Pub Date : 2016-04-14DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000E117
Jorge A. Suarez, J. Díaz-Juárez
Metabolic syndrome is accompanied by central obesity, dyslipidemia, compromised fasting glucose, and hypertension [1]. Unfortunately, all of these factors contribute to damage the endothelium that in turn, will conclude in the development of multiple complications observed in the metabolic syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is mainly caused by a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) availability due to reduced NO production and/or increase in oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) that can react with NO and inactivate the active molecule [2]. NO production in endothelial cells is mainly mediated by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (eNOS), therefore, studies that investigate regulatory mechanisms of this enzyme are essential. Currently, the influence of metabolic syndrome on eNOS regulation is incompletely investigated. Recently, Guterbaum et al. [3] published a paper in this journal that describes the effects of H2O2 on phosphorylation of the eNOS of endothelial cells pretreated with supra-physiologic glucose concentrations. Their findings demonstrated that H2O2, with the concomitant increase ROS production, resulted in an increase in Thr495 phosphorylation while phosphorylation of Ser1177 was reduced. Furthermore, these authors demonstrated that combination of high glucose concentration with H2O2 induces phosphorylation of Thr495 through the PKC pathway. These phosphorylation sites confere fine regulation of eNOS activity [4] and the findings by Guterbaum et al. provide bases to understand more the complexity of pathophysiologic mechanisms that characterize the metabolic syndrome.
{"title":"Post-translational Modifications of Proteins in Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"Jorge A. Suarez, J. Díaz-Juárez","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000E117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000E117","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic syndrome is accompanied by central obesity, dyslipidemia, compromised fasting glucose, and hypertension [1]. Unfortunately, all of these factors contribute to damage the endothelium that in turn, will conclude in the development of multiple complications observed in the metabolic syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is mainly caused by a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) availability due to reduced NO production and/or increase in oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) that can react with NO and inactivate the active molecule [2]. NO production in endothelial cells is mainly mediated by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (eNOS), therefore, studies that investigate regulatory mechanisms of this enzyme are essential. Currently, the influence of metabolic syndrome on eNOS regulation is incompletely investigated. Recently, Guterbaum et al. [3] published a paper in this journal that describes the effects of H2O2 on phosphorylation of the eNOS of endothelial cells pretreated with supra-physiologic glucose concentrations. Their findings demonstrated that H2O2, with the concomitant increase ROS production, resulted in an increase in Thr495 phosphorylation while phosphorylation of Ser1177 was reduced. Furthermore, these authors demonstrated that combination of high glucose concentration with H2O2 induces phosphorylation of Thr495 through the PKC pathway. These phosphorylation sites confere fine regulation of eNOS activity [4] and the findings by Guterbaum et al. provide bases to understand more the complexity of pathophysiologic mechanisms that characterize the metabolic syndrome.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77724789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-06DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000202
T. Sanai, Takashi Ono, Toma Fukumitsu
Objective: Risk factors development are similar to those implicated in cardiovascular diseases (cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia in hemodialysis (HD). Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the treatment (dyslipidemia) of these patients. Methods: We examined changes in physiological parameters, renal function markers and lipid profiles induced by statins, such as pravastatin sodium (water-soluble, PS), atorvastatin calcium hydrate (fat-soluble, ACH) and pitavastatin calcium (fat-soluble, PC). Results: Dyslipidemia with medication was observed in 34 (24.8%) of the 137 HD patients. The therapeutic statins used for dyslipidemia were as follows: PS was used in the nine patients, ACH was used in 11 patients and PC was used in nine HD patients. The waist circumference and body mass index were more significantly increased in the patients treated with ACH (90.9 ± 10.5 cm [mean ± standard deviation], 24.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2) than in the patients treated with PS (79.9 ± 10.3 cm, 21.0 ± 2.9 kg/m2; P < 0.05). While the serum triglyceride levels in the PS group were 103 ± 36 mg/dl, those in the ACH group were 164 ± 75 mg/dl (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum whole parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher in the ACH group (151 ± 102 pg/ml) than in the PS group (55 ± 32 pg/ml, P < 0.05). There were no differences between the PS and the PC groups in any of the laboratory data, except for the serum creatinine levels. Conclusion: Waist circumference, body mass index and the serum triglyceride levels were increased in the ACH HD patients. Interestingly, the serum whole PTH levels were found to be significant in the ESRD patients treated with ACH. Based on our results, PC may be an ideal statin for treating HD patients.
目的:血液透析(HD)的危险因素发展与心血管疾病(心力衰竭、缺血性心脏病和外周动脉疾病)、高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常相关。因此，有必要对这些患者的治疗(血脂异常)进行优化。方法:我们检测了他汀类药物如普伐他汀钠(水溶性，PS)、阿托伐他汀水合钙(脂溶性，ACH)和匹伐他汀钙(脂溶性，PC)引起的生理参数、肾功能指标和脂质谱的变化。结果:137例HD患者中有34例(24.8%)出现药物伴血脂异常。治疗血脂异常的他汀类药物如下:9例患者使用PS, 11例患者使用ACH, 9例HD患者使用PC。ACH组患者的腰围和体重指数(90.9±10.5 cm, 24.8±2.9 kg/m2)明显高于PS组(79.9±10.3 cm, 21.0±2.9 kg/m2);P < 0.05)。PS组血清甘油三酯水平为103±36 mg/dl, ACH组为164±75 mg/dl (P < 0.05)。ACH组大鼠血清总甲状旁腺激素水平(151±102 pg/ml)显著高于PS组(55±32 pg/ml, P < 0.05)。除了血清肌酐水平外，PS组和PC组在任何实验室数据中都没有差异。结论:ACH HD患者的腰围、体重指数及血清甘油三酯水平均有升高。有趣的是，经乙酰胆碱治疗的ESRD患者血清全甲状旁腺激素水平显著升高。根据我们的研究结果，PC可能是治疗HD患者的理想他汀类药物。
{"title":"Benefits and Adverse Effects of Statins, Atorvastatin Calcium Hydrate,Pitavastatin Calcium, and Pravastatin Sodium, for Dyslipidemia in Patientson Hemodialysis","authors":"T. Sanai, Takashi Ono, Toma Fukumitsu","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000202","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Risk factors development are similar to those implicated in cardiovascular diseases (cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia in hemodialysis (HD). Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the treatment (dyslipidemia) of these patients. \u0000Methods: We examined changes in physiological parameters, renal function markers and lipid profiles induced by statins, such as pravastatin sodium (water-soluble, PS), atorvastatin calcium hydrate (fat-soluble, ACH) and pitavastatin calcium (fat-soluble, PC). \u0000Results: Dyslipidemia with medication was observed in 34 (24.8%) of the 137 HD patients. The therapeutic statins used for dyslipidemia were as follows: PS was used in the nine patients, ACH was used in 11 patients and PC was used in nine HD patients. The waist circumference and body mass index were more significantly increased in the patients treated with ACH (90.9 ± 10.5 cm [mean ± standard deviation], 24.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2) than in the patients treated with PS (79.9 ± 10.3 cm, 21.0 ± 2.9 kg/m2; P < 0.05). While the serum triglyceride levels in the PS group were 103 ± 36 mg/dl, those in the ACH group were 164 ± 75 mg/dl (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum whole parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher in the ACH group (151 ± 102 pg/ml) than in the PS group (55 ± 32 pg/ml, P < 0.05). There were no differences between the PS and the PC groups in any of the laboratory data, except for the serum creatinine levels. \u0000Conclusion: Waist circumference, body mass index and the serum triglyceride levels were increased in the ACH HD patients. Interestingly, the serum whole PTH levels were found to be significant in the ESRD patients treated with ACH. Based on our results, PC may be an ideal statin for treating HD patients.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"79 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83150505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-28DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000201
S. Kesebir, Merih AltıntaÅ, Elif Tatlıdil Yaylacı, Boray Erdinç, N. Tarhan
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate, whether an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and clinical features and affective temperaments exists or not in first manic episode of bipolar disorder (BD) with or without previous depressive episode. Methods: Diagnosed with dipolar disorder type I according to DSM-IV criteria fifty four patients who were had a least one previous depressive episode (PDE) and 87 patients who were experiencing their first manic episode (FME) evaluated consecutively for inclusion. Comorbid axis I disorders and alcohol or substance use were excluded. NCEP ATP III formulated an operational definition of MetS based on the presence of three or more of the following characteristics: abdominal obesity (waist circumference), hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL or being on an antilipidemic agent, high blood pressure or being on an antihypertensive agent, and fasting hyperglycemia or being on antiglycemic agent. The patients who had been in remission period for at least 8 weeks were evaluated with SCIP-TURK and TEMPS-A. Remission was defined as YMRS score<5. Results: MetS was found to be more frequent in these patients than the patients who didn’t have a PDE. PDE, negative family history, childhood trauma and seasonality are determined as the predictors of MetS. Anxious temperament scores were higher in MetS (+) FME patients of both groups. Irritable temperament scores were higher only in MetS (+) FME patients without PDE group. Conclusion: The presence of MetS seems to be correlated with the onset and progression of BD. This may also contribute to the discovery of biological markers, increase in our diagnostic tools, development of protective and individual-spesific treatment options.
目的:本研究的目的是探讨在伴有或不伴有抑郁发作的双相情感障碍(BD)首次躁狂发作中，代谢综合征(MetS)与临床特征和情感气质之间是否存在关联。方法:根据DSM-IV标准诊断为I型双相情感障碍的54例既往至少有过一次抑郁发作(PDE)的患者和87例首次经历躁狂发作(FME)的患者连续评估纳入。共病I轴障碍和酒精或物质使用被排除在外。NCEP ATP III根据以下三个或更多特征制定了MetS的可操作性定义:腹部肥胖(腰围)，高甘油三酯血症，低HDL或使用抗脂药，高血压或使用抗高血压药，空腹高血糖或使用降糖药。缓解期至少8周的患者用SCIP-TURK和TEMPS-A进行评估。缓解定义为YMRS评分<5。结果:发现met在这些患者中比没有PDE的患者更频繁。PDE，阴性家族史，童年创伤和季节性被确定为MetS的预测因素。两组MetS (+) FME患者的焦虑气质评分均较高。激惹气质评分仅在MetS (+) FME患者无PDE组较高。结论:MetS的存在似乎与双相障碍的发生和发展有关，这也可能有助于发现生物标志物，增加我们的诊断工具，开发保护性和个体化治疗方案。
{"title":"Metabolic Syndrome in First Manic Episode: A Comparison between Patients with or without Previous Depressive Episode","authors":"S. Kesebir, Merih AltıntaÅ, Elif Tatlıdil Yaylacı, Boray Erdinç, N. Tarhan","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000201","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate, whether an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and clinical features and affective temperaments exists or not in first manic episode of bipolar disorder (BD) with or without previous depressive episode. \u0000Methods: Diagnosed with dipolar disorder type I according to DSM-IV criteria fifty four patients who were had a least one previous depressive episode (PDE) and 87 patients who were experiencing their first manic episode (FME) evaluated consecutively for inclusion. Comorbid axis I disorders and alcohol or substance use were excluded. NCEP ATP III formulated an operational definition of MetS based on the presence of three or more of the following characteristics: abdominal obesity (waist circumference), hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL or being on an antilipidemic agent, high blood pressure or being on an antihypertensive agent, and fasting hyperglycemia or being on antiglycemic agent. The patients who had been in remission period for at least 8 weeks were evaluated with SCIP-TURK and TEMPS-A. Remission was defined as YMRS score<5. \u0000Results: MetS was found to be more frequent in these patients than the patients who didn’t have a PDE. PDE, negative family history, childhood trauma and seasonality are determined as the predictors of MetS. Anxious temperament scores were higher in MetS (+) FME patients of both groups. Irritable temperament scores were higher only in MetS (+) FME patients without PDE group. \u0000Conclusion: The presence of MetS seems to be correlated with the onset and progression of BD. This may also contribute to the discovery of biological markers, increase in our diagnostic tools, development of protective and individual-spesific treatment options.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84194349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-26DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000200
Akl Ld, Valadares Alr, D. C. Gomes, A. Pinto-Neto, L. Costa-Paiva
Metabolic Syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, increases after menopause and it is probably more frequent in HIV women. Objective: To assess MetS and associated factors in HIV seropositive and seronegative middle-aged women. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 537 women (273 HIV seropositive and 264 HIV seronegative), between 40 and 60 years’ old receiving follow-up care in two medical centers in Brazil. MetS was diagnosed based on IDF criteria. Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors were evaluated. Results: The prevalence of MetS in the HIV group was 46.9% and 42.2% in the seronegative group (P=0.340). Multiple regression analysis showed MetS association with body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m² (PR=2.34; 95% CI: 1.70- 3.21; P<0.001), aging (PR: 0.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.07; P<0.001), and the use of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) (PR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.13-1.94; P=0.005). Conclusions: There was no association between MetS and HIV status overall. Although HAART was associated with MetS, it seems that HIV-positive women in good immunological status, after early institution of HAART and its effective use, have traditional factors associated with MetS like being overweight and having older age.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-aged Women withand without HIV","authors":"Akl Ld, Valadares Alr, D. C. Gomes, A. Pinto-Neto, L. Costa-Paiva","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000200","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic Syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, increases after menopause and it is probably more frequent in HIV women. \u0000Objective: To assess MetS and associated factors in HIV seropositive and seronegative middle-aged women. \u0000Methods: Cross-sectional study with 537 women (273 HIV seropositive and 264 HIV seronegative), between 40 and 60 years’ old receiving follow-up care in two medical centers in Brazil. MetS was diagnosed based on IDF criteria. Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors were evaluated. \u0000Results: The prevalence of MetS in the HIV group was 46.9% and 42.2% in the seronegative group (P=0.340). Multiple regression analysis showed MetS association with body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m² (PR=2.34; 95% CI: 1.70- 3.21; P<0.001), aging (PR: 0.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.07; P<0.001), and the use of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) (PR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.13-1.94; P=0.005). Conclusions: There was no association between MetS and HIV status overall. Although HAART was associated with MetS, it seems that HIV-positive women in good immunological status, after early institution of HAART and its effective use, have traditional factors associated with MetS like being overweight and having older age.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74925641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-25DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000199
Demidov Da, R. Aller, D. Primo, O. Izaola, B. Fuente, E. Romero
Background: There is few evidence of CNR2 SNPs and obesity. The role of CNR2 gene variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention remained uninvestigated. Objective: Our aim was to analyze the effects of rs3123554) of CNR2 receptor gene polymorphism on body weight, metabolic parameters and serum adipokine levels after a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet. Design: A Caucasian population of 82 obese patients was analyzed before and after 3 months on a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet. Results: In non A allele carriers, the decrease in weight -3.2 ± 1.9 kg (-2.2 ± 1.0 kg : p=0.02), BMI -1.0 ± 0.1 kg (-1.2 ± 0.5 kg : p=0.01), fat mass -2.5 ± 1.0 kg (-1.2 ± 0.8 kg : p=0.003), waist circumference -2.9 ± 1.1 cm (-2.1 ± 3.1 cm : p=0.004), systolic blood pressure were -5.9 ± 3.9 mmHg (-2.9 ± 2.2 mmHg), total cholesterol -25.1 ± 5.3 mg/dl (-6.4 ± 4.7 mg/dl : p=0.005), LDL- cholesterol -19.1 ± 9.5 mg/dl (-6.2 ± 8.5 mg/dl : p=0.003), glucose -5.2 ± 2.5 mg/dL (-0.1 ± 1.1 mg/dL : p=0.004), insulin -2.8 ± 1.3 mUI/L (-0.2 ± 1.0 mUI/L:p=0.01), HOMA-IR -0.9 ± 0.3 ( ± 0.1 ± 0.1 : p=0.01), IL-6 -0.7 ± 0.5 ng/dL (-0.1 ± 0.4 ng/dL:p=0.02) and CRP -2.8 ± 1.5 ng/dL ( ± 0.1 ± 0.2 ng/dL:p=0.02) were higher than A allele carriers. Conclusion: Non A allele carriers has a better improvement after a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet in body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, level of insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, IL-6 and CRP than A allele carriers.
{"title":"Effects of Polymorphism rs3123554 in the Cannabinoid Receptor GeneType 2 (Cnr2) on Body Weight and Insulin Resistance after Weight Losswith a Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet","authors":"Demidov Da, R. Aller, D. Primo, O. Izaola, B. Fuente, E. Romero","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000199","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is few evidence of CNR2 SNPs and obesity. The role of CNR2 gene variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention remained uninvestigated. \u0000Objective: Our aim was to analyze the effects of rs3123554) of CNR2 receptor gene polymorphism on body weight, metabolic parameters and serum adipokine levels after a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet. \u0000Design: A Caucasian population of 82 obese patients was analyzed before and after 3 months on a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet. \u0000Results: In non A allele carriers, the decrease in weight -3.2 ± 1.9 kg (-2.2 ± 1.0 kg : p=0.02), BMI -1.0 ± 0.1 kg (-1.2 ± 0.5 kg : p=0.01), fat mass -2.5 ± 1.0 kg (-1.2 ± 0.8 kg : p=0.003), waist circumference -2.9 ± 1.1 cm (-2.1 ± 3.1 cm : p=0.004), systolic blood pressure were -5.9 ± 3.9 mmHg (-2.9 ± 2.2 mmHg), total cholesterol -25.1 ± 5.3 mg/dl (-6.4 ± 4.7 mg/dl : p=0.005), LDL- cholesterol -19.1 ± 9.5 mg/dl (-6.2 ± 8.5 mg/dl : p=0.003), glucose -5.2 ± 2.5 mg/dL (-0.1 ± 1.1 mg/dL : p=0.004), insulin -2.8 ± 1.3 mUI/L (-0.2 ± 1.0 mUI/L:p=0.01), HOMA-IR -0.9 ± 0.3 ( ± 0.1 ± 0.1 : p=0.01), IL-6 -0.7 ± 0.5 ng/dL (-0.1 ± 0.4 ng/dL:p=0.02) and CRP -2.8 ± 1.5 ng/dL ( ± 0.1 ± 0.2 ng/dL:p=0.02) were higher than A allele carriers. \u0000Conclusion: Non A allele carriers has a better improvement after a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet in body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, level of insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, IL-6 and CRP than A allele carriers.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75913072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-17DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000198
Biswab, hu Bankura, M. Das, Arup Kumar Pattanayak, B. Adhikary, R. Bhattacharjee, S. Goswami, S. Chowdhury, A. Roy
Background and objective: Metformin is often used as a first-line therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the glycemic response to metformin is variable in patients. Here, we aimed to assess the inter-patient variability in terms of glycemic response to metformin in the state of West Bengal, India. Material and methods: We enrolled newly diagnosed treatment naive 113 patients with T2DM. Patients were subjected to assay of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PP) and measurement of body mass index (BMI), waist circumstances (WC) before and after the end of 3 months of immediate release metformin (2000mg/day) therapy. Results: Out of 113 patients, 111 (58 male and 53 female; average age 43.13 years) were provided with 3 months of metformin therapy. 102 individuals responded to metformin, but HbA1c levels of 9 patients did not improve after 3 months of drug therapy. Conclusions: In the present study, metformin lead to improvements in glycemic control in 92% of newly diagnosed T2DM patients but in 8% does not which is much less in this part of India.
{"title":"Inter-patient Variability in Clinical Efficacy of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in West Bengal, India","authors":"Biswab, hu Bankura, M. Das, Arup Kumar Pattanayak, B. Adhikary, R. Bhattacharjee, S. Goswami, S. Chowdhury, A. Roy","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000198","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: Metformin is often used as a first-line therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the glycemic response to metformin is variable in patients. Here, we aimed to assess the inter-patient variability in terms of glycemic response to metformin in the state of West Bengal, India. \u0000Material and methods: We enrolled newly diagnosed treatment naive 113 patients with T2DM. Patients were subjected to assay of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PP) and measurement of body mass index (BMI), waist circumstances (WC) before and after the end of 3 months of immediate release metformin (2000mg/day) therapy. \u0000Results: Out of 113 patients, 111 (58 male and 53 female; average age 43.13 years) were provided with 3 months of metformin therapy. 102 individuals responded to metformin, but HbA1c levels of 9 patients did not improve after 3 months of drug therapy. Conclusions: In the present study, metformin lead to improvements in glycemic control in 92% of newly diagnosed T2DM patients but in 8% does not which is much less in this part of India.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"71 3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83346508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000197
R. Aller, O. Izaola, R. Bachiller, E. Romero, D. Luis
Background and aim: The C385A polymorphism of FAAH gene (rs324420C>A) has been associated with obesity. We investigate the role of this polymorphism on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss secondary to a high protein/ low carbohydrate vs. a standard hypocaloric diets (1000 kcal/day) during 9 months. Methods: A sample of 284 subjects with obesity (body mass index (BMI) >30) was enrolled. These subjects were randomly allocated to one of two diets for a period of nine months Diet S (standard protein hypocaloric diet) vs. Diet HP (high protein-low carbohydrate hypocaloric diet). Results: After both diets and in both genotype groups (CC vs. CA+AA), body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased. With the diet type HP and in non A carriers, glucose (-5.3 ± 1.2 mg/dl vs. -1.8 ± 2.1 mg/dl; p<0.05), insulin levels (-3.1 ± 1.9UI/L vs. -1.1 ± 2.0 UI/L; p<0.05), HOMA-R (-0.9 ± 0.8 units vs. -0.3 ± 1.0 units; p<0.05), total cholesterol (-11.9 ± 8.2 mg/dl vs. -0.1 ± 3.1mg/dl; p<0.05), and LDL- total cholesterol (-9.8 ± 4.2 mg/dl vs. -1.0 ± 2.1mg/dl; p<0.05) decreased. After diet S and in patients with both genotypes, total cholesterol (-6.0 ± 3.1 mg/dl vs. -10.0 ± 8.2mg/dl; ns), triglycerides (-8.1 ± 7.1 mg/dl vs. -13.1 ± 8.9 mg/dl; ns) and LDL- total cholesterol (-5.9 ± 3.0 mg/dl vs. -9.1 ± 5.8mg/dl; p<0.05) decreased. Conclusion: Non carriers of the allele A385 of FAAH showed an improvement on insulin and HOMA-R levels with a high protein hypocaloric diet after weight loss during 9 months. A standard hypocaloric diet produced a similar improvement in lipid profile in both genotypes.
背景与目的:FAAH基因C385A多态性(rs324420C>A)与肥胖有关。我们在9个月的时间里研究了这种多态性在心血管危险因素和高蛋白/低碳水化合物与标准低热量饮食(1000千卡/天)后的体重减轻中的作用。方法:选取体重指数(BMI) >30的肥胖患者284例。这些受试者被随机分配到两种饮食中的一种，为期9个月的饮食S(标准蛋白质低热量饮食)和饮食HP(高蛋白低碳水化合物低热量饮食)。结果:两种饮食后以及两种基因型组(CC vs CA+AA)，体重指数(BMI)、体重、脂肪量、腰围和收缩压均下降。在饮食型HP和非A携带者中，葡萄糖(-5.3±1.2 mg/dl vs -1.8±2.1 mg/dl;p<0.05)，胰岛素水平(-3.1±1.9UI/L vs. -1.1±2.0 UI/L;p<0.05)， HOMA-R(-0.9±0.8单位vs -0.3±1.0单位;P <0.05)，总胆固醇(-11.9±8.2 mg/dl vs -0.1±3.1mg/dl;p<0.05)， LDL-总胆固醇(-9.8±4.2 mg/dl vs -1.0±2.1mg/dl;p < 0.05)降低。饮食S后，两种基因型患者的总胆固醇(-6.0±3.1 mg/dl vs -10.0±8.2mg/dl);Ns)，甘油三酯(-8.1±7.1 mg/dl vs -13.1±8.9 mg/dl;LDL-总胆固醇(-5.9±3.0 mg/dl vs -9.1±5.8mg/dl);p < 0.05)降低。结论:非FAAH等位基因A385携带者在减肥9个月后，高蛋白低热量饮食改善了胰岛素和HOMA-R水平。标准的低热量饮食对两种基因型的脂质谱产生了类似的改善。
{"title":"C358A Polymorphism of the Endocannabinoid Degrading Enzyme Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Influence On Metabolic Parameters a High Protein/Low Carbohydrate versus a Standard Hypocaloric Diet","authors":"R. Aller, O. Izaola, R. Bachiller, E. Romero, D. Luis","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000197","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aim: The C385A polymorphism of FAAH gene (rs324420C>A) has been associated with obesity. We investigate the role of this polymorphism on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss secondary to a high protein/ low carbohydrate vs. a standard hypocaloric diets (1000 kcal/day) during 9 months. \u0000Methods: A sample of 284 subjects with obesity (body mass index (BMI) >30) was enrolled. These subjects were randomly allocated to one of two diets for a period of nine months Diet S (standard protein hypocaloric diet) vs. Diet HP (high protein-low carbohydrate hypocaloric diet). \u0000Results: After both diets and in both genotype groups (CC vs. CA+AA), body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased. With the diet type HP and in non A carriers, glucose (-5.3 ± 1.2 mg/dl vs. -1.8 ± 2.1 mg/dl; p<0.05), insulin levels (-3.1 ± 1.9UI/L vs. -1.1 ± 2.0 UI/L; p<0.05), HOMA-R (-0.9 ± 0.8 units vs. -0.3 ± 1.0 units; p<0.05), total cholesterol (-11.9 ± 8.2 mg/dl vs. -0.1 ± 3.1mg/dl; p<0.05), and LDL- total cholesterol (-9.8 ± 4.2 mg/dl vs. -1.0 ± 2.1mg/dl; p<0.05) decreased. After diet S and in patients with both genotypes, total cholesterol (-6.0 ± 3.1 mg/dl vs. -10.0 ± 8.2mg/dl; ns), triglycerides (-8.1 ± 7.1 mg/dl vs. -13.1 ± 8.9 mg/dl; ns) and LDL- total cholesterol (-5.9 ± 3.0 mg/dl vs. -9.1 ± 5.8mg/dl; p<0.05) decreased. \u0000Conclusion: Non carriers of the allele A385 of FAAH showed an improvement on insulin and HOMA-R levels with a high protein hypocaloric diet after weight loss during 9 months. A standard hypocaloric diet produced a similar improvement in lipid profile in both genotypes.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"251 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78371939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-28DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000195
F. Giampetruzzi, G. Garruti
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the control of a number of vital functions including cardiovascular, endocrine/neurovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, pupil and thermoregulatory functions. Its abnormalities have been associated with early mortality, sudden death, silent myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal diseases. The manifestation of the ANS dysfunction in several human diseases is underestimated. Evidences exist on the important role of ANS dysfunctions in different clinically relevant conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic functional constipation, scleroderma, thalassemia major. Beside the classical evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus, little is known about the effects of metabolic factors on ANS dysfunction. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes a cluster of frequent abnormalities (impaired fasting glycaemia, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and increased visceral adiposity) predisposing to the atherosclerotic changes and increased cardiovascular mortality. Early signs of autonomic dysfunction are often found in subjects with MetS even in the absence of diabetes. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that diabetics display a cardiovascular risk which is twice that of sex- and age-matched non-diabetic population. Manifestations of such a high cardiovascular risk of subjects with DM are the frequent silent myocardial infarctions (MI)s of diabetics which are often due to impaired cardiovascular autonomic function. Only recently major attention has been given to the interactions between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions. When increased waist circumference (one of the features of the MetS) and IGT are both present, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction also occurs. Some adipokines (e.g. adiponectin) seem to play a role in cardiovascular risk and autonomic dysfunction. This review will therefore focus on some subtle aspects linking ANS dysfunction and MetS.
{"title":"Links between Autonomic Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"F. Giampetruzzi, G. Garruti","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the control of a number of vital functions including cardiovascular, endocrine/neurovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, pupil and thermoregulatory functions. Its abnormalities have been associated with early mortality, sudden death, silent myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal diseases. The manifestation of the ANS dysfunction in several human diseases is underestimated. Evidences exist on the important role of ANS dysfunctions in different clinically relevant conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic functional constipation, scleroderma, thalassemia major. Beside the classical evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus, little is known about the effects of metabolic factors on ANS dysfunction. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes a cluster of frequent abnormalities (impaired fasting glycaemia, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and increased visceral adiposity) predisposing to the atherosclerotic changes and increased cardiovascular mortality. Early signs of autonomic dysfunction are often found in subjects with MetS even in the absence of diabetes. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that diabetics display a cardiovascular risk which is twice that of sex- and age-matched non-diabetic population. Manifestations of such a high cardiovascular risk of subjects with DM are the frequent silent myocardial infarctions (MI)s of diabetics which are often due to impaired cardiovascular autonomic function. Only recently major attention has been given to the interactions between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions. When increased waist circumference (one of the features of the MetS) and IGT are both present, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction also occurs. Some adipokines (e.g. adiponectin) seem to play a role in cardiovascular risk and autonomic dysfunction. This review will therefore focus on some subtle aspects linking ANS dysfunction and MetS.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73812837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-18DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000196
I. Ismail, A. D. Amodu, Atawodi S Ene-ojoh, U. I. Alhaji
Background: Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that is critical to regulation of systemic acid-base homeostasis by facilitating urinary acidification. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase results in metabolic acidosis which leads to decrease in pH. Aim and objectives: The study aims to highlight the potential utility of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase as therapeutic target for managing diabetes, by investigating changes of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity in STZ induced diabetic rats. Methods: Carbonic anhydrase activity was determined by the absorbance of p-nitrophenol at 345nm released from p-nitrophenyl acetate. HbA1c was determined by ion exchange method (Spectrum diagnostics). Biochemical parameters were determined by Accutrend GCT meters with cobias® test strips. Results: The result revealed that inhibition of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase results in significant increase in both blood lactate concentration and HbA1c level with significant reduction in blood glucose concentration. Metformin was found to reduce carbonic anhydrase activity and HbA1c level significantly and increased blood lactate concentration. The extract of Cadaba farinosa was found to reduce blood glucose concentration. Conclusions: Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase can be associated with reduced circulating blood glucose level. Metformin may therefore reduce circulating blood glucose by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. Increased level of HbA1c may probably be due to inhibition of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. Therefore Carbonic anhydrase can potentially serve as a therapeutic target for managing diabetes in combination as serving as valuable marker for lactic acidosis.
{"title":"Carbonic Anhydrase: A New Therapeutic Target for Managing Diabetes","authors":"I. Ismail, A. D. Amodu, Atawodi S Ene-ojoh, U. I. Alhaji","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000196","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that is critical to regulation of systemic acid-base homeostasis by facilitating urinary acidification. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase results in metabolic acidosis which leads to decrease in pH. \u0000Aim and objectives: The study aims to highlight the potential utility of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase as therapeutic target for managing diabetes, by investigating changes of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity in STZ induced diabetic rats. \u0000Methods: Carbonic anhydrase activity was determined by the absorbance of p-nitrophenol at 345nm released from p-nitrophenyl acetate. HbA1c was determined by ion exchange method (Spectrum diagnostics). Biochemical parameters were determined by Accutrend GCT meters with cobias® test strips. \u0000Results: The result revealed that inhibition of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase results in significant increase in both blood lactate concentration and HbA1c level with significant reduction in blood glucose concentration. Metformin was found to reduce carbonic anhydrase activity and HbA1c level significantly and increased blood lactate concentration. The extract of Cadaba farinosa was found to reduce blood glucose concentration. \u0000Conclusions: Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase can be associated with reduced circulating blood glucose level. Metformin may therefore reduce circulating blood glucose by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. Increased level of HbA1c may probably be due to inhibition of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. Therefore Carbonic anhydrase can potentially serve as a therapeutic target for managing diabetes in combination as serving as valuable marker for lactic acidosis.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87437241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000194
Junki Yoshida, A. Tateishi, Y. Fukui, M. Zeida, N. Fukui
Black tea is reported to have various beneficial effects on health. Activated charcoal-treated black tea (ACBT) did not contain catechins nor caffeine and included small amount of theaflavins (TFs). We had further fractionated ACBT to obtain black tea polymerized polyphenols (BTPP), TFs-poor fraction and TFs-rich fraction and studied in vitro and/or in vivo effect of the fractions to elucidate the effect of ACBT. Sucrose-loading test in mice showed that ACBT and BTPP at the dose of, 1000 and 560 mg/kg, respectively, suppressed the increase of blood glucose level while secretion of insulin was not affected. We found that this effect is caused by inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. BTPP contained TFs, but the content was not at all enough to explain the activity of ACBT, 1H NMR analysis of BTPP was carried and showed the existence of many benzotropolone ring containing substances as active compounds.
{"title":"Black Tea Polyphenols Suppress Postprandial Hyperglycemia In Vivo in Mice and Inhibit α-Glucosidase Activity In Vitro","authors":"Junki Yoshida, A. Tateishi, Y. Fukui, M. Zeida, N. Fukui","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"Black tea is reported to have various beneficial effects on health. Activated charcoal-treated black tea (ACBT) did not contain catechins nor caffeine and included small amount of theaflavins (TFs). We had further fractionated ACBT to obtain black tea polymerized polyphenols (BTPP), TFs-poor fraction and TFs-rich fraction and studied in vitro and/or in vivo effect of the fractions to elucidate the effect of ACBT. Sucrose-loading test in mice showed that ACBT and BTPP at the dose of, 1000 and 560 mg/kg, respectively, suppressed the increase of blood glucose level while secretion of insulin was not affected. We found that this effect is caused by inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. BTPP contained TFs, but the content was not at all enough to explain the activity of ACBT, 1H NMR analysis of BTPP was carried and showed the existence of many benzotropolone ring containing substances as active compounds.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85731106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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