Omer Hassan Siddig Elami̇n, M. Ali, Ibrahim Alhag Almahadi Elgezuli̇, M. Bashir, I. Kahwa
Objectives: Echinococcosis is a cyclozoonotic disease caused by E. granulosus. The canine mainly the dog represents the definitive host and immunity plays an important role in the control of the disease. This study was aimed to detect Echinococcus granulosus B-antibody for Dot-ELISA and antigen for counter-current immune electrophoresis (CIEP) and bacterial co-agglutination assay (Co-A). Methods: Follow-up of 23 surgical and chemotherapy patients from different hospitals of Khartoum were performed. Results: Results: Sensitivity and specificity for Dot-ELISA was 94.4% and 100%, respectively within seven days to 6 months except for the relapse all or most of the cases were negative for the disease whereas the sensitivity of CIEP and Co-A for Echinococcus granulosus antigen in patient sera was 77.8% and 94.4% respectively with a specificity of 100% and 75% respectively. Dot-ELISA, showed high positive and negative predictive value (100%, 95.2%), respectively with CIEP (100%, 83.3%) and in Co-A (81%, 94.1%). Conclusion: Conclusion: Therefore, detection of antigen of E. granulosus in the serum of operative, post-operative, or chemotherapeutic treated patient using CIEP and Co-A or detection of antibodies using IgG ELISA to the antigen B-rich fraction in (ELISA) assay is useful for following treated hydatid patients. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):88-94.
{"title":"Diagnosis of Pre- and Post-treatment of Echinococcus granulosus with Counter current Immune Electrophoresis and Bacterial Co-agglutination","authors":"Omer Hassan Siddig Elami̇n, M. Ali, Ibrahim Alhag Almahadi Elgezuli̇, M. Bashir, I. Kahwa","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951600","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Echinococcosis is a cyclozoonotic disease caused by E. granulosus. The canine mainly the dog represents the definitive host and immunity plays an important role in the control of the disease. This study was aimed to detect Echinococcus granulosus B-antibody for Dot-ELISA and antigen for counter-current immune electrophoresis (CIEP) and bacterial co-agglutination assay (Co-A). Methods: Follow-up of 23 surgical and chemotherapy patients from different hospitals of Khartoum were performed. Results: Results: Sensitivity and specificity for Dot-ELISA was 94.4% and 100%, respectively within seven days to 6 months except for the relapse all or most of the cases were negative for the disease whereas the sensitivity of CIEP and Co-A for Echinococcus granulosus antigen in patient sera was 77.8% and 94.4% respectively with a specificity of 100% and 75% respectively. Dot-ELISA, showed high positive and negative predictive value (100%, 95.2%), respectively with CIEP (100%, 83.3%) and in Co-A (81%, 94.1%). Conclusion: Conclusion: Therefore, detection of antigen of E. granulosus in the serum of operative, post-operative, or chemotherapeutic treated patient using CIEP and Co-A or detection of antibodies using IgG ELISA to the antigen B-rich fraction in (ELISA) assay is useful for following treated hydatid patients. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):88-94.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88091197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A. Husseini, Emel Çakar, Mehran Rostamzade, Musa Joya, R. Khaki, Mehrad Khosravi̇, Freshta Amiry, Nerges Ghadi̇ri̇, M. Hosseini
Objectives: The success or failure of global and national efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic depends on public knowledge, attitude, and practice. Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkey are among the most affected countries in which they have approximately similar socio-cultural structures. This is an online questionnaire-based cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice levels toward the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population of these nationalities. Methods: A total of 2736 individuals including 1080 from Turkey, 1025 from Iran, and 631 from Afghanistan responded to the questionnaire. The data was collected online through a survey using the Google form and Porsall platforms. In addition to demographic characteristics, the questionnaire consists of three main sections including items of awareness, attitude, and practice of the participants about COVID-19 using four Likert scale questions. Descriptive statistics were used to estimates the proportions of items. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent T-test was used to analyze the difference between KAP scores among sociodemographic variables and between countries. All analyses were done with the 95% confidence level and the significant level was defined as p-value < 0.05. Results: Overall KAP scores were over 3 out of 4 among Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan respectively. Despite no differences between subpopulations in each country, the overall attitude and practice score of the Afghan population was significantly lower than Turkish and Iranian populations (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: In spite of the high level of knowledge, positive attitude, and acceptable practice in all populations understudy, a low-risk perception in a considerable part of the population was discerned. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):58-65.
{"title":"A Cross-cultural Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on COVID-19 among People of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey","authors":"A. A. Husseini, Emel Çakar, Mehran Rostamzade, Musa Joya, R. Khaki, Mehrad Khosravi̇, Freshta Amiry, Nerges Ghadi̇ri̇, M. Hosseini","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951484","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The success or failure of global and national efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic depends on public knowledge, attitude, and practice. Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkey are among the most affected countries in which they have approximately similar socio-cultural structures. This is an online questionnaire-based cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice levels toward the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population of these nationalities. Methods: A total of 2736 individuals including 1080 from Turkey, 1025 from Iran, and 631 from Afghanistan responded to the questionnaire. The data was collected online through a survey using the Google form and Porsall platforms. In addition to demographic characteristics, the questionnaire consists of three main sections including items of awareness, attitude, and practice of the participants about COVID-19 using four Likert scale questions. Descriptive statistics were used to estimates the proportions of items. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent T-test was used to analyze the difference between KAP scores among sociodemographic variables and between countries. All analyses were done with the 95% confidence level and the significant level was defined as p-value < 0.05. Results: Overall KAP scores were over 3 out of 4 among Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan respectively. Despite no differences between subpopulations in each country, the overall attitude and practice score of the Afghan population was significantly lower than Turkish and Iranian populations (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: In spite of the high level of knowledge, positive attitude, and acceptable practice in all populations understudy, a low-risk perception in a considerable part of the population was discerned. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):58-65.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80205343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aishat Temitope Alonge, Babatunde Ademusire, C. Epum, B. Adewale, Opeoluwa Samuel Adefarati̇
Objectives: COVID-19, primarily a respiratory disease, can have complications that affect all organ systems of the body. There is a paucity of systematic reviews on all the complications. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we set out to summarize the complications of COVID-19 in all body systems and their prevalence. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for eligible articles using predefined criteria. Database searching and extraction were performed by independent reviewers. Results: We identified 74 case reports/series and 15 observational studies. In both the case reports/series and observational studies, pulmonary complications were the most commonly reported, particularly pneumonia, followed by neurological complications in case reports/case series and hematological complications in observational studies. Atrial arrhythmias (1.7%) and acute myopericarditis (1.7%), liver injury (3.3%), acute kidney injury (8.8%), deep venous thrombosis (2.2%), ischemic stroke (12.2%), herpes zoster (1.1%), and diabetic ketoacidosis (1.1%) were the most reported cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hematological, neurological, dermatological, and endocrine complications respectively in case reports/series. However, acute myocarditis (100%), hypoproteinemia (15.9-28.8%), transient acute renal failure (49.9-90.1%), acute coagulopathy (16.5-28.4%), and ischemic stroke (1.3-3.9%) had the highest pooled prevalence for cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hematological, and neurological complications respectively in observational studies. Conclusion: The complications of COVID-19 are multi-systemic with pulmonary complications being the most commonly reported. Notwithstanding, healthcare professionals should be aware that COVID-19 is a differential diagnosis for even the rare but equally debilitating complications and should screen patients who develop these complications to rule out COVID-19 during the pandemic and beyond. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2): 45-57.
{"title":"Complications of Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Aishat Temitope Alonge, Babatunde Ademusire, C. Epum, B. Adewale, Opeoluwa Samuel Adefarati̇","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951471","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: COVID-19, primarily a respiratory disease, can have complications that affect all organ systems of the body. There is a paucity of systematic reviews on all the complications. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we set out to summarize the complications of COVID-19 in all body systems and their prevalence. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for eligible articles using predefined criteria. Database searching and extraction were performed by independent reviewers. Results: We identified 74 case reports/series and 15 observational studies. In both the case reports/series and observational studies, pulmonary complications were the most commonly reported, particularly pneumonia, followed by neurological complications in case reports/case series and hematological complications in observational studies. Atrial arrhythmias (1.7%) and acute myopericarditis (1.7%), liver injury (3.3%), acute kidney injury (8.8%), deep venous thrombosis (2.2%), ischemic stroke (12.2%), herpes zoster (1.1%), and diabetic ketoacidosis (1.1%) were the most reported cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hematological, neurological, dermatological, and endocrine complications respectively in case reports/series. However, acute myocarditis (100%), hypoproteinemia (15.9-28.8%), transient acute renal failure (49.9-90.1%), acute coagulopathy (16.5-28.4%), and ischemic stroke (1.3-3.9%) had the highest pooled prevalence for cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hematological, and neurological complications respectively in observational studies. Conclusion: The complications of COVID-19 are multi-systemic with pulmonary complications being the most commonly reported. Notwithstanding, healthcare professionals should be aware that COVID-19 is a differential diagnosis for even the rare but equally debilitating complications and should screen patients who develop these complications to rule out COVID-19 during the pandemic and beyond. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2): 45-57.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84664801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Covid-19 Reinfection Dynamics-Is Immunity Short Lasting? Case Series of Healthcare Workers","authors":"Alamgir Khan, M. Kachare, Nagesh Mane","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951616","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76914189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Avila, Stephanie Trovat, C. Chung, B. Kaffenberger
{"title":"Bacillary Angiomatosis of the Upper Lip","authors":"C. Avila, Stephanie Trovat, C. Chung, B. Kaffenberger","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951628","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73478978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: India has the largest burden of MDR-TB worldwide, with an annual incidence of 1,30 000 patients. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) carries a poor prognosis, a high mortality rate, and treatment success rates as low as 65%. The mortality in India is estimated to be about 480,000 per year. The aim of the study was to evaluate Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis and its distribution by GeneXpert in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A total of 2864 samples were processed from the patients attending outpatient departments and indoor wards as per the pediatrician's request. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy was done on all samples by Acid-fast staining for early diagnosis followed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF (CBNAAT) testing. Specimens were transported and stored at 2–8 °C prior to processing for CBNAAT. Results were read and reported within 2 hours. Results: A total of 2864 samples were tested for TB using CBNAAT (including 645 [22.5%] extra-pulmonary and 2219 [77.5%] pulmonary samples). The test results were positive in a total of 346 (12%) samples by CBNAAT. The positivity is highest in the age group >10 years and in sputum samples (37.28%) followed by pus samples (23.26%) in pulmonary and extrapulmonary distribution. Out ZN staining was positive in 244 (8.5%) specimens. There were 102 (29.5%) CBNAAT positive specimens which showed negative results for Acid-fast bacilli (70.52% Sensitivity). Among 346 TB-positive patients, 10.46% samples were pulmonary and 17.67% were extrapulmonary. It was observed that in positive CBNAAT patients, the prevalence of Rifampicin resistance was 12.72% i.e. 44 samples which include 31(13.36%) and 13(11.40%) pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples respectively. Among the Rifampicin resistant samples, there were 29.55% samples that were extrapulmonary. Conclusion: GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a very rapid diagnostic assay that provides information regarding the mutation pattern of RIF resistance in MTB isolates. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):81-87.
{"title":"Evaluation of Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis in Pediatric Patients by GeneXpert MTB/RIF","authors":"A. William, Yogita Rai, R. Kaur","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951506","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: India has the largest burden of MDR-TB worldwide, with an annual incidence of 1,30 000 patients. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) carries a poor prognosis, a high mortality rate, and treatment success rates as low as 65%. The mortality in India is estimated to be about 480,000 per year. The aim of the study was to evaluate Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis and its distribution by GeneXpert in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A total of 2864 samples were processed from the patients attending outpatient departments and indoor wards as per the pediatrician's request. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy was done on all samples by Acid-fast staining for early diagnosis followed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF (CBNAAT) testing. Specimens were transported and stored at 2–8 °C prior to processing for CBNAAT. Results were read and reported within 2 hours. Results: A total of 2864 samples were tested for TB using CBNAAT (including 645 [22.5%] extra-pulmonary and 2219 [77.5%] pulmonary samples). The test results were positive in a total of 346 (12%) samples by CBNAAT. The positivity is highest in the age group >10 years and in sputum samples (37.28%) followed by pus samples (23.26%) in pulmonary and extrapulmonary distribution. Out ZN staining was positive in 244 (8.5%) specimens. There were 102 (29.5%) CBNAAT positive specimens which showed negative results for Acid-fast bacilli (70.52% Sensitivity). Among 346 TB-positive patients, 10.46% samples were pulmonary and 17.67% were extrapulmonary. It was observed that in positive CBNAAT patients, the prevalence of Rifampicin resistance was 12.72% i.e. 44 samples which include 31(13.36%) and 13(11.40%) pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples respectively. Among the Rifampicin resistant samples, there were 29.55% samples that were extrapulmonary. Conclusion: GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a very rapid diagnostic assay that provides information regarding the mutation pattern of RIF resistance in MTB isolates. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):81-87.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74351679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Choudhury, D. Paul, B. Das, D. Chanda, A. Bhattacharjee
Objectives: The current study was aimed to investigate the adaptability and stability of blaNDM-4 within a broad host range and transcriptional response. Methods: Six isolates of Escherichia coli, harboring blaNDM-4 were confirmed by PCR sequencing of the whole gene. Transformation and conjugation assay were carried out and plasmid incompatibility was determined by PCR assay. The serial passage was done for consecutive 70 days without any antibiotic pressure for both parent strain and transformants. Transcriptional expression of blaNDM-4 within a broad host range against concentration gradient imipenem stress was studied. Results: IncX3 plasmid encoding blaNDM-4 was successfully transferred in six different hosts when imipenem (0.5 µg/ml) screen agar was used for the selection of transformants. It was also found to harbor resistance for aminoglycosides and quinolone. When checked for stability, it was observed that the plasmid was successfully expanded within all six recipients for 55th serial passages. Transcriptional expression with IncX3 was random but at a consistent level for wild type and without concentration gradient stress of imipenem. Transcriptional expression with NDM gene was variable for parent isolates though for new hosts it was showing randomly increased patterns in Proteus, E. coli, and DH5α. Conclusion: The present study could highlight that external carbapenem pressure helps in the maintenance and expression of blaNDM-4 within different host range. This study is of epidemiological significance and will help in tracking the genetic vehicle responsible for their transmission by restricting their spread. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):74-80.
{"title":"Adaptation of IncX3 Plasmid Encoding blaNDM-4 within A Broad Host Range","authors":"N. Choudhury, D. Paul, B. Das, D. Chanda, A. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951502","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The current study was aimed to investigate the adaptability and stability of blaNDM-4 within a broad host range and transcriptional response. Methods: Six isolates of Escherichia coli, harboring blaNDM-4 were confirmed by PCR sequencing of the whole gene. Transformation and conjugation assay were carried out and plasmid incompatibility was determined by PCR assay. The serial passage was done for consecutive 70 days without any antibiotic pressure for both parent strain and transformants. Transcriptional expression of blaNDM-4 within a broad host range against concentration gradient imipenem stress was studied. Results: IncX3 plasmid encoding blaNDM-4 was successfully transferred in six different hosts when imipenem (0.5 µg/ml) screen agar was used for the selection of transformants. It was also found to harbor resistance for aminoglycosides and quinolone. When checked for stability, it was observed that the plasmid was successfully expanded within all six recipients for 55th serial passages. Transcriptional expression with IncX3 was random but at a consistent level for wild type and without concentration gradient stress of imipenem. Transcriptional expression with NDM gene was variable for parent isolates though for new hosts it was showing randomly increased patterns in Proteus, E. coli, and DH5α. Conclusion: The present study could highlight that external carbapenem pressure helps in the maintenance and expression of blaNDM-4 within different host range. This study is of epidemiological significance and will help in tracking the genetic vehicle responsible for their transmission by restricting their spread. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):74-80.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77108694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic groups, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), integrons, extraintestinal virulence genes and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from human urinary tract infection. Methods: A total of 100 E. coli isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections in Kerala, South India. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of all E. coli isolates against different antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method. Phylogenetic groups, extraintestinal virulence genes, ARGs, and integrons were detected by PCR. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) was used to check the genetic relatedness among E. coli isolates. Results: E. coli isolates have mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Resistance to ampicillin was most frequent among the E. coli isolates followed by resistance to cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and co-trimoxazole. Among E. coli isolates, 96% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 86% and 32% harbored ARGs and integrase 1 (int1) respectively. Seventy-nine percent of the isolates were extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), and 86% of them (n = 68) harbored ARGs. One extensively drug-resistant (XDR) ExPEC was obtained in this study. The present study revealed a significant association between the presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance. A high degree of genetic diversity was observed among the ARGs-harboring E. coli isolates. Conclusion: Understanding the association between extraintestinal virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes would result in the proper treatment of urinary tract infections. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):66-73.
{"title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from Urinary Tract Infections","authors":"D. Sukumaran, M. Hatha","doi":"10.5799/jmid.951495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951495","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic groups, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), integrons, extraintestinal virulence genes and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from human urinary tract infection. Methods: A total of 100 E. coli isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections in Kerala, South India. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of all E. coli isolates against different antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method. Phylogenetic groups, extraintestinal virulence genes, ARGs, and integrons were detected by PCR. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) was used to check the genetic relatedness among E. coli isolates. Results: E. coli isolates have mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Resistance to ampicillin was most frequent among the E. coli isolates followed by resistance to cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and co-trimoxazole. Among E. coli isolates, 96% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 86% and 32% harbored ARGs and integrase 1 (int1) respectively. Seventy-nine percent of the isolates were extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), and 86% of them (n = 68) harbored ARGs. One extensively drug-resistant (XDR) ExPEC was obtained in this study. The present study revealed a significant association between the presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance. A high degree of genetic diversity was observed among the ARGs-harboring E. coli isolates. Conclusion: Understanding the association between extraintestinal virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes would result in the proper treatment of urinary tract infections. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):66-73.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90340875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is one of the typhoidal Salmonellae that causes typhoid fever. We report the first case of an XDR S. Typhi in a suspected case of Endocarditis with Aortic Valve Replacement and deranged INR. The identification was carried out by an automated system. The antibiogram was performed according to CLSI recommendations. The XDR S. Typhi isolates were found resistant to Azithromycin. Although XDR S. Typhi has been reported in our country and elsewhere, however, till to date no complete resistant isolate of S. Typhi to Azithromycin has been reported in Pakistan. The patient had a smooth recovery on intravenous meropenem. The case highlights the importance of the acquisition of resistance to the last line antibiotics in S. Typhi in our country and is of concern to infectious disease specialists to ensure infection control to avoid its spread. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(1):32-35.
{"title":"First Case of Azithromycin Resistance in Salmonella Typhi, Isolated in a Patient with Prosthetic Valve Replacement","authors":"A. Ali, A. B. Hussain, A. Kiyani","doi":"10.5799/JMID.897210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/JMID.897210","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is one of the typhoidal Salmonellae that causes typhoid fever. We report the first case of an XDR S. Typhi in a suspected case of Endocarditis with Aortic Valve Replacement and deranged INR. The identification was carried out by an automated system. The antibiogram was performed according to CLSI recommendations. The XDR S. Typhi isolates were found resistant to Azithromycin. Although XDR S. Typhi has been reported in our country and elsewhere, however, till to date no complete resistant isolate of S. Typhi to Azithromycin has been reported in Pakistan. The patient had a smooth recovery on intravenous meropenem. The case highlights the importance of the acquisition of resistance to the last line antibiotics in S. Typhi in our country and is of concern to infectious disease specialists to ensure infection control to avoid its spread. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(1):32-35.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"97 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87702674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is associated with device-related infections in immunocompromised individuals and acts as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. It is also the species with the highest antibiotic resistance rates. However, identification is still difficult in most clinical laboratories. Simplified biochemical tests give variable results while newer methods such as MALDI-TOF MS and automated systems may not be readily available. Aim: To compare the performance of the simplified biochemical scheme, BD-Phoenix automated system, and PCR for nuc gene for the identification of S. haemolyticus with MALDI-TOF MS as the gold standard. Methods: This study included 427 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates of which 356 were identified as S. haemolyticus and 71 as other species by MALDI-TOF MS. These isolates were subjected to a simplified biochemical scheme using tests like the fermentation of maltose, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, urease, xylose, ornithine, and susceptibility to novobiocin. Conventional PCR targeting the nuc gene and BD-Phoenix were also used for identification. The accuracy of these methods was assessed in comparison with MALDI-TOF MS. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of biochemical tests, BD- Phoenix and nuc PCR were 97.5% and 97.2%: 97.8% and 100%: 100% and 100% respectively. Inaccurate identification was observed for some of the isolates (2.2% by BD- Phoenix and 2.5% by biochemical tests). These isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus by the other methods. Conclusion: Identification of S. haemolyticus by biochemical tests and BD-Phoenix had good accuracy comparable to PCR as well as MALDI-TOF MS. This simplified biochemical scheme can be easily implemented even in laboratories with limited resources. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(1):8-14.
{"title":"Accuracy of different methods for identification of Staphylococcus haemolyticus","authors":"Meerabai Manoharan, S. Sistla, P. Ray","doi":"10.5799/JMID.897119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5799/JMID.897119","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is associated with device-related infections in immunocompromised individuals and acts as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. It is also the species with the highest antibiotic resistance rates. However, identification is still difficult in most clinical laboratories. Simplified biochemical tests give variable results while newer methods such as MALDI-TOF MS and automated systems may not be readily available. Aim: To compare the performance of the simplified biochemical scheme, BD-Phoenix automated system, and PCR for nuc gene for the identification of S. haemolyticus with MALDI-TOF MS as the gold standard. Methods: This study included 427 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates of which 356 were identified as S. haemolyticus and 71 as other species by MALDI-TOF MS. These isolates were subjected to a simplified biochemical scheme using tests like the fermentation of maltose, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, urease, xylose, ornithine, and susceptibility to novobiocin. Conventional PCR targeting the nuc gene and BD-Phoenix were also used for identification. The accuracy of these methods was assessed in comparison with MALDI-TOF MS. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of biochemical tests, BD- Phoenix and nuc PCR were 97.5% and 97.2%: 97.8% and 100%: 100% and 100% respectively. Inaccurate identification was observed for some of the isolates (2.2% by BD- Phoenix and 2.5% by biochemical tests). These isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus by the other methods. Conclusion: Identification of S. haemolyticus by biochemical tests and BD-Phoenix had good accuracy comparable to PCR as well as MALDI-TOF MS. This simplified biochemical scheme can be easily implemented even in laboratories with limited resources. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(1):8-14.","PeriodicalId":16603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"29 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91487815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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