Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2066773
M. R. I. Shishir, K. Plessis-Fraissard, G. Brodie, B. Cullen, L. Cheng
Abstract This study investigated the comparative effects of conventional hot-air oven heating (CHO), microwave heating (MW) and sealing effect on the nutritive value of lucerne hay. Equivalent energy (125 J.g−1) was applied with a 1.1 kW of MW oven for 60 seconds (s) or a 3.06 kW CHO oven for 350 s. The required equivalent energy level was measured based on a preliminary calibration trial. Two heating method (CHO and MW) and sealing condition (SC) applied as treatment factors in this study. A two-way analysis of variance (P < 0.05) was used to measure the effect of different factors on some properties of lucerne hay. The dry matter (DM) percentage of lucerne hay was increased when MW treatments were applied on both sealed and non-sealed lucerne hay compared with the control. Both heating method and their interaction with SC had negative effects on crude protein (CP) percentage. DM digestibility (DMD) and Digestible organic matter in the DM (DOMD) were decreased by 9% and 5%, respectively, in the sealed MW group, compared with the sealed control. Neutral detergent fibre % also increased by 6% in the sealed MW group, compared with the sealed control group. However, no differences in acid detergent fibre % due to any heating method and/or SC were observed in this study. The mechanisms behind these changes require further exploration.
{"title":"Different heat treatments and sealing effect on the nutritive value of Lucerne hay","authors":"M. R. I. Shishir, K. Plessis-Fraissard, G. Brodie, B. Cullen, L. Cheng","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2066773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2066773","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigated the comparative effects of conventional hot-air oven heating (CHO), microwave heating (MW) and sealing effect on the nutritive value of lucerne hay. Equivalent energy (125 J.g−1) was applied with a 1.1 kW of MW oven for 60 seconds (s) or a 3.06 kW CHO oven for 350 s. The required equivalent energy level was measured based on a preliminary calibration trial. Two heating method (CHO and MW) and sealing condition (SC) applied as treatment factors in this study. A two-way analysis of variance (P < 0.05) was used to measure the effect of different factors on some properties of lucerne hay. The dry matter (DM) percentage of lucerne hay was increased when MW treatments were applied on both sealed and non-sealed lucerne hay compared with the control. Both heating method and their interaction with SC had negative effects on crude protein (CP) percentage. DM digestibility (DMD) and Digestible organic matter in the DM (DOMD) were decreased by 9% and 5%, respectively, in the sealed MW group, compared with the sealed control. Neutral detergent fibre % also increased by 6% in the sealed MW group, compared with the sealed control group. However, no differences in acid detergent fibre % due to any heating method and/or SC were observed in this study. The mechanisms behind these changes require further exploration.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"24 11","pages":"71 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72373814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2066769
Homa Soleimani, Mahbobeh Gafori Ghadarijani, F. Rafiei, P. Bayat
Abstract The present study was conducted to compare the effect of changing the spatial distance and time radio frequency (RF) radiation from mobile phone in standby mode on the structure and function of testicles. NMRI mice were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was the control and the second group (exposed group) was divided into four subgroups: groups A (A1 and A2) and groups B (B1 and B2), which were placed in plastic holder units at two distances of 5 cm and 20 cm from RF radiation, respectively. A1 and B1, and A2 and B2 were exposed to RF radiation for six and 10 weeks, respectively. The exposure duration was 5 days/week, 6 hours/day. The third group with two subgroups (sham1 and sham2) were kept in plastic holder units without being exposed to radiation and were evaluated after six and 10 weeks, respectively. The changes in the external diameters of seminiferous tubules and the height of germinal epithelium obviously depended more on the distance from the radiation source than on the exposure time. The decrease in the diameter of the testicles and sperm motility were found to be time-dependent. These effects had a clear but unpredictable dependence on the two variables of distance and RF radiation time.
{"title":"Comparison of the effect of changing the spatial distance with exposure time to mobile phones radiation on the structure and function of the testis in NMRI mice","authors":"Homa Soleimani, Mahbobeh Gafori Ghadarijani, F. Rafiei, P. Bayat","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2066769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2066769","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study was conducted to compare the effect of changing the spatial distance and time radio frequency (RF) radiation from mobile phone in standby mode on the structure and function of testicles. NMRI mice were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was the control and the second group (exposed group) was divided into four subgroups: groups A (A1 and A2) and groups B (B1 and B2), which were placed in plastic holder units at two distances of 5 cm and 20 cm from RF radiation, respectively. A1 and B1, and A2 and B2 were exposed to RF radiation for six and 10 weeks, respectively. The exposure duration was 5 days/week, 6 hours/day. The third group with two subgroups (sham1 and sham2) were kept in plastic holder units without being exposed to radiation and were evaluated after six and 10 weeks, respectively. The changes in the external diameters of seminiferous tubules and the height of germinal epithelium obviously depended more on the distance from the radiation source than on the exposure time. The decrease in the diameter of the testicles and sperm motility were found to be time-dependent. These effects had a clear but unpredictable dependence on the two variables of distance and RF radiation time.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"21 1","pages":"87 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87517236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2071810
Juan Antonio, Aguilar Garib
There is no doubt about the value of multimedia and other resources for sharing the advances in the sciences and the arts of a given discipline. They help to grow awareness and interest in different topics, as a sense of what sounds reasonable and what does not. Good quality of the information is essential, as the aim of most journals expresses openly their commitment to being a reliable and trustful source for presenting confirmed advances and findings, validated enough to be a support for building criteria or as a foundation of further research. The information published in the journals is generated by the authors and there are several mechanisms, mostly derived from the scientific method, to ensure as possible that the information that is collected with the intention to be communicated fulfills the mentioned requirements. Peer review of the submitted material is a key element, it is often double-blind performed, seeking to be sure that feedback and criticism responses are included in the manuscript and eventually are available to the readers. Revision of the material does not finish after publication, indeed there is a post review conducted by the readers and those that take the information as the base for their own research. Authors and journals are under continuous evaluation by the readers, some of them will confirm or reject the worthiness of the published material and apply their results or submit new manuscripts that follow the same process, so that finally converge, more than agree, and the conclusion will result in new knowledge. Among the criteria for accepting a paper is the originality, and a sort of tool for evaluating it is known as the ‘Similarity score’, which is the ratio, expressed in percentage, of text in a paper that is found in other sources. This score is becoming one of the acceptance criteria by some journals, as some scoring engines are referred to as plagiarism finders. A high similarity score raises suspicion of plagiarism, which is not, and must not be tolerated, however, other aspects might be considered before concluding about unethical behavior. There are many reports suggesting the maximum acceptable score of similarity, some admit 15% while others consider up to 25%. If this score means plagiarism by itself, then the admissible score must be 0%. However, a fair review must consider other factors that affect this score and that must be pondered with the request of submission. For instance, it is asked to the authors of manuscripts dealing with the derivation of methods that the framework of assumptions is described and justified in detail. In this case, the contribution of the description to the score could be irrelevant, while it is expected that the justification is not a repetition of something found somewhere else. It is understandable that having concerns about the score might be against the request for sufficient information for duplicating the results. Therefore, a probable explanation for scores higher t
{"title":"Editor's message: sufficient details in a manuscript, originality, and similarity score","authors":"Juan Antonio, Aguilar Garib","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2071810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2071810","url":null,"abstract":"There is no doubt about the value of multimedia and other resources for sharing the advances in the sciences and the arts of a given discipline. They help to grow awareness and interest in different topics, as a sense of what sounds reasonable and what does not. Good quality of the information is essential, as the aim of most journals expresses openly their commitment to being a reliable and trustful source for presenting confirmed advances and findings, validated enough to be a support for building criteria or as a foundation of further research. The information published in the journals is generated by the authors and there are several mechanisms, mostly derived from the scientific method, to ensure as possible that the information that is collected with the intention to be communicated fulfills the mentioned requirements. Peer review of the submitted material is a key element, it is often double-blind performed, seeking to be sure that feedback and criticism responses are included in the manuscript and eventually are available to the readers. Revision of the material does not finish after publication, indeed there is a post review conducted by the readers and those that take the information as the base for their own research. Authors and journals are under continuous evaluation by the readers, some of them will confirm or reject the worthiness of the published material and apply their results or submit new manuscripts that follow the same process, so that finally converge, more than agree, and the conclusion will result in new knowledge. Among the criteria for accepting a paper is the originality, and a sort of tool for evaluating it is known as the ‘Similarity score’, which is the ratio, expressed in percentage, of text in a paper that is found in other sources. This score is becoming one of the acceptance criteria by some journals, as some scoring engines are referred to as plagiarism finders. A high similarity score raises suspicion of plagiarism, which is not, and must not be tolerated, however, other aspects might be considered before concluding about unethical behavior. There are many reports suggesting the maximum acceptable score of similarity, some admit 15% while others consider up to 25%. If this score means plagiarism by itself, then the admissible score must be 0%. However, a fair review must consider other factors that affect this score and that must be pondered with the request of submission. For instance, it is asked to the authors of manuscripts dealing with the derivation of methods that the framework of assumptions is described and justified in detail. In this case, the contribution of the description to the score could be irrelevant, while it is expected that the justification is not a repetition of something found somewhere else. It is understandable that having concerns about the score might be against the request for sufficient information for duplicating the results. Therefore, a probable explanation for scores higher t","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"03 1","pages":"69 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86270268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2066770
Wei-jun Huang, T. Jiang, Yajing Liu, Tonglai Guo
Abstract To effectively separate the valuable minerals in ludwigite, this study investigated the mineralogy of ore, particle-size distribution and mineral liberation characteristics. Most of the magnetite was intergrown with ascharite and serpentine. Nearly half of the serpentine existed in a dense, massive body. Most of the ascharite was encased in magnetite, and a small amount was embedded in the serpentine phase. After the microwave radiation, some intergranular and through cracks were formed to improve mineral liberation during the grinding process. The mass fractions for the +75 μm range decreased from 43.16 wt% for untreated samples to 24.31 wt% for treated samples with a microwave power of 3 kW for 40 s. By contrast, the mass fractions of particles in the −75 μm range increased from 56.84 wt% for untreated samples to 75.69 wt% for treated samples. D 50 decreased from 53.54 µm for the untreated sample to 21.58 µm for the treated sample. The liberation degrees after the treated samples clearly improved and increased by 26.64% for magnetite, 18.92% for ascharite and 14.10% for serpentine.
{"title":"Mineralogical properties of ludwigite and the effects of microwave radiation on its particle characteristics and mineral liberation properties","authors":"Wei-jun Huang, T. Jiang, Yajing Liu, Tonglai Guo","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2066770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2066770","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To effectively separate the valuable minerals in ludwigite, this study investigated the mineralogy of ore, particle-size distribution and mineral liberation characteristics. Most of the magnetite was intergrown with ascharite and serpentine. Nearly half of the serpentine existed in a dense, massive body. Most of the ascharite was encased in magnetite, and a small amount was embedded in the serpentine phase. After the microwave radiation, some intergranular and through cracks were formed to improve mineral liberation during the grinding process. The mass fractions for the +75 μm range decreased from 43.16 wt% for untreated samples to 24.31 wt% for treated samples with a microwave power of 3 kW for 40 s. By contrast, the mass fractions of particles in the −75 μm range increased from 56.84 wt% for untreated samples to 75.69 wt% for treated samples. D 50 decreased from 53.54 µm for the untreated sample to 21.58 µm for the treated sample. The liberation degrees after the treated samples clearly improved and increased by 26.64% for magnetite, 18.92% for ascharite and 14.10% for serpentine.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"25 1","pages":"124 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82769607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2066772
Eric F. Brown
Abstract It seems possible that Solid-State Radio Frequency (RF) transistors will one day replace magnetrons in consumer microwave ovens. These new ovens have the potential to be smaller and more energy efficient. Because they are closed loop systems, they can precisely cook food in ways that consumers have not seen before. This review outlines the basics of Solid-State RF systems and the consumer ovens that are currently available. There are two potential approaches for this new technology: first, the oven could be like current appliances and serve as a reheating device. Second, the oven could take advantage of the new technology to be a high-end cooking appliance. The food industry would be best served by learning more about this technology change and preparing for their products to be cooked using this type of equipment. Due to the even heating and overall consistency of the technology, it is possible that there are benefits to both quality and food safety for this technology.
{"title":"The next-generation consumer microwave oven: a review","authors":"Eric F. Brown","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2066772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2066772","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It seems possible that Solid-State Radio Frequency (RF) transistors will one day replace magnetrons in consumer microwave ovens. These new ovens have the potential to be smaller and more energy efficient. Because they are closed loop systems, they can precisely cook food in ways that consumers have not seen before. This review outlines the basics of Solid-State RF systems and the consumer ovens that are currently available. There are two potential approaches for this new technology: first, the oven could be like current appliances and serve as a reheating device. Second, the oven could take advantage of the new technology to be a high-end cooking appliance. The food industry would be best served by learning more about this technology change and preparing for their products to be cooked using this type of equipment. Due to the even heating and overall consistency of the technology, it is possible that there are benefits to both quality and food safety for this technology.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"2 1","pages":"82 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89543374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2029117
W. Fu, Chaoyang Zhang, Xiaotong Guan, Xiaoyun Li, Yang Yan
Abstract An investigation of sterilization by a low-temperature microwave-generated atmospheric pressure plasma jet (MAPPJ) is presented. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and yeast Saccharomyces species (Saccharomyces sp.) at 1.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 104 cfu/mL dilutions are investigated and fungi tested experimentally. The MAPPJ is generated by several watt continuous-wave microwaves and Ar gas, and direct treatment of the bacteria by a programmable planar XY motorized translation stage. After several minutes of plasma treatment, the number of bacterial colonies was sufficiently reduced and found to be nearly zero, and bare ozone and nitrogen dioxide were observed. This investigation shows that plasma sterilization would be a novel application for solid-state microwave power sources.
{"title":"Investigation of sterilization by a microwave-generated low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma jet","authors":"W. Fu, Chaoyang Zhang, Xiaotong Guan, Xiaoyun Li, Yang Yan","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2029117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2029117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An investigation of sterilization by a low-temperature microwave-generated atmospheric pressure plasma jet (MAPPJ) is presented. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and yeast Saccharomyces species (Saccharomyces sp.) at 1.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 104 cfu/mL dilutions are investigated and fungi tested experimentally. The MAPPJ is generated by several watt continuous-wave microwaves and Ar gas, and direct treatment of the bacteria by a programmable planar XY motorized translation stage. After several minutes of plasma treatment, the number of bacterial colonies was sufficiently reduced and found to be nearly zero, and bare ozone and nitrogen dioxide were observed. This investigation shows that plasma sterilization would be a novel application for solid-state microwave power sources.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"8 1","pages":"58 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88688815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2029120
C. M. Hogan, B. Hoff, I. Rittersdorf, V. Yakovlev
Abstract A concept for a millimetre-wave (MMW) heat exchanger (HX) featuring AlN:Mo ceramic composite structures as electromagnetic absorbing elements (susceptors) has been recently introduced as a receiving device in power beaming applications. Earlier computational studies of electromagnetic and thermal processes have shown reasonable energy efficiency and exceptional uniformity of MMW-induced temperature fields in a single cubic susceptor with concentration of Mo doping on the level of 3–4% by volume. As part of ongoing research, a MMW HX comprised of an array of cylindrical susceptors is proposed to potentially enable increased robustness against thermal stress and reduced manufacturing cost. In this paper, we computationally study the effects driven by such a change and demonstrate feasibility of the designs based on multiple cylinders. We present the output of electromagnetic and coupled electromagnetic-thermal simulations of a prospective physical prototype of a HX with five cylinders on a square metal base plate. Three alternative layouts with four, nine, and sixteen cylindrical elements that are suggested by the highest density packing of equal circles in a square are also analyzed. It is shown that, in comparison with the previously studied case of a single cubic susceptor, energy efficiency of all systems with Mo = 3–4% is down from 50–55% to 35–45%. While temperature distribution within each individual cylinder remains highly uniform, maximum temperatures of different cylinders may be different by up to 30–40 °C; when the angle of incidence deviates from normal, this difference further increases: e.g. when the angle is 10°, in the sixteen-cylinder system, it may reach 120–130 °C.
{"title":"Computational characterization of millimetre-wave heat exchangers with an AlN:Mo susceptor of multiple cylindrical elements","authors":"C. M. Hogan, B. Hoff, I. Rittersdorf, V. Yakovlev","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2029120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2029120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A concept for a millimetre-wave (MMW) heat exchanger (HX) featuring AlN:Mo ceramic composite structures as electromagnetic absorbing elements (susceptors) has been recently introduced as a receiving device in power beaming applications. Earlier computational studies of electromagnetic and thermal processes have shown reasonable energy efficiency and exceptional uniformity of MMW-induced temperature fields in a single cubic susceptor with concentration of Mo doping on the level of 3–4% by volume. As part of ongoing research, a MMW HX comprised of an array of cylindrical susceptors is proposed to potentially enable increased robustness against thermal stress and reduced manufacturing cost. In this paper, we computationally study the effects driven by such a change and demonstrate feasibility of the designs based on multiple cylinders. We present the output of electromagnetic and coupled electromagnetic-thermal simulations of a prospective physical prototype of a HX with five cylinders on a square metal base plate. Three alternative layouts with four, nine, and sixteen cylindrical elements that are suggested by the highest density packing of equal circles in a square are also analyzed. It is shown that, in comparison with the previously studied case of a single cubic susceptor, energy efficiency of all systems with Mo = 3–4% is down from 50–55% to 35–45%. While temperature distribution within each individual cylinder remains highly uniform, maximum temperatures of different cylinders may be different by up to 30–40 °C; when the angle of incidence deviates from normal, this difference further increases: e.g. when the angle is 10°, in the sixteen-cylinder system, it may reach 120–130 °C.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":"18 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87168388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2029119
S. Srikant, R. Rao
Abstract This article deals with the investigations on mullite ceramics formation from Kyanite sample- an alumino-silicate mineral with microwave heating. In the present investigation kyanite was heated in microwave sintering furnace with calcined alumina, silicon carbide, zirconium dioxide and binder for mullite formation as well as for the preparation of zirconia toughened mullite product. The results of these studies reveal that how a small amount of zirconium dioxide helps in toughening the mullite formation for refractory and ceramics applications. The results shows that microwave heating method is one of the most novel and eco-friendly process for such toughened mullite formation, well within very short period of time. The observations with mullite formation and zirconia toughened mullite formation were observed with the structural data using X-ray diffraction data, field effect scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Future studies are still in process.
{"title":"Microwave heat treatment on kyanite for mullite formation and the preparation of zirconia toughened mullite","authors":"S. Srikant, R. Rao","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2029119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2029119","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article deals with the investigations on mullite ceramics formation from Kyanite sample- an alumino-silicate mineral with microwave heating. In the present investigation kyanite was heated in microwave sintering furnace with calcined alumina, silicon carbide, zirconium dioxide and binder for mullite formation as well as for the preparation of zirconia toughened mullite product. The results of these studies reveal that how a small amount of zirconium dioxide helps in toughening the mullite formation for refractory and ceramics applications. The results shows that microwave heating method is one of the most novel and eco-friendly process for such toughened mullite formation, well within very short period of time. The observations with mullite formation and zirconia toughened mullite formation were observed with the structural data using X-ray diffraction data, field effect scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Future studies are still in process.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":"37 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87173130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2033454
Juan Antonio Aguilar Garib
A term that once left old technology behind to introduce a new one in electronics is ‘solid-state’, which was used intensively to promote the equipment using this technology, then became kind of ordinary for a while because it is in almost every aparatus, and here it is, refreshed as a characteristic that again shows novelty. New technology is not by itself better as can be noticed if instead of separating old from the new one, we separate well known and lasting from replaced shortly after its presentation despite advertisements and promotion. ‘Solid-state’ is one of those that, promoted or not, has been relevant for a long time. Physics of the solid-state is the science that explains and supports the technology of semiconductor-based electronic devices. It was revolutionary since the first calculating machine based on transistors was built in 1954 followed by thousands of electronic products. ‘Solid-state’ was more than a couple of words stamped on TV sets and radios, among others, about 60 years ago for marketing, rather it was stating their operation structure. This description was sometimes misunderstood by the public who related it to resistance to shock and shaking of the devices instead of their operation principles. New products can either fulfill known functions differently or perform new ones, developing both the technology and application as in the case of game consoles. The first solid-state devices were supposed to perform the same functions as those with vacuum tubes, but with less energy since semiconductors do not need to be warmed up because they do not use the principle of thermionic emission. Then they could be battery-operated, while they were smaller and lighter so that such devices became easily portable. Many other applications of solid-state became ‘full transistorized’, even the TV sets despite they had CRT screens, although there was some hesitation at first due to the lack of serviceable parts that were supposed to be a problem when repairment was necessary. It took some time to realize how reliable these items are. Even when the market was shared by the two kinds of devices, it is evident that solidstate is an advanced kind of technology whose products perform better the same functions as the vacuum tubes as well as new ones. However, there are hybrid solid statevacuum tube devices that pretend to take the best of both technologies, electronic for controlling and a vacuum tube for the function as CRTs in TVs, discontinued but still exist, and magnetrons. Often solid-state technology is not mentioned as it happens with other developments such as ‘fuel injection’ or ‘electronic ignition’ or ‘with computer controls’ in the automotive industry because any car has them. The importance of this industry has been also evidenced by a chips shortage, due to the restructuring of semiconductors production that has lasted about two years and is supposed to last one more. This shortage is affecting the automotive industry, computer
{"title":"Editor’s message: the solid-state applications era","authors":"Juan Antonio Aguilar Garib","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2033454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2033454","url":null,"abstract":"A term that once left old technology behind to introduce a new one in electronics is ‘solid-state’, which was used intensively to promote the equipment using this technology, then became kind of ordinary for a while because it is in almost every aparatus, and here it is, refreshed as a characteristic that again shows novelty. New technology is not by itself better as can be noticed if instead of separating old from the new one, we separate well known and lasting from replaced shortly after its presentation despite advertisements and promotion. ‘Solid-state’ is one of those that, promoted or not, has been relevant for a long time. Physics of the solid-state is the science that explains and supports the technology of semiconductor-based electronic devices. It was revolutionary since the first calculating machine based on transistors was built in 1954 followed by thousands of electronic products. ‘Solid-state’ was more than a couple of words stamped on TV sets and radios, among others, about 60 years ago for marketing, rather it was stating their operation structure. This description was sometimes misunderstood by the public who related it to resistance to shock and shaking of the devices instead of their operation principles. New products can either fulfill known functions differently or perform new ones, developing both the technology and application as in the case of game consoles. The first solid-state devices were supposed to perform the same functions as those with vacuum tubes, but with less energy since semiconductors do not need to be warmed up because they do not use the principle of thermionic emission. Then they could be battery-operated, while they were smaller and lighter so that such devices became easily portable. Many other applications of solid-state became ‘full transistorized’, even the TV sets despite they had CRT screens, although there was some hesitation at first due to the lack of serviceable parts that were supposed to be a problem when repairment was necessary. It took some time to realize how reliable these items are. Even when the market was shared by the two kinds of devices, it is evident that solidstate is an advanced kind of technology whose products perform better the same functions as the vacuum tubes as well as new ones. However, there are hybrid solid statevacuum tube devices that pretend to take the best of both technologies, electronic for controlling and a vacuum tube for the function as CRTs in TVs, discontinued but still exist, and magnetrons. Often solid-state technology is not mentioned as it happens with other developments such as ‘fuel injection’ or ‘electronic ignition’ or ‘with computer controls’ in the automotive industry because any car has them. The importance of this industry has been also evidenced by a chips shortage, due to the restructuring of semiconductors production that has lasted about two years and is supposed to last one more. This shortage is affecting the automotive industry, computer ","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89789630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2022.2029118
M. Beigi
Abstract The aim of present work was mainly to study the influence of blanching-freezing pre-treatment on moisture removal characteristics of potato during microwave drying process. The influence of microwave power and the samples thickness was also assessed. For this purpose, microwave powers of 100, 350 and 550 W were practiced to dry discoid shape samples of fresh and blanched-frozen potatoes with a constant diameter of 20 mm and different thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 mm. The obtained results revealed that time required to dehydrate treated potatoes was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than the fresh ones. The moisture diffusivity of the fresh and blanched-frozen potatoes was determined to be in the range of 9.13 × 10−9‒7.93 × 10−8 and 9.89 × 10−9‒9.36 × 10−8 m2 s−1, respectively where enhanced with the both increasing power level and samples thickness. The average energy required to instigate water diffusion inside the treated samples with 5, 10 and 15 mm thickness was obtained to be 0.463, 0.379 and 0.331 W g−1, respectively while the values for fresh samples were 0.505, 0.466 and 0.413 W g−1, respectively.
{"title":"Influence of blanching-freezing pre-treatment on moisture removal characteristics of microwave-dried potatoes","authors":"M. Beigi","doi":"10.1080/08327823.2022.2029118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2029118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of present work was mainly to study the influence of blanching-freezing pre-treatment on moisture removal characteristics of potato during microwave drying process. The influence of microwave power and the samples thickness was also assessed. For this purpose, microwave powers of 100, 350 and 550 W were practiced to dry discoid shape samples of fresh and blanched-frozen potatoes with a constant diameter of 20 mm and different thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 mm. The obtained results revealed that time required to dehydrate treated potatoes was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than the fresh ones. The moisture diffusivity of the fresh and blanched-frozen potatoes was determined to be in the range of 9.13 × 10−9‒7.93 × 10−8 and 9.89 × 10−9‒9.36 × 10−8 m2 s−1, respectively where enhanced with the both increasing power level and samples thickness. The average energy required to instigate water diffusion inside the treated samples with 5, 10 and 15 mm thickness was obtained to be 0.463, 0.379 and 0.331 W g−1, respectively while the values for fresh samples were 0.505, 0.466 and 0.413 W g−1, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16556,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy","volume":"29 1","pages":"45 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78981725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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