Abstract Objectives Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, and the inappropriate use of antibiotics is a key driver of this phenomenon. Community pharmacists play a crucial role in the responsible use of antibiotics and in promoting antimicrobial stewardship. This study assessed the knowledge and perception of community pharmacists regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance as well as their antibiotic dispensing practices. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 126 community pharmacists in Ibadan, with the use of a self-administered paper questionnaire. The questionnaire contained Likert-type 8-item knowledge, 5-item perception, and 18-item dispensing practice scales. The scaled score was graded as adequate and inadequate knowledge, and good or poor dispensing practices. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 25) and results are presented using descriptive statistics. Key findings Adequate knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was demonstrated by 89 (70.6%) of the community pharmacists. However, 60 (47.6%) reported that antibiotics were not classified as prescription-only medications in Nigeria and that there were no regulations governing their sale and dispensing. Majority, 118 (93.7%), agreed that it is important to conduct culture and sensitivity tests before prescribing antibiotics to patients. Only 21 (16.7%) of the respondents agreed that pharmacists should always dispense antibiotics only when a prescription is presented. In all, 115 (91.3%) community pharmacists had poor antibiotic dispensing practices. Conclusion Most of the community pharmacists possess adequate knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance; nonetheless, a significant portion of them exhibits poor antibiotic dispensing practices.
{"title":"Antimicrobial stewardship: community pharmacists’ antibiotic dispensing practices, knowledge, and perception regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance","authors":"Wuraola Akande-Sholabi, Eunice Oyesiji, Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, and the inappropriate use of antibiotics is a key driver of this phenomenon. Community pharmacists play a crucial role in the responsible use of antibiotics and in promoting antimicrobial stewardship. This study assessed the knowledge and perception of community pharmacists regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance as well as their antibiotic dispensing practices. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 126 community pharmacists in Ibadan, with the use of a self-administered paper questionnaire. The questionnaire contained Likert-type 8-item knowledge, 5-item perception, and 18-item dispensing practice scales. The scaled score was graded as adequate and inadequate knowledge, and good or poor dispensing practices. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 25) and results are presented using descriptive statistics. Key findings Adequate knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was demonstrated by 89 (70.6%) of the community pharmacists. However, 60 (47.6%) reported that antibiotics were not classified as prescription-only medications in Nigeria and that there were no regulations governing their sale and dispensing. Majority, 118 (93.7%), agreed that it is important to conduct culture and sensitivity tests before prescribing antibiotics to patients. Only 21 (16.7%) of the respondents agreed that pharmacists should always dispense antibiotics only when a prescription is presented. In all, 115 (91.3%) community pharmacists had poor antibiotic dispensing practices. Conclusion Most of the community pharmacists possess adequate knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance; nonetheless, a significant portion of them exhibits poor antibiotic dispensing practices.","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as ‘the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care’. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other healthcare areas (i.e. medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into 6 topics, namely the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics and authors’ selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.
{"title":"Designing supplements for stocker cattle grazing wheat pasture","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad039","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as ‘the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care’. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other healthcare areas (i.e. medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into 6 topics, namely the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics and authors’ selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135307916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The anti-inflammatory properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)s, particularly fluvoxamine, have been hypothesized to reduce clinical deterioration in patients with COVID-19 when administered early in the disease course. The objective of this analysis was to examine the effect of maintenance SSRI administration, including variation among different medications, on the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Retrospective analysis of disease progression and mortality risk of over 230,000 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at facilities associated with a large healthcare system in the United States. Receipt of SSRIs during the hospital encounter occurred in approximately 10.6% (n = 24,690) of COVID-19 patients. When matched for patient characteristics, disease severity and other treatments, receipt of any SSRI was associated with a 30% reduction in the relative risk of mortality (RR: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.73; adjusted P-value <0.001). Similar reductions in the relative risk of mortality were seen with nearly every individual SSRI; for sertraline-treated patients, the most commonly used SSRI in the data set, there was a 29% reduction in the relative risk of mortality (RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66–0.77; adjusted P-value <0.001). In total, this retrospective analysis suggests that there is a significant association between SSRI antidepressants and reduced morality among patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
{"title":"Reduced risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients with in-hospital selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor administration","authors":"Adam Hasse, Kimberly M. Korwek, R. Poland","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The anti-inflammatory properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)s, particularly fluvoxamine, have been hypothesized to reduce clinical deterioration in patients with COVID-19 when administered early in the disease course. The objective of this analysis was to examine the effect of maintenance SSRI administration, including variation among different medications, on the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Retrospective analysis of disease progression and mortality risk of over 230,000 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at facilities associated with a large healthcare system in the United States.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Receipt of SSRIs during the hospital encounter occurred in approximately 10.6% (n = 24,690) of COVID-19 patients. When matched for patient characteristics, disease severity and other treatments, receipt of any SSRI was associated with a 30% reduction in the relative risk of mortality (RR: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.73; adjusted P-value <0.001). Similar reductions in the relative risk of mortality were seen with nearly every individual SSRI; for sertraline-treated patients, the most commonly used SSRI in the data set, there was a 29% reduction in the relative risk of mortality (RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66–0.77; adjusted P-value <0.001).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In total, this retrospective analysis suggests that there is a significant association between SSRI antidepressants and reduced morality among patients hospitalized with COVID-19.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48140497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological disorders (ND) affect the structure and function of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, epilepsy, migraine and stroke. ND has major symptoms ranging from mild to severe memory problems and physical disabilities. The present study investigated central nervous system (CNS) drug utilization trends, drug–drug interaction and morbidity patterns in ND. A prospective study was carried out at a multi-specialty hospital, including neurology outpatient cases, in 2016. A study was ethically approved by the institutional ethics committee (IEC) for human research, and data were collected from patients’ case records. The prescribing trend was assessed by World Health Organization (WHO) core prescribing indicators. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 was used to assess the morbidity pattern. Drug–drug interactions were analysed by a multidrug interaction checker. We discovered that 53.57% and 46.42% of the 280 neurology cases were female and male, respectively. Here, we showed that epilepsy was the most commonly diagnosed (31.07%) condition, followed by migraine (30.35%), Parkinsonism (Pn) (13.21%), Alzheimer’s and dementia (AD) (10.71%) and myasthenia gravis (7.14%). The most commonly used CNS drugs were sodium valproates. Donepezil, fluoxatin and levodopa–carbidopa. In this study, 80% of drugs were prescribed with the most common category being antiepileptics; 16.77% and 23.21% of prescriptions observed potential drug–drug interactions. The treatment priority for epilepsy was sodium valproate, which had a high prescription rate. For AD, donepezil was given priority, while in PN, levodopa–carbidopa was prescribed most often. In significant drug–drug interactions (DDI), pharmacodynamic mechanisms were very common, while in minor DDI, pharmacokinetic mechanisms were observed.
{"title":"Assessing drug utilization and drug–drug interactions in the management of epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease and migraine","authors":"N. Solanki, Ishita Champaneri, Varsha Patel","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Neurological disorders (ND) affect the structure and function of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, epilepsy, migraine and stroke. ND has major symptoms ranging from mild to severe memory problems and physical disabilities. The present study investigated central nervous system (CNS) drug utilization trends, drug–drug interaction and morbidity patterns in ND.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A prospective study was carried out at a multi-specialty hospital, including neurology outpatient cases, in 2016. A study was ethically approved by the institutional ethics committee (IEC) for human research, and data were collected from patients’ case records. The prescribing trend was assessed by World Health Organization (WHO) core prescribing indicators. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 was used to assess the morbidity pattern. Drug–drug interactions were analysed by a multidrug interaction checker.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We discovered that 53.57% and 46.42% of the 280 neurology cases were female and male, respectively. Here, we showed that epilepsy was the most commonly diagnosed (31.07%) condition, followed by migraine (30.35%), Parkinsonism (Pn) (13.21%), Alzheimer’s and dementia (AD) (10.71%) and myasthenia gravis (7.14%). The most commonly used CNS drugs were sodium valproates. Donepezil, fluoxatin and levodopa–carbidopa. In this study, 80% of drugs were prescribed with the most common category being antiepileptics; 16.77% and 23.21% of prescriptions observed potential drug–drug interactions.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The treatment priority for epilepsy was sodium valproate, which had a high prescription rate. For AD, donepezil was given priority, while in PN, levodopa–carbidopa was prescribed most often. In significant drug–drug interactions (DDI), pharmacodynamic mechanisms were very common, while in minor DDI, pharmacokinetic mechanisms were observed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48623379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lina Al-Sakran, Gregory Carney, M. Maclure, Anat Fisher, T. Perry, C. Dormuth
The South Peace Polypharmacy Reduction Project is a quality improvement project in three communities in rural Canada that aimed to reduce polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing practices in older adults. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted intervention consisting of online team-based medication reviews and educational workshops on the number of chronic medications. A controlled before-after design was used to compare if a decrease in the number of chronic medications was associated with the intervention comprising of online team-based medication reviews and educational workshops, compared with two matched control groups that received either a standard medication review or no medication review. Logistic regression models fit with generalized estimated equations were used to identify the impact of the interventions on decreasing the number of chronic medications. Following a medication review, the percentage of individuals that had deprescribed at least one medication was highest in the intervention group (52%), followed by the medication review controls at 45%, and 36% in non-medication review controls. Individuals in the intervention group were 20% more likely to have at least one medication deprescribed than individuals in the medication review control group (adjusted odds ratio: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.39), whereas they were 42% more likely to deprescribe at least one medication compared with non-medication review controls (adjusted odds ratio: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.61). Online team-based medication reviews had a significant impact on decreasing the number of chronic medications in older adults. Furthermore, providing healthcare providers with education can complement the role of other healthcare interventions.
{"title":"The impact of online medication reviews and educational workshops on deprescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a controlled before-after study","authors":"Lina Al-Sakran, Gregory Carney, M. Maclure, Anat Fisher, T. Perry, C. Dormuth","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad037","url":null,"abstract":"The South Peace Polypharmacy Reduction Project is a quality improvement project in three communities in rural Canada that aimed to reduce polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing practices in older adults. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted intervention consisting of online team-based medication reviews and educational workshops on the number of chronic medications. A controlled before-after design was used to compare if a decrease in the number of chronic medications was associated with the intervention comprising of online team-based medication reviews and educational workshops, compared with two matched control groups that received either a standard medication review or no medication review. Logistic regression models fit with generalized estimated equations were used to identify the impact of the interventions on decreasing the number of chronic medications. Following a medication review, the percentage of individuals that had deprescribed at least one medication was highest in the intervention group (52%), followed by the medication review controls at 45%, and 36% in non-medication review controls. Individuals in the intervention group were 20% more likely to have at least one medication deprescribed than individuals in the medication review control group (adjusted odds ratio: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.39), whereas they were 42% more likely to deprescribe at least one medication compared with non-medication review controls (adjusted odds ratio: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.61). Online team-based medication reviews had a significant impact on decreasing the number of chronic medications in older adults. Furthermore, providing healthcare providers with education can complement the role of other healthcare interventions.","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44273448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ba Kien Tran, Thi Huong Vu, D. T. Pham, D. T. Huynh, V. D. Tran
This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the satisfaction of 3-year-programme college pharmacy alumni on training/educational quality at a pharmacy college in Vietnam. A cross-sectional research using a purposive sampling method was conducted on the alumni who had recently graduated in 2020 of a pharmacy college in Hai Duong, Vietnam. Data collection was conducted in two phases from November 2021 to January 2022, with the first phase being an online survey through Google Forms and the second phase being phone interviews and the use of the Zalo application. The quality of educational training was evaluated using 21 items, with an additional item designated for overall satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis identified the four factors from the 21 items assessing training quality, whereas multivariate regression analysis determined the relationship between satisfaction factors and the overall satisfaction. A total of 282 complete records were obtained. The college pharmacist alumni’s satisfaction with the training qualities is influenced by four main factors, with internal consistency assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α): the training staff (α = 0.93), the facilities and environment qualities (α = 0.91), the training programmes (α = 0.88) and the administrative formalities and support activities (α = 0.84). All factors had a positive impact on alumni satisfaction, the training staff factor (β = 0.460, P < 0.001) had the greatest impact on the alumni satisfaction. This study identified four factors affecting the satisfaction of college pharmacy alumni on training quality, including (1) the training staff, (2) the facilities and environmental qualities, (3) the training programmes and (4) the administrative formalities and support activities. To enhance training quality and alumni satisfaction, educational institutions should focus on innovating the teaching methods of the faculty, shifting from traditional teaching methods to active teaching methods that make lectures dynamic and help students develop necessary skills, as well as organizing training sessions and practical visits to improve specialized knowledge and practical experience for the faculty.
{"title":"Satisfaction on educational training quality amongst college pharmacist alumni in Vietnam","authors":"Ba Kien Tran, Thi Huong Vu, D. T. Pham, D. T. Huynh, V. D. Tran","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the satisfaction of 3-year-programme college pharmacy alumni on training/educational quality at a pharmacy college in Vietnam.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A cross-sectional research using a purposive sampling method was conducted on the alumni who had recently graduated in 2020 of a pharmacy college in Hai Duong, Vietnam. Data collection was conducted in two phases from November 2021 to January 2022, with the first phase being an online survey through Google Forms and the second phase being phone interviews and the use of the Zalo application. The quality of educational training was evaluated using 21 items, with an additional item designated for overall satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis identified the four factors from the 21 items assessing training quality, whereas multivariate regression analysis determined the relationship between satisfaction factors and the overall satisfaction.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 282 complete records were obtained. The college pharmacist alumni’s satisfaction with the training qualities is influenced by four main factors, with internal consistency assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α): the training staff (α = 0.93), the facilities and environment qualities (α = 0.91), the training programmes (α = 0.88) and the administrative formalities and support activities (α = 0.84). All factors had a positive impact on alumni satisfaction, the training staff factor (β = 0.460, P < 0.001) had the greatest impact on the alumni satisfaction.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study identified four factors affecting the satisfaction of college pharmacy alumni on training quality, including (1) the training staff, (2) the facilities and environmental qualities, (3) the training programmes and (4) the administrative formalities and support activities. To enhance training quality and alumni satisfaction, educational institutions should focus on innovating the teaching methods of the faculty, shifting from traditional teaching methods to active teaching methods that make lectures dynamic and help students develop necessary skills, as well as organizing training sessions and practical visits to improve specialized knowledge and practical experience for the faculty.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44952424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rising Research and Development (R&D) activity has led to dramatic growth in India’s pharmaceutical market in the last decade. This increase in R&D was occurring at a time of significant changes in the sector, notably in the intellectual property rights (IPR) system and the sector’s increased focus on biopharmaceuticals. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of these structural changes along with the traditional drivers of R&D activity to better understand the transformation in India’s pharmaceutical sector during this period and shed light on its future trajectory. We extend the traditional model to estimate the determinants of R&D by incorporating the changes in India’s pharmaceutical sector during this period. With pooled data for the top 16 pharmaceutical firms during the last decade, this model is estimated using feasible generalised least squares. Our results show that R&D is affected by firm size, global reach, and profitability. Experience, particularly successful patent experience, is important. However, at some point, R&D activity resulting from longevity succumbs to diminishing returns. Also, the IPR environment and firm investment in biopharmaceutical treatment are important drivers of R&D. Promoting R&D activity is vital to keep India’s pharmaceutical sector on its growth trajectory. Policies supporting the sector’s shift from imitation to innovation and promotion of biopharmaceutical treatment will ensure its continued success.
{"title":"How structural changes are driving R&D activity in India’s pharmaceutical sector","authors":"Niloufer Sohrabji, Kristen Marquette","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Rising Research and Development (R&D) activity has led to dramatic growth in India’s pharmaceutical market in the last decade. This increase in R&D was occurring at a time of significant changes in the sector, notably in the intellectual property rights (IPR) system and the sector’s increased focus on biopharmaceuticals. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of these structural changes along with the traditional drivers of R&D activity to better understand the transformation in India’s pharmaceutical sector during this period and shed light on its future trajectory.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We extend the traditional model to estimate the determinants of R&D by incorporating the changes in India’s pharmaceutical sector during this period. With pooled data for the top 16 pharmaceutical firms during the last decade, this model is estimated using feasible generalised least squares.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Our results show that R&D is affected by firm size, global reach, and profitability. Experience, particularly successful patent experience, is important. However, at some point, R&D activity resulting from longevity succumbs to diminishing returns. Also, the IPR environment and firm investment in biopharmaceutical treatment are important drivers of R&D.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Promoting R&D activity is vital to keep India’s pharmaceutical sector on its growth trajectory. Policies supporting the sector’s shift from imitation to innovation and promotion of biopharmaceutical treatment will ensure its continued success.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49615072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inappropriate use of antibiotics is one of the main factors in the development of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed at examining the public’s knowledge and behaviour in Abu Dhabi and Dubai towards antibiotic use. A cross-sectional survey was performed using a pretested self-administered online questionnaire on a sample of 208 randomly selected from Abu Dhabi and Dubai residents. Descriptive statistics and P values were used in data analysis. In our population, 63% knew that antibiotic usage is ineffective in treating viral infections. Half of our participants were unsure or misinformed that antibiotics could treat the common cold. On the other hand, 93% knew that the body can fight mild infections without antibiotics. The results also showed that almost 29% take antibiotics for pain and inflammation. Approximately, 72% of the population denied consuming leftover antibiotics. Also, 95.2% of the population confirmed they check the expiry date before using antibiotics, and 82.7% stop the antibiotic after completing the course prescribed by a physician. This study revealed the gaps in knowledge and practice towards antibiotics among the general population. It also identified areas that need more interventions to promote the rational use of antibiotics, and thus reduce the risk of development of antibiotic resistance.
{"title":"A study assessing public knowledge and behaviour of antibiotic use in Abu Dhabi and Dubai","authors":"L. M. Mohammad, Rana Mahmood Kamran, S. Gillani","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The inappropriate use of antibiotics is one of the main factors in the development of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed at examining the public’s knowledge and behaviour in Abu Dhabi and Dubai towards antibiotic use.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A cross-sectional survey was performed using a pretested self-administered online questionnaire on a sample of 208 randomly selected from Abu Dhabi and Dubai residents. Descriptive statistics and P values were used in data analysis.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In our population, 63% knew that antibiotic usage is ineffective in treating viral infections. Half of our participants were unsure or misinformed that antibiotics could treat the common cold. On the other hand, 93% knew that the body can fight mild infections without antibiotics. The results also showed that almost 29% take antibiotics for pain and inflammation. Approximately, 72% of the population denied consuming leftover antibiotics. Also, 95.2% of the population confirmed they check the expiry date before using antibiotics, and 82.7% stop the antibiotic after completing the course prescribed by a physician.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study revealed the gaps in knowledge and practice towards antibiotics among the general population. It also identified areas that need more interventions to promote the rational use of antibiotics, and thus reduce the risk of development of antibiotic resistance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46191837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Cohen, Iris Rosenbaum, B. Oberman, Irit Katz, Naama Sharabi, D. Shlomi
The core treatment for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is inhalers. Today, there are many types of pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powdered inhalers (DPIs). Each inhaler requires special sequential manoeuvres and coordination. It is well-known from previous studies that most patients perform at least one mistake using their inhaler which may lead to ineffective drug delivery and poor disease control. The aim of this study is to measure the proportion of patients who used the inhalers in a fully effective way before and after the pharmacist’s guidance. Patients prescribed inhalers for asthma and COPD, were offered by the local pharmacist to personally assess and correct their inhaler use technique over two visits. At each visit, before any pharmacist correction of technique, a general score for inhaler technique was given and 16 types of mistakes were assessed. Comparisons of inhaler technique were made between the two visits. Sixty patients aged 21–91 (median 69; IQR 48–78) participated in the initial session of which 35 (58%) were females using 81 inhalers (DPI-60, pMDI-21). A fully effective inhaler technique was found in nine patients (15%) using 13 inhalers (16%) while 22 inhalers (27%) were used fully ineffectively (there were no statistically significant differences between DPIs and pMDIs). Twenty-three patients using 24 inhalers returned for a second visit in which 12 patients (52%, P = 0.0014 between the visits) used 12 inhalers (50%) fully effectively and only three inhalers (12.5%) were used fully ineffectively (P = 0.0045 between the visits). The odds for using the inhaler fully effectively were 5.2 (95% CI, 1.9 to 14.2; P = 0.0011) times higher on the second visit. Personal pharmacist guidance can improve inhaler technique in a low socio-economic neighbourhood. However, larger multicentre studies that will also examine clinical outcomes are needed.
{"title":"The impact of pharmacist-guided inhaler technique education on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma patients","authors":"J. Cohen, Iris Rosenbaum, B. Oberman, Irit Katz, Naama Sharabi, D. Shlomi","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The core treatment for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is inhalers. Today, there are many types of pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powdered inhalers (DPIs). Each inhaler requires special sequential manoeuvres and coordination. It is well-known from previous studies that most patients perform at least one mistake using their inhaler which may lead to ineffective drug delivery and poor disease control. The aim of this study is to measure the proportion of patients who used the inhalers in a fully effective way before and after the pharmacist’s guidance.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Patients prescribed inhalers for asthma and COPD, were offered by the local pharmacist to personally assess and correct their inhaler use technique over two visits. At each visit, before any pharmacist correction of technique, a general score for inhaler technique was given and 16 types of mistakes were assessed. Comparisons of inhaler technique were made between the two visits.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Sixty patients aged 21–91 (median 69; IQR 48–78) participated in the initial session of which 35 (58%) were females using 81 inhalers (DPI-60, pMDI-21). A fully effective inhaler technique was found in nine patients (15%) using 13 inhalers (16%) while 22 inhalers (27%) were used fully ineffectively (there were no statistically significant differences between DPIs and pMDIs). Twenty-three patients using 24 inhalers returned for a second visit in which 12 patients (52%, P = 0.0014 between the visits) used 12 inhalers (50%) fully effectively and only three inhalers (12.5%) were used fully ineffectively (P = 0.0045 between the visits). The odds for using the inhaler fully effectively were 5.2 (95% CI, 1.9 to 14.2; P = 0.0011) times higher on the second visit.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Personal pharmacist guidance can improve inhaler technique in a low socio-economic neighbourhood. However, larger multicentre studies that will also examine clinical outcomes are needed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article explores stakeholders’ engagement before the implementation of the pooled procurement program (PPP) and the challenges encountered by the National Catholic Health Service (NCHS). The article used a qualitative research approach and a multiple case study design to solicit the views of healthcare service providers and policymakers within the NCHS. The article revealed that the National Catholic Health Secretariat (the secretariat) advocated through the Ghana Catholic Bishops Conference through the bishop responsible for health. Subsequently, the Diocesan Directors, managers, accountants, suppliers and storekeepers of all health facilities were engaged to understand their respective roles before implementing the PPP. The challenges faced came from all institutions that played a crucial role in the smooth running of the PPP. These institutions were the hospitals, suppliers, Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and the secretariat. The findings indicated that some managers in the hospitals were not committed to the program. Whereas, some suppliers purposely weakened the position of some other suppliers after awarding tenders by carrying their commodities directly to the hospitals and reducing the price marginally. The challenge from the NHIS perspective was the payment delays. The FDA was not proactive with post-market surveillance to check substandard commodities in the hospitals. However, in the secretariat, the deficiency was the weak systems to monitor real-time activities of the PPP at the hospitals. The article suggests that to ensure the right synergies to meet organizational objectives, the NCHS is advised to increasingly focus on identifying and sustaining the PPP by communicating with other stakeholders to achieve their mutual needs. Such a process would allow the more knowledgeable design of resource needs and allocation of scarce resources to their areas of interest.
{"title":"Stakeholder engagement in the pooled procurement program in Ghana","authors":"Kofi Ameyaw Domfeh, N. N. Appiah-Agyekum","doi":"10.1093/jphsr/rmad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The article explores stakeholders’ engagement before the implementation of the pooled procurement program (PPP) and the challenges encountered by the National Catholic Health Service (NCHS).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The article used a qualitative research approach and a multiple case study design to solicit the views of healthcare service providers and policymakers within the NCHS.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The article revealed that the National Catholic Health Secretariat (the secretariat) advocated through the Ghana Catholic Bishops Conference through the bishop responsible for health. Subsequently, the Diocesan Directors, managers, accountants, suppliers and storekeepers of all health facilities were engaged to understand their respective roles before implementing the PPP. The challenges faced came from all institutions that played a crucial role in the smooth running of the PPP. These institutions were the hospitals, suppliers, Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and the secretariat. The findings indicated that some managers in the hospitals were not committed to the program. Whereas, some suppliers purposely weakened the position of some other suppliers after awarding tenders by carrying their commodities directly to the hospitals and reducing the price marginally. The challenge from the NHIS perspective was the payment delays. The FDA was not proactive with post-market surveillance to check substandard commodities in the hospitals. However, in the secretariat, the deficiency was the weak systems to monitor real-time activities of the PPP at the hospitals.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The article suggests that to ensure the right synergies to meet organizational objectives, the NCHS is advised to increasingly focus on identifying and sustaining the PPP by communicating with other stakeholders to achieve their mutual needs. Such a process would allow the more knowledgeable design of resource needs and allocation of scarce resources to their areas of interest.\u0000","PeriodicalId":16705,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42433449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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