While selecting a global facility location, the decision makers normally have to face two types of scenarios: exploring and prioritizing the factors affecting the location decision and selecting an appropriate optimization methodology, compatible to the said problem. This paper addresses a real world case study of the problem of selecting a country best suitable for a new cement plant installation among the list of four alternatives. The irreversible nature of the crucial decision requires analysis of wide range of factors with different optimization techniques. Therefore such factors were explored and prioritized from available literature and by recommendations of panel of experts followed by mathematical modelling of the said problem in four standard methodologies including the one presented in another paper earlier. The solutions were obtained by coding routines in the concerned programs. Stability analysis with respect to change of priorities and change of cost and capacity constraints has provided an in depth scenario evaluation which has added value to the degree of reliability and confidence regarding acceptability of results. The paper is a unique contribution for strategic managers of the cement sector being an aid to make confident global decisions.
{"title":"Selecting Facility Location Using Hybrid Methodologies in Global Perspective: A Case of Cement Plant","authors":"M. Ali, R. Qureshi, M. Jahanzaib","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V33I1.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V33I1.200","url":null,"abstract":"While selecting a global facility location, the decision makers normally have to face two types of scenarios: exploring and prioritizing the factors affecting the location decision and selecting an appropriate optimization methodology, compatible to the said problem. This paper addresses a real world case study of the problem of selecting a country best suitable for a new cement plant installation among the list of four alternatives. The irreversible nature of the crucial decision requires analysis of wide range of factors with different optimization techniques. Therefore such factors were explored and prioritized from available literature and by recommendations of panel of experts followed by mathematical modelling of the said problem in four standard methodologies including the one presented in another paper earlier. The solutions were obtained by coding routines in the concerned programs. Stability analysis with respect to change of priorities and change of cost and capacity constraints has provided an in depth scenario evaluation which has added value to the degree of reliability and confidence regarding acceptability of results. The paper is a unique contribution for strategic managers of the cement sector being an aid to make confident global decisions.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133559291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khizar Azam, A. Shakoor, Afzal Khan, R. Shah, S. A. Shah
Abstract: Vehicle Mechanical Defects (VMD) is one of the major cause of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) in developing countries. This paper presents the quantitative analysis of RTA on Motorways in Pakistan caused due to VMD. The data is collected from the National Highway and Motorways Police (NHMP). The Data for 1585 RTA on the Motorways of Pakistan for the years 2003-2012 were reviewed. The objective of this research was to establish the contribution of VMD to RTA. A vehicle survey, based on a convenience sample of 290 vehicles was also done at the Toll plaza of the Peshawar-Islamabad Motorway (M-1). The response rate to the survey was 64%. The survey identified that 80% of vehicles had no maintenance record. About 74% and 65% vehicles lacked annual wheel balancing and annual wheel alignement respectively. About 61% of the vehicles inspected had wheel related defects and 59% of the vehicles had brake fluid less than the recommended level, 20% vehicles had a brake fluid leak in their brake system, and these may, therefore, be at a risk of causing an RTA. In the RTA data from the NHMP, 32% of all RTA on Motorways are due to VMD and that the two vital vehicle mechanical defects (VVMD) are tyre blowouts and brake failures. The average tyre burst is 17.36% and average brake failure is 5.38%. Tyre blowouts were responsible for about 55.6% of all RTA caused due to VMD while brake failures were 18% of the total RTA caused due to vital causes. RTA in Pakistan can be reduced if regular vehicle fitness check and awareness campaigns about tyre and brake system defects are carried out to reduce RTA.
{"title":"Identification of vital vehicle mechanical defects causing road traffic accidents in Pakistan","authors":"Khizar Azam, A. Shakoor, Afzal Khan, R. Shah, S. A. Shah","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V33I1.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V33I1.196","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Vehicle Mechanical Defects (VMD) is one of the major cause of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) in developing countries. This paper presents the quantitative analysis of RTA on Motorways in Pakistan caused due to VMD. The data is collected from the National Highway and Motorways Police (NHMP). The Data for 1585 RTA on the Motorways of Pakistan for the years 2003-2012 were reviewed. The objective of this research was to establish the contribution of VMD to RTA. A vehicle survey, based on a convenience sample of 290 vehicles was also done at the Toll plaza of the Peshawar-Islamabad Motorway (M-1). The response rate to the survey was 64%. The survey identified that 80% of vehicles had no maintenance record. About 74% and 65% vehicles lacked annual wheel balancing and annual wheel alignement respectively. About 61% of the vehicles inspected had wheel related defects and 59% of the vehicles had brake fluid less than the recommended level, 20% vehicles had a brake fluid leak in their brake system, and these may, therefore, be at a risk of causing an RTA. In the RTA data from the NHMP, 32% of all RTA on Motorways are due to VMD and that the two vital vehicle mechanical defects (VVMD) are tyre blowouts and brake failures. The average tyre burst is 17.36% and average brake failure is 5.38%. Tyre blowouts were responsible for about 55.6% of all RTA caused due to VMD while brake failures were 18% of the total RTA caused due to vital causes. RTA in Pakistan can be reduced if regular vehicle fitness check and awareness campaigns about tyre and brake system defects are carried out to reduce RTA.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131855801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudden rise of fossil fuel prices and its scarce resources have caused the energy crises for the past few years. Current research has been focused primarily using renewable source of energy. The solar energy has been proved to be an economical alternative renewable energy used to extract the fresh water from sea water. The principle objective of the study is to purify the sea water by using solar energy. A pilot scale solar still has been designed, fabricated and optimized for maximum evaporation rate of model sea water. The various parameters such as water depth in still, average day temperature and average water temperature in still were studied experimentally and verified statistically though ANOVA (analysis of variance). It was found that the water temperature in the still is the most significant parameter that largely affects the evaporation rate. The fresh water with 240 mg/L dissolved salt has been extracted from the model sea water having dissolved salts of 35000 mg/L. The efficiency of a single basin solar still is improved up to 80 percent.
{"title":"SOLAR STILL PERFORMANCE FOR SEA WATER PURIFICATION: A STATISTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY","authors":"M. Irfan, S. Gul, M. Younas","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I2.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I2.260","url":null,"abstract":"Sudden rise of fossil fuel prices and its scarce resources have caused the energy crises for the past few years. Current research has been focused primarily using renewable source of energy. The solar energy has been proved to be an economical alternative renewable energy used to extract the fresh water from sea water. The principle objective of the study is to purify the sea water by using solar energy. A pilot scale solar still has been designed, fabricated and optimized for maximum evaporation rate of model sea water. The various parameters such as water depth in still, average day temperature and average water temperature in still were studied experimentally and verified statistically though ANOVA (analysis of variance). It was found that the water temperature in the still is the most significant parameter that largely affects the evaporation rate. The fresh water with 240 mg/L dissolved salt has been extracted from the model sea water having dissolved salts of 35000 mg/L. The efficiency of a single basin solar still is improved up to 80 percent.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116508097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Different kinds of polyethylenes dominate the polymer field due to their wide range of applications and properties. They are sometimes cross-linked to improve their properties such as high temperature resistance and wear behavior. Radiation cross-linking using high energy electron beam or g-radiation constitutes one of the most convenient methods. This study explores the difference in mechanical and wear behavior of different polyethylenes, and compares the effect of radiation cross-linking and radiation dose on these properties. Three different types of polyethylenes: low density (LDPE), high density (HDPE), and ultra-high molecular weight (UHMWPE) were studied. Cross-linking was carried out by high energy electron beam at room temperature, with radiation dose ranging from 0-600 kGy. The results show that the stress-strain curve of UHMWPE in unirradiated state is marked by extensive strain hardening resulting in excellent wear resistance. Unirradaited HDPE show extensive yielding and high strain to failure, with dry abrasive wear properties comparable to UHMWPE. Unirradiated LDPE on the other hand exhibit low strength and strain to failure, and comparatively high wear rate. UHMWPE has the highest cross-linking efficiency, while HDPE and LDPE show low cross-link densities. Cross-linking induces brittleness in the materials except in case of LDPE, and improves wear rate of LDPE and UHMWPE. However, the wear rate of HDPE increases with cross-linking.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF THE OF MECHANICAL AND WEAR BEHAVIOURS OF DIFFERNT TYPES OF POLYETHYLENES AND THE EFFECT OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKING ON THESE BEHAVIOURS","authors":"R. Gul","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.268","url":null,"abstract":"Different kinds of polyethylenes dominate the polymer field due to their wide range of applications and properties. They are sometimes cross-linked to improve their properties such as high temperature resistance and wear behavior. Radiation cross-linking using high energy electron beam or g-radiation constitutes one of the most convenient methods. This study explores the difference in mechanical and wear behavior of different polyethylenes, and compares the effect of radiation cross-linking and radiation dose on these properties. Three different types of polyethylenes: low density (LDPE), high density (HDPE), and ultra-high molecular weight (UHMWPE) were studied. Cross-linking was carried out by high energy electron beam at room temperature, with radiation dose ranging from 0-600 kGy. The results show that the stress-strain curve of UHMWPE in unirradiated state is marked by extensive strain hardening resulting in excellent wear resistance. Unirradaited HDPE show extensive yielding and high strain to failure, with dry abrasive wear properties comparable to UHMWPE. Unirradiated LDPE on the other hand exhibit low strength and strain to failure, and comparatively high wear rate. UHMWPE has the highest cross-linking efficiency, while HDPE and LDPE show low cross-link densities. Cross-linking induces brittleness in the materials except in case of LDPE, and improves wear rate of LDPE and UHMWPE. However, the wear rate of HDPE increases with cross-linking.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133736854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Imran Ahmad, N. Zhang, M. Jobson, M. Younas, K. Ghani
Short-cut models of distillation are useful in screening design options for separation of petroleum fractions at conceptual design stage. A methodology for prediction of detailed product distribution for distillation processes using short-cut calculations of distillation is developed in this work. The proposed delumping procedure is explained in this paper, and an illustrative example is presented to elucidate the application in modeling of distillation using short-cut calculation methods. The proposed methodology helps retain molecular information of composition of petroleum fractions and may help extend the premise of molecular components-based modeling to separation processes such as distillation.
{"title":"DELUMPING PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS IN DISTILLATION USING A SHORT-CUT MODEL","authors":"Muhammad Imran Ahmad, N. Zhang, M. Jobson, M. Younas, K. Ghani","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.274","url":null,"abstract":"Short-cut models of distillation are useful in screening design options for separation of petroleum fractions at conceptual design stage. A methodology for prediction of detailed product distribution for distillation processes using short-cut calculations of distillation is developed in this work. The proposed delumping procedure is explained in this paper, and an illustrative example is presented to elucidate the application in modeling of distillation using short-cut calculation methods. The proposed methodology helps retain molecular information of composition of petroleum fractions and may help extend the premise of molecular components-based modeling to separation processes such as distillation.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124407814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Qasim, M. Ahmad, M. I. Babar, Shahida Bashir, Farah Mahmood, Z. Sabir
There is a growing need for research initiatives for Wireless sensor networks with special emphasis on performance and efficiency of physical layer. The role of physical layer is clearly evident from the fact that it plays an important role in determining the overall quality of data communication. The issue of quality is also important in the context of saving energy of nodes involved in wireless sensor network communication.Poor quality of communication puts constraint on the already existing energy sensitive nature of wireless sensor networks. This research work is focused on investigation of critical parameters and their effects on overall communication quality in reference to Physical Layer. One of the key factors is antenna design and other factors include physical layer parameters including delay that can contribute critically in defining the quality. Various antenna designs are incorporated in ns-2 simulation environment along with different physical layer parameters and their impact is assessed and evaluated. This work also demonstrates the compatibility between ns-2, network simulation environment and CST, antenna design simulation environment.
{"title":"INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON EFFICIENCY OF PHYSICAL LAYER DEPLOYED FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK","authors":"Muhammad Qasim, M. Ahmad, M. I. Babar, Shahida Bashir, Farah Mahmood, Z. Sabir","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.276","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing need for research initiatives for Wireless sensor networks with special emphasis on performance and efficiency of physical layer. The role of physical layer is clearly evident from the fact that it plays an important role in determining the overall quality of data communication. The issue of quality is also important in the context of saving energy of nodes involved in wireless sensor network communication.Poor quality of communication puts constraint on the already existing energy sensitive nature of wireless sensor networks. This research work is focused on investigation of critical parameters and their effects on overall communication quality in reference to Physical Layer. One of the key factors is antenna design and other factors include physical layer parameters including delay that can contribute critically in defining the quality. Various antenna designs are incorporated in ns-2 simulation environment along with different physical layer parameters and their impact is assessed and evaluated. This work also demonstrates the compatibility between ns-2, network simulation environment and CST, antenna design simulation environment.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128382042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.2385
Syed Azmat Ali Shah, A. Naseer, R. Rehan
With on growing industrial development, tonnes of solid waste are generated every year. Managing, disposing and recycling of these waste has turned out to be a great challenge in recent times. Typically, waste generated from industrial and domestic activities is dumped in open spaces. However dumping of solid waste in open spaces is hazardous to environment; therefore researchers have explored new means to effectively manage such waste. Tyre wastes have no exception; it cannot be readily recycled or reused. They are dumped in open grounds around the world. In Pakistan they pose a bigger threat as they are burnt, which results in emission of harmful gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to reuse these rubber wastes to reduce environmental pollution. Rubber wastes can be used in concrete as a partial replacement of aggregates resulting in lightweight concrete. Using rubber wastes in concrete enhances the impact resistance, thermal insulation and sound insulation at affordable strength. This paper reviews the viable use of rubber wastes in concrete industry to address the problem of disposal of such wastes.
{"title":"USE OF RUBBER WASTE IN CONCRETE TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION- AN OVERVIEW","authors":"Syed Azmat Ali Shah, A. Naseer, R. Rehan","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.2385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.2385","url":null,"abstract":"With on growing industrial development, tonnes of solid waste are generated every year. Managing, disposing and recycling of these waste has turned out to be a great challenge in recent times. Typically, waste generated from industrial and domestic activities is dumped in open spaces. However dumping of solid waste in open spaces is hazardous to environment; therefore researchers have explored new means to effectively manage such waste. Tyre wastes have no exception; it cannot be readily recycled or reused. They are dumped in open grounds around the world. In Pakistan they pose a bigger threat as they are burnt, which results in emission of harmful gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to reuse these rubber wastes to reduce environmental pollution. Rubber wastes can be used in concrete as a partial replacement of aggregates resulting in lightweight concrete. Using rubber wastes in concrete enhances the impact resistance, thermal insulation and sound insulation at affordable strength. This paper reviews the viable use of rubber wastes in concrete industry to address the problem of disposal of such wastes.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"607 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120939830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.2397
G. Ahmad, S. Faheem, A. Ullah, W. Shah, S. M. Ashraf
Cooperative communication has gained a lot of interest due to its ability to exploit the spatial diversity or antenna diversity. The implementation of the cooperative relaying systems involves less hardware and low complexity but gives comparable performance and diversity gains to the actual multiple antenna systems. The aim of this paper is to compare various techniques used in cooperative relaying protocols. The performance is evaluated in terms of average symbol error under various ranges of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) probabilities. A three node system i.e. source, relay and destination, placed on the edges of equilateral triangle, has been proposed using Maximal ratio Combiner (MRC) method by combining signals from source and relay at destination point. The transmission path is modeled as a frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The results show that at high SNR decode-and-forward performs well, while at low SNR amplify-and-forward works well. A selective relaying scheme called selective detect-and-forward is also simulated which shows better performance than its fixed counterparts for a wide range of SNR.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELAY PROTOCOLS USING SIMULATION","authors":"G. Ahmad, S. Faheem, A. Ullah, W. Shah, S. M. Ashraf","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.2397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.2397","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative communication has gained a lot of interest due to its ability to exploit the spatial diversity or antenna diversity. The implementation of the cooperative relaying systems involves less hardware and low complexity but gives comparable performance and diversity gains to the actual multiple antenna systems. The aim of this paper is to compare various techniques used in cooperative relaying protocols. The performance is evaluated in terms of average symbol error under various ranges of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) probabilities. A three node system i.e. source, relay and destination, placed on the edges of equilateral triangle, has been proposed using Maximal ratio Combiner (MRC) method by combining signals from source and relay at destination point. The transmission path is modeled as a frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The results show that at high SNR decode-and-forward performs well, while at low SNR amplify-and-forward works well. A selective relaying scheme called selective detect-and-forward is also simulated which shows better performance than its fixed counterparts for a wide range of SNR.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116675675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to assess the exposure to noise and temperature in a steel re- rolling mill. The measured noise and temperature values were then compared with international standards set by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Our results indicate that temperature level was high at two places of the mill i.e. furnace and re-rolling mill sections with the average value of 67 °C and 39°C respectively, which exceeds OSHA limit of 25-30 °C for comfortable working temperature. The average noise level at furnace section was satisfactory but that at the re-rolling mill was found to be 102 dB, whereas OSHA has set the limit to be 92 dB for 6 hours work shift. A pair-wise t-test indicated that the noise level at all factory zones was signifcantly different than that of administration section with a p-value < 0.0001. The re-rolling noise level was found to be extremely signifcant, followed by furnace and unloading section. Likewise the indoor factory heat level is also signifcant from outside air temperature. The interview survey revealed that the workers exposed to these chronic conditions in the factory are suffering from post work irritability, headache, fatigue, eye infection and heat exhaustion. It was therefore, recommended that the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA) should strictly implement and follow-up on the occupational safety laws, adopt shift rotation and ensure reduction in the length of exposure of each worker i.e. 1.5 to 2 hours instead of 6 hours work in these working conditions.
{"title":"STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SAFETY IN STEEL RE-ROLLING MILL WITH REFERENCE TO HIGH NOISE LEVEL AND TEMPERATURE","authors":"M. Nafees, B. Khan, R. Naz","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V32I1.272","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to assess the exposure to noise and temperature in a steel re- rolling mill. The measured noise and temperature values were then compared with international standards set by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Our results indicate that temperature level was high at two places of the mill i.e. furnace and re-rolling mill sections with the average value of 67 °C and 39°C respectively, which exceeds OSHA limit of 25-30 °C for comfortable working temperature. The average noise level at furnace section was satisfactory but that at the re-rolling mill was found to be 102 dB, whereas OSHA has set the limit to be 92 dB for 6 hours work shift. A pair-wise t-test indicated that the noise level at all factory zones was signifcantly different than that of administration section with a p-value < 0.0001. The re-rolling noise level was found to be extremely signifcant, followed by furnace and unloading section. Likewise the indoor factory heat level is also signifcant from outside air temperature. The interview survey revealed that the workers exposed to these chronic conditions in the factory are suffering from post work irritability, headache, fatigue, eye infection and heat exhaustion. It was therefore, recommended that the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA) should strictly implement and follow-up on the occupational safety laws, adopt shift rotation and ensure reduction in the length of exposure of each worker i.e. 1.5 to 2 hours instead of 6 hours work in these working conditions.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131204374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sikandar Khan, Afzal Khan, Muhammad Tahir Khan, M. A. Kamran, A. Shakoor
Small, stand-alone wind turbines are a possible solution to the energy requirements of remote areas in Pakistan. However except for the coastal areas, wind speeds available in various areas of Pakistan are low to medium, especially in the northern areas. It is possible to produce significant power from a small wind turbine at low wind speeds provided the turbine can be started. In this paper “BEM function” and “Aerodynamic function” are used based on the Blade element momentum theory. These Matlab functions calculate the wind turbine blade parameters and aerodynamic forces that will act on wind turbine blades. Pro/E models were then developed on the basis of these parameters. Pro/E models were imported into ADAMS to calculate the output torques. Our analysis shows that most of the starting torque comes from the hub section of the blade. Various changes were incorporated into ADAMS models near the hub region of the wind turbine blade which showed an increase in the staring torque due to an increase in the blade angles and chord lengths. The wind turbine designs for the selected locations of Pakistan were successfully optimized by improving their starting behavior.
{"title":"Dynamic Modeling and Starting Behavior of a Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine","authors":"Sikandar Khan, Afzal Khan, Muhammad Tahir Khan, M. A. Kamran, A. Shakoor","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.423","url":null,"abstract":"Small, stand-alone wind turbines are a possible solution to the energy requirements of remote areas in Pakistan. However except for the coastal areas, wind speeds available in various areas of Pakistan are low to medium, especially in the northern areas. It is possible to produce significant power from a small wind turbine at low wind speeds provided the turbine can be started. In this paper “BEM function” and “Aerodynamic function” are used based on the Blade element momentum theory. These Matlab functions calculate the wind turbine blade parameters and aerodynamic forces that will act on wind turbine blades. Pro/E models were then developed on the basis of these parameters. Pro/E models were imported into ADAMS to calculate the output torques. Our analysis shows that most of the starting torque comes from the hub section of the blade. Various changes were incorporated into ADAMS models near the hub region of the wind turbine blade which showed an increase in the staring torque due to an increase in the blade angles and chord lengths. The wind turbine designs for the selected locations of Pakistan were successfully optimized by improving their starting behavior.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129593005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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