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Experimental setup for in-process measurements and analysis of wear-dependent surface topographies 磨损相关表面形貌的过程测量和分析实验装置
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063133
Nils Potthoff, J. Liss, P. Wiederkehr
High-strength and corrosion-resistant materials, such as the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718, are widely used in the energy and aerospace industries. However, machining these materials results in high process forces and significant tool wear. This tool wear has a negative effect on the resulting surface topography. Nevertheless, the accuracy requirements for functional surfaces are extreme high. Simulation systems can be used to design these processes. However, time-consuming and cost-intensive experiments often have to be conducted to develop and parameterize the required models. To overcome this problem, an analogy test setup for in-process measurements of wear-dependent properties was developed, which allows a multi-level evaluation of the process. By combining different measurement techniques, wear-dependent process characteristics can be determined and analyzed and, thus significantly reducing the measurement effort typically required.
高强度和耐腐蚀材料,如镍基高温合金Inconel 718,广泛应用于能源和航空航天行业。然而,加工这些材料会导致高加工力和显著的工具磨损。这种刀具磨损对产生的表面形貌有负面影响。然而,功能表面的精度要求极高。仿真系统可用于设计这些过程。然而,为了开发所需的模型并将其参数化,通常必须进行耗时且成本密集的实验。为了克服这个问题,开发了一种用于磨损相关性能的过程中测量的模拟测试装置,该装置允许对过程进行多层次评估。通过结合不同的测量技术,可以确定和分析与磨损相关的工艺特性,从而显著减少通常需要的测量工作量。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of wire feed speed and torch speed on the mechanical properties of wire arc additively manufactured stainless steel 送丝速度和焊枪速度对丝弧加成不锈钢力学性能的影响
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063108
Laurent Terrenoir, J. Lartigau, A. Arjunan, Laura Laguna Salvadó, Christophe Merlo
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) enables 3D printing of large high-value metal components. However, integrating WAAM into production lines requires a critical understanding of the influence of process parameters on the resulting material characteristics. As such, this research investigates the relationship between WAAM wire feed speed (WFS) and torch speed (TS) on the resulting mechanical characteristics of 316LSi thick parts (2.5 cm - 0.98 in). The experimental procedure is informed by a training matrix that allows parametric analysis of WFS and TS on the ultimate tensile strength (σult), yield strength (σy), elastic modulus (E), failure strain (εf), hardness (HV0.5) and dimensional accuracy (Da) of the printed samples. The research found that WAAM-processed 316LSi parts feature isotropic material properties despite variations in WFS and TS. The developed surrogate model offers five significant polynomial models capable of accurately predicting the influence of WAAM process parameters on σult, σy, εf, E and Da. The research found TS to be the most significant WAAM process parameter in comparison to WFS for σult and εy. On the contrary σy, E and Da were found to be primarily driven by WFS as opposed to TS. Overall, the paper for the first time presents an accurate surrogate model to predict the mechanical characteristics of WAAM 316LSi thick parts informed by wire feed speed and torch speed. The study demonstrates that the mechanical properties of WAAM-processed steel are primarily influenced by the underlying process parameters offering significant potential for tunable performance.
线弧增材制造(WAAM)实现了大型高价值金属部件的3D打印。然而,将WAAM集成到生产线中需要对工艺参数对所产生的材料特性的影响有一个关键的了解。因此,本研究调查了WAAM送丝速度(WFS)和焊炬速度(TS)对316LSi厚零件(2.5 cm-0.98 in)机械特性的影响。实验程序由训练矩阵提供信息,该矩阵允许对WFS和TS的极限抗拉强度(σult)、屈服强度(σy)、弹性模量(E)、失效应变(εf)、硬度(HV0.5)和印刷样品的尺寸精度(Da)进行参数分析。研究发现,尽管WFS和TS存在变化,但WAAM加工的316LSi零件具有各向同性材料特性。所开发的替代模型提供了五个重要的多项式模型,能够准确预测WAAM工艺参数对σult、σy、εf、E和Da的影响。研究发现,与WFS相比,TS是σult和εy最重要的WAAM工艺参数。相反,σy、E和Da主要由WFS驱动,而不是由TS驱动。总之,本文首次提出了一个准确的替代模型来预测由送丝速度和焊炬速度影响的WAAM 316LSi厚零件的机械特性。研究表明,WAAM处理钢的机械性能主要受潜在工艺参数的影响,这些参数为可调性能提供了巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Autonomous robotic bin picking platform generated from human demonstration and YOLOv5 由人类演示和YOLOv5生成的自主机器人拣货平台
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063107
Jinho Park, C. Han, M. Jun, Huitaek Yun
Vision-based robots have been utilized for pick-and-place operations by their ability to find object poses. As they progress into handling a variety of objects with cluttered state, more flexible and lightweight operations have been presented. In this paper, an autonomous robotic bin-picking platform which combines human demonstration with a collaborative robot for the flexibility of the objects and YOLOv5 neural network model for the faster object localization without prior CAD models or dataset in the training. After simple human demonstration of which target object to pick and place, the raw color and depth images were refined, and the one on top of the bin was utilized to create synthetic images and annotations for the YOLOv5 model. To pick up the target object, the point cloud was lifted using the depth data corresponding to the result of the trained YOLOv5 model, and the object pose was estimated through matching them by Iterative Closest Points (ICP) algorithm. After picking up the target object, the robot placed it where the user defined in the previous human demonstration stage. From the result of experiments with four types of objects and four human demonstrations, it took a total of 0.5 seconds to recognize the target object and estimate the object pose. The success rate of object detection was 95.6%, and the pick-and-place motion of all the found objects were successful.
基于视觉的机器人已经被用于拾取和放置操作,因为它们有能力找到物体的姿势。随着它们发展到处理各种杂乱状态的对象,出现了更加灵活和轻量级的操作。本文提出了一种基于人工演示与协作机器人相结合的自动捡筒机器人平台,该平台具有物体的灵活性,而YOLOv5神经网络模型在训练中无需预先使用CAD模型或数据集即可实现更快的物体定位。在简单的人工演示要挑选和放置哪个目标对象之后,对原始颜色和深度图像进行细化,并使用bin顶部的图像为YOLOv5模型创建合成图像和注释。为了提取目标物体,利用训练好的YOLOv5模型结果对应的深度数据对点云进行提升,并通过迭代最近点(ICP)算法对点云进行匹配来估计目标物体的姿态。在拿起目标物体后,机器人将其放置在用户在之前的人类演示阶段中定义的位置。从四种物体类型和四次人体演示的实验结果来看,识别目标物体和估计物体姿态总共需要0.5秒。目标检测成功率为95.6%,发现的所有目标的拾取运动均成功。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid laser-arc welding-induced distortions analysis of large-scale thin-walled cruise ship structures 大型薄壁游船结构激光弧焊复合变形分析
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063109
Liangfeng Li, Yansong Zhang
In recent years there has been increasing use of thin-walled structures with a plate thickness of 6mm-10mm in the construction of cruise ships. As one of the important processes of cruise ship construction, hybrid laser-arc welding, combing the advantages of laser welding and arc welding, is increasingly applied in thin-walled cruise ships with the objective of reducing panel deformation. However, due to the weak stiffness of the thin-walled structure with a continuous weld length of 4m-16m, complex welding deformation, e.g., buckling deformation will be prone to occur. This paper analyzed the deformation behavior of large-scale thin-walled cruise ship structures with the change of weld length, structural width, and plate thickness in hybrid laser-arc welding process. The buckling mode induced by the welding deformation is predicted based on the combination method of thermal elastic-plastic and inherent strain, as well as experimental verification. Comparing the deformation behavior of large thin-walled cruise ship structures, when the continuous weld length exceeds 7.5m during butt welding, the welding deformation mode transitions from bending deformation to buckling deformation. Comparing the buckling behavior of structures with different thicknesses at a length of 15m, a slight buckling occurs with a plate thickness of 10mm, but reducing the plate thickness to 6mm leads to severe buckling deformation with up to 7 half-wavelengths.
近年来,在游轮建造中越来越多地使用板厚为6mm-10mm的薄壁结构。激光-电弧焊作为游轮建造的重要工艺之一,结合激光焊接和电弧焊的优点,以减少面板变形为目的,在薄壁游轮上得到越来越多的应用。然而,由于连续焊缝长度为4m-16m的薄壁结构刚度较弱,容易发生复杂的焊接变形,如屈曲变形。分析了大型薄壁游轮结构在激光弧焊复合焊接过程中随焊缝长度、结构宽度和板厚变化的变形行为。基于热弹塑性和固有应变相结合的方法,对焊接变形引起的屈曲模式进行了预测,并进行了实验验证。对比大型薄壁游轮结构的变形行为,当对接焊接时连续焊缝长度超过7.5m时,焊接变形模式由弯曲变形转变为屈曲变形。比较不同厚度结构在长度为15m时的屈曲行为,当板厚为10mm时屈曲轻微,而当板厚为6mm时,屈曲变形严重,最多可达7个半波长。
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引用次数: 0
A Brief History of the Progress of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Metals in Europe 欧洲激光粉末床金属熔合技术进展简史
3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062788
Richard Rothfelder, Florian Nahr, Dominic Bartels, Lova Chechik, Michael Schmidt
Abstract The progress of additive manufacturing (AM) within the last few decades has been phenomenal, progressing from a polymeric technique to a method for manufacturing metallic aerospace components. We take a look at various technological advances which have helped paved the way for this growth, focussing on European input, as currently, 54% of AM machines are sold by European manufacturers (Wohlers, Campbell, Diegel, Kowen, Mostow, and Fidan, 2022, “Wohlers Report 2022: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing Global State of the Industry,” Wohlers Associates, ASTM International, Fort Collins, Colo., Washington, DC). We take deep dives into several critical topics including sensing and monitoring, preheating, and multi-laser technology and illustrate how these develop from research ideas into industrial products. Finally, an outlook is provided, highlighting the topics currently gaining research traction, and which are expected to be the next key breakthroughs.
在过去的几十年里,增材制造(AM)的进步是惊人的,从聚合物技术发展到制造金属航空航天部件的方法。我们来看看为这一增长铺平道路的各种技术进步,重点关注欧洲的投入,因为目前,54%的增材制造机器由欧洲制造商销售(Wohlers, Campbell, Diegel, Kowen, Mostow和Fidan, 2022,“Wohlers报告2022:3D打印和增材制造全球行业状况,”Wohlers Associates, ASTM International, Fort Collins,科罗拉多州,华盛顿特区)。我们将深入探讨几个关键主题,包括传感和监测,预热和多激光技术,并说明这些如何从研究想法发展到工业产品。最后,展望了当前获得研究牵引力的主题,以及预计将成为下一个关键突破的主题。
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引用次数: 0
European Special Issue 欧洲特别发行
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063092
Albert Shih, Vincent Wagner
Guest Editorial
客座编辑
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引用次数: 0
MANUFACTURING MULTI-MATRIX COMPOSITES: OUT-OF-VACUUM BAG CONSOLIDATION 制造多基复合材料:真空袋固结
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063091
Arjun Radhakrishnan, I. Georgilas, I. Hamerton, M. Shaffer, D. Ivanov
The formation of porosity is a major challenge in any composite manufacturing process particularly in the absence of vacuum assistance. Highly localised injection of polymer matrix into regions of interest in a dry preform is a route to manufacturing multi-matrix fibre-reinforced composites with high filler concentrations which are otherwise difficult to achieve. Such multi-matrix fibre-reinforced composite systems, which combine multiple resins in continuous form offer improved structural performance around stress concentrators and multi-functional capabilities, unlike traditional composite materials. As the process lacks vacuum assistance, porosity becomes a primary issue to be addressed. This paper presents a rheo-kinetic coupled rapid consolidation procedure for optimizing the quality of localised matrix patches. The procedure involves manufacturing trials and analytical consolidation models to determine the best processing program for minimal voidage in the patch. The results provide a step towards an efficient manufacturing process for designing multi-matrix composites without the need for complex vacuum bag arrangements. By optimizing the quality of the localised matrix patches, the procedure described in this paper can improve the overall performance of multi-matrix composite systems. The ability to create these composites without the need for complex vacuum bag arrangements can also reduce the manufacturing cost and time associated with the manufacturing of multi-matrix fibre-reinforced composites.
在任何复合材料制造过程中,特别是在没有真空辅助的情况下,孔隙度的形成都是一个主要的挑战。将聚合物基体高度局部地注入干预制体中感兴趣的区域是制造具有高填料浓度的多基体纤维增强复合材料的途径,否则难以实现。与传统复合材料不同,这种多基体纤维增强复合材料系统将多种树脂以连续形式组合在一起,可以改善应力集中器的结构性能和多功能性能。由于该工艺缺乏真空辅助,孔隙率成为需要解决的主要问题。本文提出了一种流变动力学耦合的快速固结方法,用于优化局部矩阵贴片的质量。该程序包括制造试验和分析巩固模型,以确定最小的贴片空隙的最佳加工程序。该结果为设计多基复合材料的高效制造工艺提供了一步,而不需要复杂的真空袋布置。通过优化局部矩阵块的质量,可以提高多矩阵复合系统的整体性能。在不需要复杂的真空袋布置的情况下制造这些复合材料的能力也可以减少与制造多基体纤维增强复合材料相关的制造成本和时间。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of microstructure in MLX®19 maraging steel during rotary friction welding and finite element modelling of the process MLX®19马氏体时效钢在旋转摩擦焊接过程中的微观组织演变及有限元建模
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063090
Amborish Banerjee, L. Da Silva, Hitesh Sharma, A. Platts, S. Rahimi
Inertia friction welding (IFW) is a solid-state welding process utilised for joining engineering materials. In this paper, a 2.5D finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate IFW of MLX®19 maraging steel. The predicted results showed a non-uniform temperature distribution, with a decrease in temperature from the periphery to the centre of weld interface. Higher temperature and lower stress distributions were predicted in the weld zone (WZ) and the adjacent regions in the vicinity of the WZ. The von-Mises effective stress, effective strain and strain-rate were investigated at different time steps of the FE simulation. The effective stress was minimum at the weld interface, and the effective strain and strain-rate attained a quasi-steady state status with the on-going IFW after a threshold time (~6.5 s). The simulated results were validated by comparing the predicted flash morphology with an actual IFW weld, and temperature profiles measured at specific locations using embedded thermo-couples. The difference between the experimental and the simulated results was ~4.7%, implying a good convergence of the model. Microstructural characterisations were performed across different regions and the observed features were found to be in agreement with the expected microstructure based on the simulated thermal profiles, which included almost complete (~90%) and partial transformation of martensite to austenite in the WZ and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), respectively. Analyses of crystallographic texture, showed that the material (i.e., both transformed austenite and martensite) underwent pure shear deformation during IFW.
惯性摩擦焊(IFW)是一种用于连接工程材料的固态焊接工艺。本文建立了MLX®19马氏体时效钢的2.5维有限元模型。预测结果表明,焊缝温度分布不均匀,温度从焊缝界面外围向中心逐渐降低。预测焊缝区及其附近区域的温度分布较高,应力分布较低。研究了不同时间步长的von-Mises有效应力、有效应变和应变率。在阈值时间(~6.5 s)后,有效应力在焊缝界面处最小,有效应变和应变率达到准稳态状态。通过将预测的闪光形态与实际IFW焊缝进行比较,以及使用嵌入式热电偶在特定位置测量的温度曲线,模拟结果得到了验证。实验结果与模拟结果的差异为~4.7%,表明该模型具有较好的收敛性。在不同区域进行了显微组织表征,发现观察到的特征与基于模拟热剖面的预期显微组织一致,其中包括在WZ和热机械影响区(TMAZ)几乎完全(~90%)和部分马氏体转变为奥氏体。晶体织构分析表明,材料(即转变的奥氏体和马氏体)在IFW过程中发生了纯剪切变形。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation on the Printability of Recycled Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 再生热塑性聚氨酯/碳纳米管纳米复合材料的可印刷性研究
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063036
F. Stan, I. Sandu, C. Fetecau
Although the production of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites has grown exponentially over the last years for a variety of applications, the availability of polymer/CNT filaments for the use in commercial 3D printing systems is very limited and, currently, little is known about the printability of recycled polymer/CNT nanocomposites. In this respect, the fused filament fabrication (FFF) of recycled thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon nanotube (TPU/CNT) nanocomposites was investigated with special focus on the piezoresistive behavior. Mechanically recycled and virgin TPU/CNT nanocomposites with different CNT contents (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt% by weight) were subjected to filament extrusion and FFF, and the changes induced by mechanical recycling, CNT contents and infill orientation were monitored by melt flow index, thermal, mechanical, electrical and piezoresistive properties. It was found that the recycled TPU nanocomposites exhibit very good printability with mechanical and electrical properties that are generally comparable with those for the virgin nanocomposites, the decrease of the elongation at break at 5 wt% CNTs being the primary challenge for the mechanical recycling of TPU/CNT nanocomposites. The 3D printed recycled TPU/CNT nanocomposites with 3 wt% and 5 wt% CNTs provide very good strain sensing behavior, with sensitivity and stretchability higher than those of the virgin nanocomposites. The findings of this work provide guidance for assessing the potential of using recycled TPU/CNT nanocomposites for 3D printing strain sensors with tuned sensitivity for a wide range of human motions.
尽管在过去几年中,聚合物/碳纳米管(CNT)纳米复合材料的生产在各种应用中呈指数级增长,但用于商业3D打印系统的聚合物/CNT细丝的可用性非常有限,并且目前对回收聚合物/CNT纳米复合材料的可打印性知之甚少。在这方面,研究了再生热塑性聚氨酯/碳纳米管(TPU/CNT)纳米复合材料的熔融丝制备(FFF),特别关注压阻行为。对具有不同CNT含量(0.5、1、3和5wt%)的机械回收和原始TPU/CNT纳米复合材料进行细丝挤出和FFF,并通过熔体流动指数、热、机械、电学和压阻性能监测机械回收、CNT含量和填充取向引起的变化。发现回收的TPU纳米复合材料表现出非常好的印刷性,其机械和电学性能通常与原始纳米复合材料的机械和电学性质相当,在5wt%CNTs时断裂伸长率的降低是TPU/CNT纳米复合材料机械回收的主要挑战。具有3wt%和5wt%CNT的3D打印回收TPU/CNT纳米复合材料提供了非常好的应变传感行为,其灵敏度和拉伸性高于原始纳米复合材料。这项工作的发现为评估使用回收的TPU/CNT纳米复合材料用于3D打印应变传感器的潜力提供了指导,该传感器对广泛的人体运动具有调谐的灵敏度。
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引用次数: 0
Acoustic Levitation assisted Contactless Printing of Microdroplets for Biomedical Applications 声学悬浮辅助生物医学应用微液滴非接触式打印
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062971
Tengteng Tang, Dylan Joralmon, Tochukwu Anyigbo, Xiangjia Li
The artificial cell is a biomimetic microcapsule system wherein biological materials are encapsulated by a thin membrane, which provides valuable information on the metabolism, morphology, development, and signal transduction pathways of the studied cell. However, it is extremely difficult to manufacture such systems. Mostly vesicles such as liposomes, polymersomes, and microcapsules are first produced by a high-pressure homogenizer and microfluidizer as an emulsion and then encapsulated microcapsules by the drop or emulsion method. Currently, acoustic levitation opens up entirely new possibilities for creating artificial cells because of its ability to suspend tiny droplets in an anti-gravity and non-contact manner. Herein, we propose a contactless printing of single-core or multi-core artificial cells based on acoustic levitation. First, the oscillation mode and microscopic morphology of the droplets under different ultrasonic vibration frequencies are shown by simulation, and the curing characteristics of the shell structure under different ultraviolet illumination conditions are quantitatively measured. The feasibility of manufacturing multi-core artificial cells and manufacturing sub-millimeter-scale particles based on oil trapping is extensively studied. To explore the morphological adaptability of artificial cells, ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are used to give cells magnetic responsive properties and the microscopic deformation and motion in microfluidic channels under the magnetic field are characterized. Finally, the proposed printing method proves the versatility of in-space contactless printing of complex 3D beam structures and provides a powerful platform for developing biomedical devices and microrobots and studying morphogenesis and synthetic biological systems
人工细胞是一种仿生微胶囊系统,其中生物材料被薄膜包裹,这为所研究细胞的代谢、形态、发育和信号转导途径提供了有价值的信息。然而,制造这样的系统是极其困难的。大多数囊泡,如脂质体、多聚体和微胶囊,首先通过高压均化器和微流器作为乳液生产,然后通过滴注或乳液法封装微胶囊。目前,声学悬浮为创造人造细胞开辟了全新的可能性,因为它能够以反重力和非接触的方式悬浮微小液滴。在此,我们提出了一种基于声学悬浮的单核或多核人工细胞的非接触式打印。首先,通过模拟显示了液滴在不同超声振动频率下的振荡模式和微观形态,并定量测量了壳结构在不同紫外线照射条件下的固化特性。广泛研究了基于油捕集制造多核人工细胞和亚毫米级颗粒的可行性。为了探索人工细胞的形态适应性,使用铁磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子赋予细胞磁响应特性,并表征了磁场下微流体通道中的微观变形和运动。最后,所提出的打印方法证明了复杂三维梁结构的空间非接触式打印的通用性,并为开发生物医学设备和微型机器人以及研究形态发生和合成生物系统提供了强大的平台
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引用次数: 0
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