from the rotational motion of the bend die. The discretized curvature of a bent profile geometry is described by using the Frenet-Serret frames, and a model for springback prediction is further developed based on the kinematics analysis of the bending process. This generalized analytical approach and numerical simulation are applied to evaluate springback in both 2D and 3D stretch bending of a thin-walled aluminum profile with a rectangular cross-section. The analytical and numerical results for springback prediction are validated with experiments, showing good agreement. The developed model is able to evaluate 3D springback of a profile with arbitrary cross-section efficiently for product design and development.
在型材弯曲中,降低尺寸质量的几何缺陷主要是由回弹引起的。虽然预测弯曲后的尺寸对质量控制很重要,但弯曲过程中的许多因素导致回弹预测困难。此外,弯曲过程中复杂的三维形状会使回弹预测变得更加困难。本文提出了一种变曲率三维型材/管材弯曲回弹预测方法。开发了一种先进的五轴弯曲机,旋转半模相对。由于弯曲模具的几何形状限制了弯曲区域中的工件,因此根据弯曲模具的旋转运动建立了3D拉伸弯曲的模型。利用Frenet-Seret框架描述了弯曲轮廓几何的离散曲率,并在弯曲过程运动学分析的基础上进一步建立了回弹预测模型。将这种广义分析方法和数值模拟应用于评估矩形截面薄壁铝型材二维和三维拉伸弯曲中的回弹。通过实验验证了回弹预测的分析和数值结果,显示出良好的一致性。所开发的模型能够有效地评估任意截面轮廓的三维回弹,用于产品设计和开发。
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引用次数: 1
Simulating the evolution of non-metallic inclusions during the forging process 模拟锻造过程中非金属夹杂物的演变
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057026
Brandon T. Mackey, T. Siegmund, M. Sangid
Radial forging of metallic materials requires both high temperatures and large plastic deformation. During this process, non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) can debond from the metallic matrix and break apart, resulting in a linear array of smaller inclusions, known as stringers. The evolution of NMIs into stringers can result in matrix load shedding, localized plasticity, and stress concentrations near the matrix-NMI interface. Due to these factors, stringers can be detrimental to the fatigue life of the final forged component, especially when present near a free surface. By performing a finite element model of the forging process with cohesive zones to simulate material debonding, we contribute to the understanding of processing induced deformation and damage sequences on the onset of stringer formation for both Type 1 and Type 2 alumina NMIs in a Ni-200 matrix. Through a parametric study, the interactions of forging temperature, strain rate, strain per pass, and interfacial decohesion on the NMI damage evolution metrics are studied, specifically NMI particle separation, rotation, and cavity formation. For Type 2 alumina NMIs, embedded in a Ni-200 matrix, the simulations indicate that at temperatures below 800 °C, particle separation dominates the NMI damage sequences, whereas at temperatures between 900 °C - 1000 °C, below an interfacial bond strength of 178 MPa, cavity formation is the dominate damage evolution mechanism, resulting in matrix load shedding and stress concentrations around the NMI.
金属材料的径向锻造需要高温和大的塑性变形。在这个过程中,非金属夹杂物(NMI)可以从金属基体上剥离并断裂,从而形成较小夹杂物的线性阵列,称为桁条。NMI向桁条的演变可能导致基体减载、局部塑性和基体NMI界面附近的应力集中。由于这些因素,桁条可能对最终锻造部件的疲劳寿命有害,尤其是当存在于自由表面附近时。通过对具有内聚区的锻造过程进行有限元模型以模拟材料脱粘,我们有助于理解Ni-200基体中1型和2型氧化铝NMI在桁条形成开始时的加工引起的变形和损伤序列。通过参数研究,研究了锻造温度、应变速率、单程应变和界面脱粘对NMI损伤演化指标的相互作用,特别是NMI颗粒分离、旋转和空腔形成。对于嵌入Ni-200基体中的2型氧化铝NMI,模拟表明,在800°C以下的温度下,颗粒分离主导了NMI损伤序列,而在900°C至1000°C之间,在178MPa的界面结合强度以下,空穴形成是主导的损伤演化机制,从而导致NMI周围的基体减载和应力集中。
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引用次数: 1
Multi-resolution Quality Inspection of Layerwise Builds for Metal 3D Printer-and-Scanner 金属3D打印机和扫描仪分层构建的多分辨率质量检测
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1115/1.4057013
Hui Yang, Joni Reijonen, A. Revuelta
Automated optical inspection (AOI) is increasingly advocated for in-situ quality monitoring of additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The availability of layerwise imaging data improves the information visibility during fabrication processes and is thus conducive to performing online certification. However, layerwise images show complex patterns and often contain hidden information that cannot be revealed in a single scale. A new and alternative approach will be to analyze these intrinsic patterns with multi-scale lenses. This paper aims to design and develop an AOI system with contact image sensors for multi-resolution quality inspection of layerwise builds in additive manufacturing. We design the experiments to fabricate nine parts under a variety of factor levels (e.g., gas flow blockage, recoater damage, laser power changes). In each layer, the AOI system collects imaging data of both recoating powder beds before the laser fusion and surface finishes after the laser fusion. Then, we leverage the wavelet transformation to analyze ROI images in multiple scales and further extract salient features that are sensitive to process variations, instead of extraneous noises. The proposed framework of multi-resolution quality inspection is evaluated and validated using real-world AM imaging data. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed AOI system with contact image sensors for online quality inspection of layerwise builds in AM processes.
自动光学检测(AOI)越来越多地被提倡用于增材制造(AM)过程的现场质量监测。分层成像数据的可用性提高了制造过程中的信息可见性,从而有利于进行在线认证。然而,分层图像显示出复杂的模式,并且通常包含无法在单个尺度中显示的隐藏信息。一种新的替代方法是用多尺度透镜分析这些固有模式。本文旨在设计和开发一种具有接触式图像传感器的AOI系统,用于增材制造中分层结构的多分辨率质量检测。我们设计了在各种因素水平下制造九个零件的实验(例如,气流阻塞、反冲损坏、激光功率变化)。在每一层中,AOI系统收集激光融合前重涂粉末床和激光融合后表面光洁度的成像数据。然后,我们利用小波变换在多个尺度上分析ROI图像,并进一步提取对过程变化敏感的显著特征,而不是外来噪声。使用真实世界的AM成像数据对所提出的多分辨率质量检测框架进行了评估和验证。实验结果证明了所提出的具有接触式图像传感器的AOI系统在AM过程中用于分层构建的在线质量检测的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
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