Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global epidemic; every 3 seconds someone in the world develops dementia. An estimated 50 million people are living with a disease that cannot be prevented, treated or cured. Without novel breakthroughs, AD is predicted to exceed 130 million by 2050. Pharmaceuticals offer minimal relief with dismal evidence of reversing neurodegeneration. Research focuses on β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles; but, in clinical trial, medications designed to sop-up toxic proteins in the brain fail to impede neural decline. Instead, plaques and tangles appear to be late-arrivers in the insidious progression of dementia. The recent explosion of comorbid metabolic pathologies (global prevalence of T2DM estimated @ 463 million) invites researchers into a deeper discussion of the bioenergetics regulating cognitive impairment and metabolic dysregulation. Age-related energy deficits, driven by peripheral insulin resistance, exacerbate Aβ/tau accumulation, increase oxidative stress and impede mitochondrial function; work by Sergi et al. and Mastroeni et al. suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction with epigenetic impairment in oxidative respiration appear to be the earliest offenders in the progression of T2DM and AD [1,2]. This case report highlights a novel, integrated intervention with a 69 year-old male dually diagnosed with T2DM and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Physiological biomarkers were measured pre/mid/post intervention; the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) measured cognitive function, pre/post. Statistically significant results were observed in the metabolic risk biomarkers, memory was restored to normal ranges, and the HbA1c normalized out of the diabetic range @ <5.6%. Furthermore, the metabolic and cognitive improvements were sustained @ 3 months post-intervention. These promising results suggest that dietary ketogenesis restores peripheral insulin sensitivity, mitigates T2DM and improves cognition by circumventing neural starvation via the restoration of metabolic flexibility.
{"title":"Association of Vitamin D Status withMetabolic Syndrome and itsComponents in Bangladeshi UrbanWomen","authors":"Z. H. Howlader","doi":"10.21767/J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/J","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global epidemic; every 3 seconds someone in the world develops dementia. An estimated 50 million people are living with a disease that cannot be prevented, treated or cured. Without novel breakthroughs, AD is predicted to exceed 130 million by 2050. Pharmaceuticals offer minimal relief with dismal evidence of reversing neurodegeneration. Research focuses on β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles; but, in clinical trial, medications designed to sop-up toxic proteins in the brain fail to impede neural decline. Instead, plaques and tangles appear to be late-arrivers in the insidious progression of dementia. The recent explosion of comorbid metabolic pathologies (global prevalence of T2DM estimated @ 463 million) invites researchers into a deeper discussion of the bioenergetics regulating cognitive impairment and metabolic dysregulation. Age-related energy deficits, driven by peripheral insulin resistance, exacerbate Aβ/tau accumulation, increase oxidative stress and impede mitochondrial function; work by Sergi et al. and Mastroeni et al. suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction with epigenetic impairment in oxidative respiration appear to be the earliest offenders in the progression of T2DM and AD [1,2]. This case report highlights a novel, integrated intervention with a 69 year-old male dually diagnosed with T2DM and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Physiological biomarkers were measured pre/mid/post intervention; the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) measured cognitive function, pre/post. Statistically significant results were observed in the metabolic risk biomarkers, memory was restored to normal ranges, and the HbA1c normalized out of the diabetic range @ <5.6%. Furthermore, the metabolic and cognitive improvements were sustained @ 3 months post-intervention. These promising results suggest that dietary ketogenesis restores peripheral insulin sensitivity, mitigates T2DM and improves cognition by circumventing neural starvation via the restoration of metabolic flexibility.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73665079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-10DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943:1000247
Bander Alharbi, N. Alsubaie, T. Sahota, M. Taylor
Aim: Insulin resistance is a common health disorder that contributes to developed overt diabetes among prediabetes subjects. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of a combined programme of aerobic and resistance exercise on insulin resistance among prediabetes subjects (Pre-D) using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) as a tool to define the improvement in insulin resistance. Method: 20 prediabetes subjects were asked to join a supervised combined exercise program consists of 30 min of resistance exercise followed by 20 min cycling twice at moderate-intensity a week for 6 weeks. Result: a significant improvement in Blood Glucose (BG) after combination exercise at two occasions when compared to BG before exercise (Pre S1), after 1st exercise session (Post S1) and at the end of intervention trial (Post S12). Conclusion: The result of this study has shown that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise combined with aerobic and resistance exercise program had significantly ameliorated insulin resistance among Pre-D.
{"title":"The effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise programme on insulin resistance among prediabetes subjects","authors":"Bander Alharbi, N. Alsubaie, T. Sahota, M. Taylor","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943:1000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943:1000247","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Insulin resistance is a common health disorder that contributes to developed overt diabetes among prediabetes subjects. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of a combined programme of aerobic and resistance exercise on insulin resistance among prediabetes subjects (Pre-D) using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) as a tool to define the improvement in insulin resistance. \u0000 \u0000Method: 20 prediabetes subjects were asked to join a supervised combined exercise program consists of 30 min of resistance exercise followed by 20 min cycling twice at moderate-intensity a week for 6 weeks. \u0000 \u0000Result: a significant improvement in Blood Glucose (BG) after combination exercise at two occasions when compared to BG before exercise (Pre S1), after 1st exercise session (Post S1) and at the end of intervention trial (Post S12). \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: The result of this study has shown that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise combined with aerobic and resistance exercise program had significantly ameliorated insulin resistance among Pre-D.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90862564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-02DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000246
N. Alsubaie, Bander Alharbi, T. Sahota, M. Taylor
Aim: An excessive number of calories consumed daily, in addition to a sedentary lifestyle, are the main causes of increasing Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) prevalence worldwide. Diabetes is usually accompanied by hypertension, lipid disorders, and obesity. The aim of this study is to show that the combination exercise is effective. It will compare T2D and Non-Diabetes (ND) volunteer doing combination exercise consisting of resistance and cycling. The interventions are minor and fairly short consisting of 12 episodes of exercise over 6 weeks, yet this was enough to produce measurable change and improvement. This included the re-categorization of two T2D volunteers to being ND, using normal metrics. A literature search was conducted by using electronic databases (Science direct, google scholar, Medline, Embase, Sports medicine, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Scopus) from April 2015 until January 2019. Results show that changes in primary and secondary outcomes are significant between the different groups. The primary outcome is HbA1c, and the secondary outcomes are weight, waist, BMI, lipid, BP, HR, lactate and body fitness. Moreover, this study focuses on the changes in incretin level in the T2D group for effects of exercise on the secretion of this hormone and compare within T2D who are using a different medication for diabetes Results: After just six weeks, there was a reduction in the HbA1c level for the T2D volunteers which is significant (P=0.000). Moreover, in ND the reduction was also significant (P=0.000). In the T2D group who are using (Metformin and SGT2-I group), their result shows elevation in GLP-1 in the assessment of the both acute and chronic effect of the programme. GLP-1 in this group was (3.9 ± 1.5) and increased to (8.4 ± 1.2), (P=0.345) after S1 and then increased more to (11.0 ± 0.8), (P=0.196) after 6 weeks of exercise. This was of interest because of the inference that incretins and exercise were linked. The crucial factor is metformin. Conclusion: In T2D and ND combination exercise has a beneficial effect on HbA1c, the improvement was higher in T2D. The anthropometric variables (weight, waist, BMI and lung capacity) improved significantly as well in T2D and ND. Exercise is also important to improve GLP-1 secretion. Despite the range of studies on incretin undertaken here, still, there is a need to compare the effect of exercise and different types of pharmacological therapy on GLP1. This study compared the effect of exercise on T2D plus medication in volunteers. It has been found that within the T2D group only Metformin and SGT2-I group was improved. Both SGLT2 inhibitors and metformin have been found to affect body weight and this may explain the improvement of GLP-1 level, suggesting an area for future investigation.
{"title":"The effects of (a combined exercise programme aerobic and resistance) on blood glucose and incretin hormone that could control the diabetes in type 2 diabetes.","authors":"N. Alsubaie, Bander Alharbi, T. Sahota, M. Taylor","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000246","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: An excessive number of calories consumed daily, in addition to a sedentary lifestyle, are the main causes of increasing Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) prevalence worldwide. Diabetes is usually accompanied by hypertension, lipid disorders, and obesity. \u0000 \u0000The aim of this study is to show that the combination exercise is effective. It will compare T2D and Non-Diabetes (ND) volunteer doing combination exercise consisting of resistance and cycling. The interventions are minor and fairly short consisting of 12 episodes of exercise over 6 weeks, yet this was enough to produce measurable change and improvement. \u0000 \u0000This included the re-categorization of two T2D volunteers to being ND, using normal metrics. A literature search was conducted by using electronic databases (Science direct, google scholar, Medline, Embase, Sports medicine, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Scopus) from April 2015 until January 2019. \u0000 \u0000Results show that changes in primary and secondary outcomes are significant between the different groups. The primary outcome is HbA1c, and the secondary outcomes are weight, waist, BMI, lipid, BP, HR, lactate and body fitness. Moreover, this study focuses on the changes in incretin level in the T2D group for effects of exercise on the secretion of this hormone and compare within T2D who are using a different medication for diabetes \u0000 \u0000Results: After just six weeks, there was a reduction in the HbA1c level for the T2D volunteers which is significant (P=0.000). Moreover, in ND the reduction was also significant (P=0.000). In the T2D group who are using (Metformin and SGT2-I group), their result shows elevation in GLP-1 in the assessment of the both acute and chronic effect of the programme. GLP-1 in this group was (3.9 ± 1.5) and increased to (8.4 ± 1.2), (P=0.345) after S1 and then increased more to (11.0 ± 0.8), (P=0.196) after 6 weeks of exercise. This was of interest because of the inference that incretins and exercise were linked. The crucial factor is metformin. \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: In T2D and ND combination exercise has a beneficial effect on HbA1c, the improvement was higher in T2D. The anthropometric variables (weight, waist, BMI and lung capacity) improved significantly as well in T2D and ND. \u0000 \u0000Exercise is also important to improve GLP-1 secretion. Despite the range of studies on incretin undertaken here, still, there is a need to compare the effect of exercise and different types of pharmacological therapy on GLP1. \u0000 \u0000This study compared the effect of exercise on T2D plus medication in volunteers. It has been found that within the T2D group only Metformin and SGT2-I group was improved. Both SGLT2 inhibitors and metformin have been found to affect body weight and this may explain the improvement of GLP-1 level, suggesting an area for future investigation.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90860856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-27DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943-c1-009
pMoayed Alhelfi, Massimo Piraccip
{"title":"Acute renal failure due to anabolic steroid or creatinine supplement","authors":"pMoayed Alhelfi, Massimo Piraccip","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943-c1-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943-c1-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78981719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-16DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000238
Tomoko Shimomura, I. Wakabayashi, T. Nakano, K. Goto
Objectives: Obesity is a central risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether COX-2 expression is changed in the arterial wall of experimental obese animals.Methods: COX-2 expression in the aortas of 12-week-old male Zucker obese or lean rats was investigated using immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses.Results: COX-2 expression was detected in the tunica media of the aortas of Zucker obese rats and was prominent in the perinuclear region of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media. In immunoblot analysis, the basal (non-stimulated) levels of COX-2 expression were comparable in the aortas of Zucker obese rats and Zucker lean (control) rats. COX-2 expression in response to interleukin (IL)-1β was significantly lower in the aortas of Zucker obese rats than in those of Zucker lean rats.Conclusions: The results suggest that IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression is attenuated in arteries of obese rats, and this might be involved in the obesity-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis.
{"title":"COX-2 Expression in the Aorta of Obese Zucker Rats","authors":"Tomoko Shimomura, I. Wakabayashi, T. Nakano, K. Goto","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000238","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Obesity is a central risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether COX-2 expression is changed in the arterial wall of experimental obese animals.Methods: COX-2 expression in the aortas of 12-week-old male Zucker obese or lean rats was investigated using immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses.Results: COX-2 expression was detected in the tunica media of the aortas of Zucker obese rats and was prominent in the perinuclear region of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media. In immunoblot analysis, the basal (non-stimulated) levels of COX-2 expression were comparable in the aortas of Zucker obese rats and Zucker lean (control) rats. COX-2 expression in response to interleukin (IL)-1β was significantly lower in the aortas of Zucker obese rats than in those of Zucker lean rats.Conclusions: The results suggest that IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression is attenuated in arteries of obese rats, and this might be involved in the obesity-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80999930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-06DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000237
S. Gantala, Ramanjaneyulu Kummari, M. A. Tupurani, R. K. Galimudi, Kishore Kumar Gundapaneni, Keerthi Kupsal, N. Shyamala, S. Hanumanth, S. Guditi
Type 2 Diabetic nephropathy (DN), chronic multifactorial disorder is a devastating complication of DM and a main cause of end stage renal failure. A variety of factors like metabolic, hemodynamic, genetic and multiple pathogenic events contribute to the renal damage in type 2 DN. The present study was designed to assess blood glucose, serum lipid profiles, immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in type 2 DN patients in different stages of the disease and healthy controls. Our study showed that FBS, PPG, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL-C, ADA, CRP, MDA, NO and DNA damage were significantly high in type 2 DN patients (p<0.01) compared to controls. In stage wise comparison also FBS, PPG, HbA1c, LDL-C, CRP, MDA, NO and DNA damage showed significant difference (p<0.05). Further, a significant positive correlation was found between PLBS, LDL-C and CRP and oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, DNA damage) suggesting that monitoring these biochemical parameters at regular intervals may reduce the stage wise progression of type 2 DN and might help in early detection, precise prognosis/therapeutic modalities.
{"title":"Evaluation of Glycemic, Lipid, Immune-Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Various Clinical Stages of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy","authors":"S. Gantala, Ramanjaneyulu Kummari, M. A. Tupurani, R. K. Galimudi, Kishore Kumar Gundapaneni, Keerthi Kupsal, N. Shyamala, S. Hanumanth, S. Guditi","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000237","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 Diabetic nephropathy (DN), chronic multifactorial disorder is a devastating complication of DM and a main cause of end stage renal failure. A variety of factors like metabolic, hemodynamic, genetic and multiple pathogenic events contribute to the renal damage in type 2 DN. The present study was designed to assess blood glucose, serum lipid profiles, immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in type 2 DN patients in different stages of the disease and healthy controls. Our study showed that FBS, PPG, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL-C, ADA, CRP, MDA, NO and DNA damage were significantly high in type 2 DN patients (p<0.01) compared to controls. In stage wise comparison also FBS, PPG, HbA1c, LDL-C, CRP, MDA, NO and DNA damage showed significant difference (p<0.05). Further, a significant positive correlation was found between PLBS, LDL-C and CRP and oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, DNA damage) suggesting that monitoring these biochemical parameters at regular intervals may reduce the stage wise progression of type 2 DN and might help in early detection, precise prognosis/therapeutic modalities.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85500058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-26DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000236
Solange Dabou, P. Telefo, L. F. Sama
Background: Obesity and metabolic syndrome have nowadays a widespread dissemination around the world. Their prevalence is increasing in developing countries, due to modifications in dietary habits and lifestyle. Limited data exist on those issues among school going youths in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 203 consenting Cameroonian freshmen was conducted at the medical center of the University of Dschang. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile markers were measured using standard procedures. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using a harmonized definition while obesity diagnosis used BMI criterion. Dietary and lifestyle habits were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome were 3.94% and 11.33% respectively. We found strong associations between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and high frequency of consumption of “Koki” (OR=9.9, 95% CI: 7.09-14.04, P=0.0000), “Achu soup” (OR=7.3, 95% CI: 4.4-12.3, P=0.0000), corn couscous (OR=5.64, 95% CI: 4.34-7.33, P=0.0000), “Ndole” (OR=2.4,95% CI: 1.9-3.05, P=0.0000). Regular consumption of green vegetables is associated with low prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.3, P=0.0000). There is also a strong association between prevalence of obesity and high number of meal per day (OR=5.1, 95% CI: 3.07-8.4, P=0.0000) as well as more than 6 hours of TV watching per day (OR=4.9, 95% CI: 2.8-7.09, P=0.0000). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is present in young Cameroonians and is associated to certain dietary and lifestyle habits. Interventions targeting youth may therefore be multiplied with special concern on those dietary and lifestyle issues.
{"title":"Evaluation of Dietary Habits and Lifestyle on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity in Undergraduate University Students in Cameroon: A Cross Sectional Study","authors":"Solange Dabou, P. Telefo, L. F. Sama","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obesity and metabolic syndrome have nowadays a widespread dissemination around the world. Their prevalence is increasing in developing countries, due to modifications in dietary habits and lifestyle. Limited data exist on those issues among school going youths in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 203 consenting Cameroonian freshmen was conducted at the medical center of the University of Dschang. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile markers were measured using standard procedures. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using a harmonized definition while obesity diagnosis used BMI criterion. Dietary and lifestyle habits were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome were 3.94% and 11.33% respectively. We found strong associations between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and high frequency of consumption of “Koki” (OR=9.9, 95% CI: 7.09-14.04, P=0.0000), “Achu soup” (OR=7.3, 95% CI: 4.4-12.3, P=0.0000), corn couscous (OR=5.64, 95% CI: 4.34-7.33, P=0.0000), “Ndole” (OR=2.4,95% CI: 1.9-3.05, P=0.0000). Regular consumption of green vegetables is associated with low prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.3, P=0.0000). There is also a strong association between prevalence of obesity and high number of meal per day (OR=5.1, 95% CI: 3.07-8.4, P=0.0000) as well as more than 6 hours of TV watching per day (OR=4.9, 95% CI: 2.8-7.09, P=0.0000). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is present in young Cameroonians and is associated to certain dietary and lifestyle habits. Interventions targeting youth may therefore be multiplied with special concern on those dietary and lifestyle issues.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73720998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000241
H. Hanamatsu, S. Mitsutake, S. Sakai, T. Okazaki, Ken Watanabe, Y. Igarashi, K. Yuyama
Background/Objectives: Adipose tissue (AT) has an important role in energy homeostasis. The dysfunction of AT or the hyper-accumulation of neutral lipids leads to various metabolic diseases. Recent studies indicate that sphingo lipid metabolism associates with the development of metabolic diseases. Sphingomyelin, a major sphingolipid in mammals, requires sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) for biosynthesis. Previously, we reported that Sms2 deficiency inhibited diet-induced obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance in mice. However, the contribution of Sms2 to obesity and insulin resistance in AT is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Sms2 deficiency in ATs affects obesity and insulin resistance.Subjects/Methods: Wild-type and Sms2 knockout (KO) mice were fed a high-fat for 12 weeks. Body and AT weights, and the food intake, were recorded. The AT status and macrophage infiltration were evaluated by histological analysis. The expression levels of genes and proteins involved in adipogenesis, inflammation, energy expenditure, and fatty acid metabolism were examined.Results: In white adipose tissue (WAT) from Sms2 KO mice, the number of small adipocytes increased but the adipocyte size decreased. In epididymal WAT, Sms2 deficiency inhibited inflammation and macrophage infiltration. Moreover, adipogenesis was moderately suppressed. In subcutaneous WAT from Sms2 KO mice, the expression of genes involved in energy expenditure and browning (Ucp1, Cidea, Tbx1) was elevated. In brown adipose tissue (BAT) from Sms2 KO mice, the lipid droplet surface area was lower than that of WT mice and the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (Fasn, Scd1) decreased.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Sms2 deficiency leads to moderate adipogenesis and inflammatory suppression in epididymal WAT, increased energy expenditure by the browning of subcutaneous WAT, and suppression of fatty acid synthesis in BAT, suggesting that these synergetic effects in ATs from Sms2 KO mice contribute to the suppression of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
{"title":"Multiple Roles of Sms2 in White and Brown Adipose Tissues from Dietinduced Obese Mice","authors":"H. Hanamatsu, S. Mitsutake, S. Sakai, T. Okazaki, Ken Watanabe, Y. Igarashi, K. Yuyama","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000241","url":null,"abstract":"Background/Objectives: Adipose tissue (AT) has an important role in energy homeostasis. The dysfunction of AT or the hyper-accumulation of neutral lipids leads to various metabolic diseases. Recent studies indicate that sphingo lipid metabolism associates with the development of metabolic diseases. Sphingomyelin, a major sphingolipid in mammals, requires sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) for biosynthesis. Previously, we reported that Sms2 deficiency inhibited diet-induced obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance in mice. However, the contribution of Sms2 to obesity and insulin resistance in AT is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Sms2 deficiency in ATs affects obesity and insulin resistance.Subjects/Methods: Wild-type and Sms2 knockout (KO) mice were fed a high-fat for 12 weeks. Body and AT weights, and the food intake, were recorded. The AT status and macrophage infiltration were evaluated by histological analysis. The expression levels of genes and proteins involved in adipogenesis, inflammation, energy expenditure, and fatty acid metabolism were examined.Results: In white adipose tissue (WAT) from Sms2 KO mice, the number of small adipocytes increased but the adipocyte size decreased. In epididymal WAT, Sms2 deficiency inhibited inflammation and macrophage infiltration. Moreover, adipogenesis was moderately suppressed. In subcutaneous WAT from Sms2 KO mice, the expression of genes involved in energy expenditure and browning (Ucp1, Cidea, Tbx1) was elevated. In brown adipose tissue (BAT) from Sms2 KO mice, the lipid droplet surface area was lower than that of WT mice and the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (Fasn, Scd1) decreased.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Sms2 deficiency leads to moderate adipogenesis and inflammatory suppression in epididymal WAT, increased energy expenditure by the browning of subcutaneous WAT, and suppression of fatty acid synthesis in BAT, suggesting that these synergetic effects in ATs from Sms2 KO mice contribute to the suppression of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89905565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000242
Greck Bd, W. Ae, Lima En
Purpose: To determine the impact of shared medical appointments on diabetes outcomes. In addition, we hoped to identify patient characteristics that may facilitate greater improvement in A1c through management via shared medical appointments by exploring previous mode of diabetes management, mental health utilization, and service connection status. Methods: The study was a retrospective chart review of electronic health records of patients involved in a diabetes-focused shared medical appointment clinic from July 1, 2011 through December 31, 2015. Diabetes outcome measures (A1c, weight) were collected prior to enrollment in the clinic and up to 3 years after enrollment to determine impact of SMA on disease management. Data regarding service connection status and mental health enrollment was collected as a tool in hopes to characterize the types of patients best benefitting from SMA's. Results: A total of 71 patients were included in this study. Mean A1c of our study cohort decreased at years 1, 2, and 3 from original A1c at baseline. Weight did not change greatly over the three years. The decrease in A1c from baseline at years 1 and 3 (pvalue = 0.003 and 0.037, respectively) was statistically significant. The other secondary variables studied did not show any correlation. Conclusions: A shared medical appointment is an effective means to diabetes management, resulting in significant decrease in A1c that persists over time. Certain patients may specifically benefit from management in this way, although the specific characteristics of those individuals have not been identified.
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Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-0943.1000239
B. R. Chowdhury
In the past 3 decades, we have been living with the hypothesis that, “HIV causes AIDS.” HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus is considered as the causative agent of AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; wherein the body's immune system gets damaged opening doors for major infections. However, the 3 Noble prize winner prestigious scientists including Luc Montagnier (discovered HIV), Kary Mullis (invented PCR test for HIV detection), and Wangari Maathai, (renowned African environmentalist), along with thousands of other scientists and intellects worked on the other side of the coin to prove back and again that the above said theory is a misconception. Last 35 years have provided immense literature and investigation evidences to firmly conclude that HIV is not the real cause of AIDS. On the other hand, malnutrition and metabolic syndrome due to drug abuse have been pointed as the real convicts. This review article revolves around the same theory for better understanding the HIV-AIDS hypothesis to be fallacious and search for valid causes.
{"title":"HIV-AIDS, is not a Viral Disease; It is a Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"B. R. Chowdhury","doi":"10.4172/2167-0943.1000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0943.1000239","url":null,"abstract":"In the past 3 decades, we have been living with the hypothesis that, “HIV causes AIDS.” HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus is considered as the causative agent of AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; wherein the body's immune system gets damaged opening doors for major infections. However, the 3 Noble prize winner prestigious scientists including Luc Montagnier (discovered HIV), Kary Mullis (invented PCR test for HIV detection), and Wangari Maathai, (renowned African environmentalist), along with thousands of other scientists and intellects worked on the other side of the coin to prove back and again that the above said theory is a misconception. Last 35 years have provided immense literature and investigation evidences to firmly conclude that HIV is not the real cause of AIDS. On the other hand, malnutrition and metabolic syndrome due to drug abuse have been pointed as the real convicts. This review article revolves around the same theory for better understanding the HIV-AIDS hypothesis to be fallacious and search for valid causes.","PeriodicalId":16452,"journal":{"name":"Journal of metabolic syndrome","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80718295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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