Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_100_20
A. Susanto, Nofiarni Yusril, J. Zaini, Fariz Nuwidya
Background: Benzopyrene is a carcinogenic agent found in cigarette smoke. Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) is one of the benzopyrene metabolites. In this study, we investigated the level of serum BPDE in kretek cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. Methods: A cross-sectional study which involved 32 “healthy” kretek cigarette smokers and 32 “healthy” nonsmokers were conducted. We collected the blood sample and the serum BPDE level was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The BPDE serum level in kretek cigarette smokers was compared to the level in nonsmokers. Results: A total of 32 kretek smokers and 32 controls underwent an examination of the BPDE-protein adducts level. In the kretek smokers group, 59.4% were aged over 45 years and 56.3% have a high educational background, while in the control group, 87.5% were aged under 45 years and 75% have high educational backgrounds. The level of BPDE-protein adducts in the kretek smokers subject was 12.15 (8.87–33.55) ng/ml and the levels in the control group were 11.4 (3.87–13.27) ng/ml, P = 0.004. The factors which influence the levels BDPE-protein adducts in smokers cigarettes, as determined by multivariate analysis, were sucking pattern (P = 0.002) and the degree of addiction (P = 0.047). Conclusion: The serum BPDE-protein adducts level was higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers, and the sucking pattern and degree of addiction are the influencing factors.
{"title":"Comparison of serum benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide – protein adducts level between lretek cigarette smokers and nonsmokers and the related factors","authors":"A. Susanto, Nofiarni Yusril, J. Zaini, Fariz Nuwidya","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_100_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_100_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Benzopyrene is a carcinogenic agent found in cigarette smoke. Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) is one of the benzopyrene metabolites. In this study, we investigated the level of serum BPDE in kretek cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. Methods: A cross-sectional study which involved 32 “healthy” kretek cigarette smokers and 32 “healthy” nonsmokers were conducted. We collected the blood sample and the serum BPDE level was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The BPDE serum level in kretek cigarette smokers was compared to the level in nonsmokers. Results: A total of 32 kretek smokers and 32 controls underwent an examination of the BPDE-protein adducts level. In the kretek smokers group, 59.4% were aged over 45 years and 56.3% have a high educational background, while in the control group, 87.5% were aged under 45 years and 75% have high educational backgrounds. The level of BPDE-protein adducts in the kretek smokers subject was 12.15 (8.87–33.55) ng/ml and the levels in the control group were 11.4 (3.87–13.27) ng/ml, P = 0.004. The factors which influence the levels BDPE-protein adducts in smokers cigarettes, as determined by multivariate analysis, were sucking pattern (P = 0.002) and the degree of addiction (P = 0.047). Conclusion: The serum BPDE-protein adducts level was higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers, and the sucking pattern and degree of addiction are the influencing factors.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"52 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79940269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_53_20
H. Baroroh, A. Nugroho, E. Lukitaningsih, A. Nurrochmad
Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus [L.] Urban) fiber extract (BFE) fraction on mouse peritoneal macrophages, lymphocytes, and cytokines. Materials and Methods: BFE was prepared by heat-extraction from the bengkoang fiber in distilled water at 121°C for 20 min. Fraction of BFE including BEF-A, BEF-B, BEF-D, and BEF-E were prepared by precipitation method with cold ethanol and potassium hydroxide. The phagocytic activity of macrophages was observed by a phagocytosis assay using mouse macrophages. The lymphocyte proliferation assay was performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and measuring the absorbance at 550 nm. Also, the production of cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 was determined. Results: The BFE enhanced the phagocytic activity by increasing the phagocytic index and capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The phagocytic capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages was significantly increased after the treatment of BFE, BFE-B, and BFE-E compared with control. The fractions BFE-A, BFE-B, BFE-D, BFE-E, and pectin could stimulate phagocytic activity by increasing the phagocytic index. There were no significant differences after treatment with fiber fractions in enhancing lymphocyte proliferation, but pectin could stimulate the lymphocyte proliferation. Also, the fraction of BFE-A could enhance TNF-α and IL-10 production. After treatment with BFE-B, there were increases in TNF-α and IL-6 production but decreases in IL-10 production. The fraction of BFE-D could also stimulate TNF-α production, and BFE-E could reduce IL-10 production. Conclusion: The fiber fractions of bengkoang showed an immune-enhancing effect, stimulated both TNF-α and IL-6 production, and suppressed IL-10.
{"title":"Immune-enhancing effect of bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (l.) Urban) fiber fractions on mouse peritoneal macrophages, lymphocytes, and cytokines","authors":"H. Baroroh, A. Nugroho, E. Lukitaningsih, A. Nurrochmad","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_53_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_53_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus [L.] Urban) fiber extract (BFE) fraction on mouse peritoneal macrophages, lymphocytes, and cytokines. Materials and Methods: BFE was prepared by heat-extraction from the bengkoang fiber in distilled water at 121°C for 20 min. Fraction of BFE including BEF-A, BEF-B, BEF-D, and BEF-E were prepared by precipitation method with cold ethanol and potassium hydroxide. The phagocytic activity of macrophages was observed by a phagocytosis assay using mouse macrophages. The lymphocyte proliferation assay was performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and measuring the absorbance at 550 nm. Also, the production of cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 was determined. Results: The BFE enhanced the phagocytic activity by increasing the phagocytic index and capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The phagocytic capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages was significantly increased after the treatment of BFE, BFE-B, and BFE-E compared with control. The fractions BFE-A, BFE-B, BFE-D, BFE-E, and pectin could stimulate phagocytic activity by increasing the phagocytic index. There were no significant differences after treatment with fiber fractions in enhancing lymphocyte proliferation, but pectin could stimulate the lymphocyte proliferation. Also, the fraction of BFE-A could enhance TNF-α and IL-10 production. After treatment with BFE-B, there were increases in TNF-α and IL-6 production but decreases in IL-10 production. The fraction of BFE-D could also stimulate TNF-α production, and BFE-E could reduce IL-10 production. Conclusion: The fiber fractions of bengkoang showed an immune-enhancing effect, stimulated both TNF-α and IL-6 production, and suppressed IL-10.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"84 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80070840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_91_20
Vinod Kumar, Aleena Babu, K. Bhat, Pallavi Ashrit, Anisha Nanda, M. Shakir
Background: Alkali generation by oral bacteria plays a key role in plaque pH homeostasis and may be inhibitory to the initiation and progression of dental caries. A substantial body of evidence is beginning to accumulate, which indicates that the modulation of the Alkali generating potential of dental biofilms may be a promising strategy for caries control. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the capacity of oral samples to produce ammonia from urea and its relation to caries experience in normal-weight children and underweight children. Materials and Methods: Urease activity was measured in the saliva and plaque of 25 caries-active (CA) individuals who have normal weight and 25 CA individuals who are underweight. Urease activity was obtained from the ammonia produced by the incubation of plaque and salivary samples in urea. Independent sample t-test and Pearson's correlation were used to compare the differences and to correlate the urease levels and caries experience between groups. Results: The results showed that the mean urease levels in saliva were higher in All are positive value-1.2192±1.012 as compared to that of underweight children-0.78-0.676. The mean urease levels in plaque were lower in normal-weight children-0.1120-0.12206 as compared to that of underweight children-0.4824-0.5215. Conclusion: In underweight children, the caries activity was higher along with increased urease activity in saliva and lower urease activity in plaque, whereas in normal-weight children, the caries activity was lower with increased urease activity in saliva and lower urease activity in plaque.
{"title":"Correlations of oral bacterial urea catabolism with caries experience in normal-weight children and underweight children","authors":"Vinod Kumar, Aleena Babu, K. Bhat, Pallavi Ashrit, Anisha Nanda, M. Shakir","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_91_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_91_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alkali generation by oral bacteria plays a key role in plaque pH homeostasis and may be inhibitory to the initiation and progression of dental caries. A substantial body of evidence is beginning to accumulate, which indicates that the modulation of the Alkali generating potential of dental biofilms may be a promising strategy for caries control. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the capacity of oral samples to produce ammonia from urea and its relation to caries experience in normal-weight children and underweight children. Materials and Methods: Urease activity was measured in the saliva and plaque of 25 caries-active (CA) individuals who have normal weight and 25 CA individuals who are underweight. Urease activity was obtained from the ammonia produced by the incubation of plaque and salivary samples in urea. Independent sample t-test and Pearson's correlation were used to compare the differences and to correlate the urease levels and caries experience between groups. Results: The results showed that the mean urease levels in saliva were higher in All are positive value-1.2192±1.012 as compared to that of underweight children-0.78-0.676. The mean urease levels in plaque were lower in normal-weight children-0.1120-0.12206 as compared to that of underweight children-0.4824-0.5215. Conclusion: In underweight children, the caries activity was higher along with increased urease activity in saliva and lower urease activity in plaque, whereas in normal-weight children, the caries activity was lower with increased urease activity in saliva and lower urease activity in plaque.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"49 1","pages":"113 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91263849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_90_20
Vinod Kumar, Anisha Nanda, K. Bhat, Pallavi Ashrit, Aleena Babu, M. Shakir
Background: Urease activity has been proposed to have a significant effect on dental caries, showing reduced caries activity with increased urease levels. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the ureolytic activities of saliva and plaque in caries-active and caries-free institutionalized blind children. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two institutionalized blind children were divided into two equal groups using decayed, missing, and filled Teeth index as Group A – caries free and Group B – caries active. Urease activity was measured by collecting saliva and plaque samples from them. Children were refrained from any oral hygiene procedures during the 12 h preceding the sample collection. Urease enzyme activity was obtained by carrying out biochemical procedures. Mann–Whitney test was used to determine the statistical significance of the data. Results: In saliva, caries-free group had higher mean urease levels of 1.82 ± 0.497 as compared to caries-active group which had mean urease levels of 0.445 ± 0.304. In plaque, caries-active group had lower mean urease levels of 0.877 ± 0.942 as compared to caries-free group which had mean urease levels of 1.570 ± 0.918. The specific urease activity in saliva and plaque was significantly higher in individuals with low caries rates. Conclusion: Caries-free children had a higher ammonia generation activity by urease for both saliva and plaque samples than low caries-active children. High levels of alkali production in the oral environment were related to caries-free children.
{"title":"Urease activity in saliva and plaque as endogenous protection against dental caries in institutionalized blind children","authors":"Vinod Kumar, Anisha Nanda, K. Bhat, Pallavi Ashrit, Aleena Babu, M. Shakir","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_90_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_90_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urease activity has been proposed to have a significant effect on dental caries, showing reduced caries activity with increased urease levels. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the ureolytic activities of saliva and plaque in caries-active and caries-free institutionalized blind children. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two institutionalized blind children were divided into two equal groups using decayed, missing, and filled Teeth index as Group A – caries free and Group B – caries active. Urease activity was measured by collecting saliva and plaque samples from them. Children were refrained from any oral hygiene procedures during the 12 h preceding the sample collection. Urease enzyme activity was obtained by carrying out biochemical procedures. Mann–Whitney test was used to determine the statistical significance of the data. Results: In saliva, caries-free group had higher mean urease levels of 1.82 ± 0.497 as compared to caries-active group which had mean urease levels of 0.445 ± 0.304. In plaque, caries-active group had lower mean urease levels of 0.877 ± 0.942 as compared to caries-free group which had mean urease levels of 1.570 ± 0.918. The specific urease activity in saliva and plaque was significantly higher in individuals with low caries rates. Conclusion: Caries-free children had a higher ammonia generation activity by urease for both saliva and plaque samples than low caries-active children. High levels of alkali production in the oral environment were related to caries-free children.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":"109 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87742117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_94_20
Suvendu Das, S. Maity, T. Goswami
Background: Mydriatics are essentially used in routine ophthalmoscopic examinations and before various eye surgeries. Because pupil is under the control of autonomic nervous system, a combination of parasympatholytic drug (tropicamide) and sympathomimetic agent (phenylephrine) causes greater pupillary dilatation. In postdacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) patients, the nasolacrimal passage becomes wider and shortened, so the chances of absorption of topical drugs as well as the diminished local effects such as mydriasis are higher than normal. Hence, there are more chances of systemic adverse reactions. Materials and Methods: Data were collected and compared between fifty patients with unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction scheduled for DCR. Normal eye served as the control group, whereas affected post-DCR eye was considered the study group. Local (mydriasis) and systemic effects of the combination drop of tropicamide 0.8% (w/v) and phenylephrine 5% (w/v) were assessed. Results: Mydriasis was lesser in the post-DCR eyes (P < 0.001 for both vertical and horizontal papillary diameters). There were no statistically significant changes in systemic vital parameters when measured before and after the application of the combination drop in both the groups. Conclusions: The combination of tropicamide and phenylephrine can be safely used in post-DCR eyes as mydriatics, although mydriasis is lesser due to rapid drainage.
{"title":"Effectiveness and safety of topical combination of tropicamide 0.8% (w/v) and phenylephrine hydrochloride 5% (w/v) among the successful postdacryocystorhinostomy cases","authors":"Suvendu Das, S. Maity, T. Goswami","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_94_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_94_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mydriatics are essentially used in routine ophthalmoscopic examinations and before various eye surgeries. Because pupil is under the control of autonomic nervous system, a combination of parasympatholytic drug (tropicamide) and sympathomimetic agent (phenylephrine) causes greater pupillary dilatation. In postdacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) patients, the nasolacrimal passage becomes wider and shortened, so the chances of absorption of topical drugs as well as the diminished local effects such as mydriasis are higher than normal. Hence, there are more chances of systemic adverse reactions. Materials and Methods: Data were collected and compared between fifty patients with unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction scheduled for DCR. Normal eye served as the control group, whereas affected post-DCR eye was considered the study group. Local (mydriasis) and systemic effects of the combination drop of tropicamide 0.8% (w/v) and phenylephrine 5% (w/v) were assessed. Results: Mydriasis was lesser in the post-DCR eyes (P < 0.001 for both vertical and horizontal papillary diameters). There were no statistically significant changes in systemic vital parameters when measured before and after the application of the combination drop in both the groups. Conclusions: The combination of tropicamide and phenylephrine can be safely used in post-DCR eyes as mydriatics, although mydriasis is lesser due to rapid drainage.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"148 1","pages":"43 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77495347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_32_20
D. Dsouza, Gagan Bajaj, V. George, Sudhin Karuppali, J. Bhat
Introduction: Changes in metacognitive abilities due to aging, like self-efficacy, have received less attention in cognitive research. Short-term memory (STM) declines among aging adults are well known but the age-related trends of self-efficacy linked to the same have received less attention. The present research aimed at studying age-related trends in self-efficacy linked to STM among the young-aged, middle-aged, and old-aged adults. Materials and Methods: Participants performed face recall, name recall, object recall, face-name association, first-second name association, and face-object association tasks. The self-efficacy linked to these STM tasks was measured through a pre-task prediction question and a post-task judgment question. Descriptive statistics and two-way mixed model ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni analysis were performed to assess age related changes in self-efficacy measures. Results: The findings revealed significant overestimation of performance, during pretask prediction, by old-aged adults and middle-aged adults. While the posttask judgment was recalibrated closer to the actual performance by participants of all age groups. Conclusion: The current research findings indicate that self-efficacy for STM follows an age related decline. Therefore, inclusion of self-efficacy measures in the assessment of STM would provide a valuable insight as it describes an individual's own awareness about their STM abilities, provides realistic feedback about one's STM performance and also aids clinicians in understanding the perception-performance dynamics among the aging adults.
{"title":"“I Think I Can Remember” age-related changes in self-efficacy for short-term memory","authors":"D. Dsouza, Gagan Bajaj, V. George, Sudhin Karuppali, J. Bhat","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_32_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_32_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Changes in metacognitive abilities due to aging, like self-efficacy, have received less attention in cognitive research. Short-term memory (STM) declines among aging adults are well known but the age-related trends of self-efficacy linked to the same have received less attention. The present research aimed at studying age-related trends in self-efficacy linked to STM among the young-aged, middle-aged, and old-aged adults. Materials and Methods: Participants performed face recall, name recall, object recall, face-name association, first-second name association, and face-object association tasks. The self-efficacy linked to these STM tasks was measured through a pre-task prediction question and a post-task judgment question. Descriptive statistics and two-way mixed model ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni analysis were performed to assess age related changes in self-efficacy measures. Results: The findings revealed significant overestimation of performance, during pretask prediction, by old-aged adults and middle-aged adults. While the posttask judgment was recalibrated closer to the actual performance by participants of all age groups. Conclusion: The current research findings indicate that self-efficacy for STM follows an age related decline. Therefore, inclusion of self-efficacy measures in the assessment of STM would provide a valuable insight as it describes an individual's own awareness about their STM abilities, provides realistic feedback about one's STM performance and also aids clinicians in understanding the perception-performance dynamics among the aging adults.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"63 1","pages":"97 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83880860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_127_20
M. Rasmin, M. Elhidsi, Prasenohadi, Wiendo Putra Yahya, Y. Sutanto, A. Setijadi, Ngakan Putu Parsama Putra, U. Setyawan, Oea Khairsyaf, Russilawati, Deddy Herman, Mulyadi, T. Zulfikar, D. Yanifitri
Background: Epidemiologic data of acute respiratory failure (ARF) are limited. This study aims to investigate the underlying diseases and in-hospital mortality of patients with ARF in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: An observational prospective cohort study involving patients with ARF in six hospitals was conducted. Data were collected between January and December 2017. Data on the type of ARF, quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score, underlying diseases, and in-hospital mortality were documented. Proportions were compared using Chi-square or Fisher exact tests. Multivariable regression models with variable selection based on a stepwise backward elimination were run to analyze the risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 412 patients (median age: 56-years-old) were included. Most of the subjects were male (66.9%), hypoxemic (55.3%), and acute onset (86.4%). The most commonly encountered underlying diseases were pneumonia (58.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (25.5%), lung tuberculosis (25.2%), lung cancer (16.5%), noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (11.9%), congestive heart failure (10.2%), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (3.2%). There were 65% of patients received only oxygen therapy, invasive mechanical ventilation was utilized for 30.8% of patients, and 4.1% of patients underwent noninvasive mechanical ventilation. There were 201 (48.79%) in-hospital mortality cases. The risk factors of in-hospital mortality were qSOFA ≥2 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.420, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.599–3.662; P = 0.000) and CKD (OR: 3.871, 95% CI 1.024–14.631; P = 0.046). Conclusions: Most of the underlying diseases of ARF in Indonesia are communicable diseases. Patients with qSOFA ≥2 and CKD have a higher risk of death during hospitality.
{"title":"Underlying diseases and in-hospital mortality of acute respiratory failure patients: Indonesian prospective cohort study","authors":"M. Rasmin, M. Elhidsi, Prasenohadi, Wiendo Putra Yahya, Y. Sutanto, A. Setijadi, Ngakan Putu Parsama Putra, U. Setyawan, Oea Khairsyaf, Russilawati, Deddy Herman, Mulyadi, T. Zulfikar, D. Yanifitri","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_127_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_127_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Epidemiologic data of acute respiratory failure (ARF) are limited. This study aims to investigate the underlying diseases and in-hospital mortality of patients with ARF in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: An observational prospective cohort study involving patients with ARF in six hospitals was conducted. Data were collected between January and December 2017. Data on the type of ARF, quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score, underlying diseases, and in-hospital mortality were documented. Proportions were compared using Chi-square or Fisher exact tests. Multivariable regression models with variable selection based on a stepwise backward elimination were run to analyze the risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 412 patients (median age: 56-years-old) were included. Most of the subjects were male (66.9%), hypoxemic (55.3%), and acute onset (86.4%). The most commonly encountered underlying diseases were pneumonia (58.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (25.5%), lung tuberculosis (25.2%), lung cancer (16.5%), noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (11.9%), congestive heart failure (10.2%), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (3.2%). There were 65% of patients received only oxygen therapy, invasive mechanical ventilation was utilized for 30.8% of patients, and 4.1% of patients underwent noninvasive mechanical ventilation. There were 201 (48.79%) in-hospital mortality cases. The risk factors of in-hospital mortality were qSOFA ≥2 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.420, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.599–3.662; P = 0.000) and CKD (OR: 3.871, 95% CI 1.024–14.631; P = 0.046). Conclusions: Most of the underlying diseases of ARF in Indonesia are communicable diseases. Patients with qSOFA ≥2 and CKD have a higher risk of death during hospitality.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"62 12 1","pages":"22 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89233155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_134_20
G. Mukthayakka, A. Sajjan, R. Kashid
Background: Malaria is a vector-borne disease of major public health concern in several tropical and subtropical countries. Five different Plasmodium species are known to cause malaria. For optimal public health measures, region-specific prevalence of Plasmodium species should be identified by optimal diagnostic methods available. In this study, we have detected the malaria incidence rates in two regions of South India and compared the merit of three different diagnostic methods available for detection of malaria. Materials and Methods: Six hundred blood samples from febrile symptomatic patients were screened for malaria from Bengaluru and Vijayapura regions of Karnataka, India, by microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Results: The incidence rate of malaria in Vijayapura and Bengaluru was 8.6% (26/300) and 7% (21/300), respectively. The rate of malaria infection by Plasmodium vivax was higher in Bengaluru (80.9%) compared to Vijayapura (69%), whereas the rate of Plasmodium falciparum infection was higher in Vijayapura (23%) compared to Bengaluru (14.2%). The mixed infection rate was slightly higher from Vijayapura region. One isolate detected as P. falciparum by microscopy and RDT method was identified as mixed infection by PCR. Three and two isolates which were negative by microscopy and RDT methods, respectively, tested positive by PCR, whereas eight isolates identified as P. vivax by RDT method were negative by PCR and microscopy methods. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopy-based detection method were 93% and 100%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of RDT method were observed to be 95% and 75%, respectively. Detection of Plasmodium species by PCR was highly sensitive and specific compared to microscopy or RDT method. Conclusion: The incidence of malaria infection in these regions is moderate. Malaria infection in these regions was caused predominantly by P. vivax. Accuracy of the malaria detection was superior by PCR method compared to conventional methods tested.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of diagnostic methods used for assessing incidence of malaria in two regions from South India","authors":"G. Mukthayakka, A. Sajjan, R. Kashid","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_134_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_134_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malaria is a vector-borne disease of major public health concern in several tropical and subtropical countries. Five different Plasmodium species are known to cause malaria. For optimal public health measures, region-specific prevalence of Plasmodium species should be identified by optimal diagnostic methods available. In this study, we have detected the malaria incidence rates in two regions of South India and compared the merit of three different diagnostic methods available for detection of malaria. Materials and Methods: Six hundred blood samples from febrile symptomatic patients were screened for malaria from Bengaluru and Vijayapura regions of Karnataka, India, by microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Results: The incidence rate of malaria in Vijayapura and Bengaluru was 8.6% (26/300) and 7% (21/300), respectively. The rate of malaria infection by Plasmodium vivax was higher in Bengaluru (80.9%) compared to Vijayapura (69%), whereas the rate of Plasmodium falciparum infection was higher in Vijayapura (23%) compared to Bengaluru (14.2%). The mixed infection rate was slightly higher from Vijayapura region. One isolate detected as P. falciparum by microscopy and RDT method was identified as mixed infection by PCR. Three and two isolates which were negative by microscopy and RDT methods, respectively, tested positive by PCR, whereas eight isolates identified as P. vivax by RDT method were negative by PCR and microscopy methods. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopy-based detection method were 93% and 100%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of RDT method were observed to be 95% and 75%, respectively. Detection of Plasmodium species by PCR was highly sensitive and specific compared to microscopy or RDT method. Conclusion: The incidence of malaria infection in these regions is moderate. Malaria infection in these regions was caused predominantly by P. vivax. Accuracy of the malaria detection was superior by PCR method compared to conventional methods tested.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":"12 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74434971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_54_20
H. Patil, S. Mohite, V. Patil
Background: Acinetobacter, a nonfermenting Gram-negative coccobacilli, have emerged as significant pathogens causing multidrug-resistant (MDR) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Acinetobacter spp. have become an emerging therapeutic concern worldwide due to the MDR isolates. Aim and Objectives: Phenotypic detection of MBL producing MDR Acinetobacter isolates in patients with VAP and to study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MBL-producing isolates. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational and noninterventional study conducted on patients with VAP over a period of 2 years. This study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in the intensive care unit. A total of 164 MBL-producing MDR AB isolates were included in the study. MBL was detected by imipenem-EDTA double-disc synergy test (DDST), imipenem-EDTA combined disc synergy test (CDST-IPM), and MBL-E test. Results: A total of 188 samples were enrolled for the study, fulfilling the inclusion criteria of VAP. Total MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates were 188 (76.42%) of them, 164 (87.23%) were MBL producing and 24 (12.76%) were nonMBL (P < 0.002). Total 11.17% and 88.83% MDR VAP due to Acinetobacter spp. were early-onset VAP and Late-onset VAP, respectively (P < 0.001). Late-onset VAP due to MDR Acinetobacter spp. was predominant in the present study caused by Acinetobacter spp. Of total 188 MDR Acinetobacter isolates, 156 (82.98%) were Acinetobacter baumannii, 15 (7.98%) were Acinetobacter iwoffii, 9 (4.79%) were Acinetobacter calcoacetiucs, 5 (2.66%) were Acinetobacter hemotyticus, and 3 (1.59%) were ABC complex, predominated by A. baumannii (P < 0.001). Of total 188 MDR Acinetobacter spp. 164 (87.23%) were putative MBL producing and 24 (12.67%) were nonMBL Acinetobacter spp. Of 164 MBL-producing isolates, 141 (85.98%) were detected by the DDST method, and 23 (14.02%) were DDST negative. Total 146 (89.02%) MDR Acinetobacter spp. were detected by a combined disc test-IMP test. A total of 152 (92%) MDR Acinetobacter spp. were detected by MBLe-Test. All MBL-producing MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates (164) were resistant to piperacillin (PI), piperacillin + tazobactam (PIT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (CPM), imipenem (IMP), and meropenem (MRP). The tigecycline (21.34%) resistance was significantly less compared to all other antibiotics. Conclusions: The present study highlighted the burden of MDR MBL producing Acinetobacter spp. in patients with VAP. About three-fourth of patients with VAP had MDR Acinetobacter spp. Eighty percent were MDR Acinetobacter spp. were MBL producers. MDR Acinetobacter isolates, including MBL producer, were significantly higher in late-onset VAP. The ability of phenotypic identification of Acinetobacter spp. for MBL producer among imipenem-EDTA double-disc synergy test (DDST), CDST-IPM and MBL-E Test were comparable. All MBL-producing MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistan
{"title":"Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-pesistant acinetobacter isolates in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","authors":"H. Patil, S. Mohite, V. Patil","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_54_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_54_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acinetobacter, a nonfermenting Gram-negative coccobacilli, have emerged as significant pathogens causing multidrug-resistant (MDR) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Acinetobacter spp. have become an emerging therapeutic concern worldwide due to the MDR isolates. Aim and Objectives: Phenotypic detection of MBL producing MDR Acinetobacter isolates in patients with VAP and to study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MBL-producing isolates. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational and noninterventional study conducted on patients with VAP over a period of 2 years. This study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in the intensive care unit. A total of 164 MBL-producing MDR AB isolates were included in the study. MBL was detected by imipenem-EDTA double-disc synergy test (DDST), imipenem-EDTA combined disc synergy test (CDST-IPM), and MBL-E test. Results: A total of 188 samples were enrolled for the study, fulfilling the inclusion criteria of VAP. Total MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates were 188 (76.42%) of them, 164 (87.23%) were MBL producing and 24 (12.76%) were nonMBL (P < 0.002). Total 11.17% and 88.83% MDR VAP due to Acinetobacter spp. were early-onset VAP and Late-onset VAP, respectively (P < 0.001). Late-onset VAP due to MDR Acinetobacter spp. was predominant in the present study caused by Acinetobacter spp. Of total 188 MDR Acinetobacter isolates, 156 (82.98%) were Acinetobacter baumannii, 15 (7.98%) were Acinetobacter iwoffii, 9 (4.79%) were Acinetobacter calcoacetiucs, 5 (2.66%) were Acinetobacter hemotyticus, and 3 (1.59%) were ABC complex, predominated by A. baumannii (P < 0.001). Of total 188 MDR Acinetobacter spp. 164 (87.23%) were putative MBL producing and 24 (12.67%) were nonMBL Acinetobacter spp. Of 164 MBL-producing isolates, 141 (85.98%) were detected by the DDST method, and 23 (14.02%) were DDST negative. Total 146 (89.02%) MDR Acinetobacter spp. were detected by a combined disc test-IMP test. A total of 152 (92%) MDR Acinetobacter spp. were detected by MBLe-Test. All MBL-producing MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates (164) were resistant to piperacillin (PI), piperacillin + tazobactam (PIT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (CPM), imipenem (IMP), and meropenem (MRP). The tigecycline (21.34%) resistance was significantly less compared to all other antibiotics. Conclusions: The present study highlighted the burden of MDR MBL producing Acinetobacter spp. in patients with VAP. About three-fourth of patients with VAP had MDR Acinetobacter spp. Eighty percent were MDR Acinetobacter spp. were MBL producers. MDR Acinetobacter isolates, including MBL producer, were significantly higher in late-onset VAP. The ability of phenotypic identification of Acinetobacter spp. for MBL producer among imipenem-EDTA double-disc synergy test (DDST), CDST-IPM and MBL-E Test were comparable. All MBL-producing MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistan","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"87 1","pages":"64 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79375251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_122_20
G. Reddy, Gabrielaa Kothakulangara, Rekha Thapar, R. Holla, Nithin Kumar
Background: First aid and basic life support (BLS) are the basic principles that have significant importance in the revival of victims on site. Although the epidemiology of injuries has been well studied in many developed countries, there are a fewer number of such similar studies among the police workforce in developing countries, such as India. Objective: The objective was to assess the level of understanding about first aid and BLS measures among the police workforce in a coastal city of Southern India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at police stations and traffic police stations in a coastal city of South India with a sample size of 196. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire assessed a plethora of parameters, such as choking and seizures. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 (IBM SPSS Inc Chicago, SPSS Inc) and results were obtained. Consent from the study participants was obtained before commencement. Results: About 87.3% of the study participants who received training markedly scored <10, which is graded as a poor outcome, whereas 12.7% who have received training scored adequate. Among the untrained personnel, 86.4% scored <10, whereas the remaining 13.6% have adequately scored due to external or general knowledge without undertaking specific prior training. Conclusion: A majority of the police personnel who have received training should undergo frequent training to enhance their skills, which are currently below the baseline. Those who have not received training should also obtain proper training to improve their efficiency in emergency management.
{"title":"Assessment of the level of knowledge of first aid and basic life support among the police workforce in a coastal area in Southern India","authors":"G. Reddy, Gabrielaa Kothakulangara, Rekha Thapar, R. Holla, Nithin Kumar","doi":"10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_122_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_122_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: First aid and basic life support (BLS) are the basic principles that have significant importance in the revival of victims on site. Although the epidemiology of injuries has been well studied in many developed countries, there are a fewer number of such similar studies among the police workforce in developing countries, such as India. Objective: The objective was to assess the level of understanding about first aid and BLS measures among the police workforce in a coastal city of Southern India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at police stations and traffic police stations in a coastal city of South India with a sample size of 196. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire assessed a plethora of parameters, such as choking and seizures. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 (IBM SPSS Inc Chicago, SPSS Inc) and results were obtained. Consent from the study participants was obtained before commencement. Results: About 87.3% of the study participants who received training markedly scored <10, which is graded as a poor outcome, whereas 12.7% who have received training scored adequate. Among the untrained personnel, 86.4% scored <10, whereas the remaining 13.6% have adequately scored due to external or general knowledge without undertaking specific prior training. Conclusion: A majority of the police personnel who have received training should undergo frequent training to enhance their skills, which are currently below the baseline. Those who have not received training should also obtain proper training to improve their efficiency in emergency management.","PeriodicalId":16373,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"47 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87869347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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