Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.2593
F. Arshid, A. Memon, M. A. Uqaili, Arshid Habib Malik
In this paper, a Novel Intelligent Cascaded Reactivity Controller (NICRC) is synthesized for a CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) -type Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operating in Pakistan. The designed NICRC is a cascaded configuration of reactor power and moderator level controllers composed of five sub-controllers. The proposed NICRC is designed using intelligent soft computing technique. The original reactivity controller of CANDU nuclear power plant is a networked controller implemented on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The new NICRC is designed based on two Intelligent Distributed Cascaded Power Controller (IDCPC) and Intelligent Cascaded Moderator Level Controller (ICMLC) for moderator level control in CANDU reactor core. The IDCPC is composed of three neural sub-controllers while ICMLC is composed of two neural sub-controllers. The proposed NICRC is designed using Adaptive Back Propagation Feedforward Neural Network (ABPFNN). The proposed controller is synthesized in a distributed parallel computing environment using MATLAB. The proposed NICRC is formulated in a highly complex multi-objective neural form and evaluated against full power operation of CANDU nuclear power plant from cold start-up to high power. The performance of highly robust NICRC is tested and evaluated for a typical transient providing complete coverage of moderator level, low log and steam pressure modes of CANDU reactor and found excellent within the desired control bands.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL ROBUST INTELLIGENT CASCADED REACTIVITY CONTROLLER FOR CANDU REACTOR","authors":"F. Arshid, A. Memon, M. A. Uqaili, Arshid Habib Malik","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.2593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.2593","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a Novel Intelligent Cascaded Reactivity Controller (NICRC) is synthesized for a CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) -type Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operating in Pakistan. The designed NICRC is a cascaded configuration of reactor power and moderator level controllers composed of five sub-controllers. The proposed NICRC is designed using intelligent soft computing technique. The original reactivity controller of CANDU nuclear power plant is a networked controller implemented on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The new NICRC is designed based on two Intelligent Distributed Cascaded Power Controller (IDCPC) and Intelligent Cascaded Moderator Level Controller (ICMLC) for moderator level control in CANDU reactor core. The IDCPC is composed of three neural sub-controllers while ICMLC is composed of two neural sub-controllers. The proposed NICRC is designed using Adaptive Back Propagation Feedforward Neural Network (ABPFNN). The proposed controller is synthesized in a distributed parallel computing environment using MATLAB. The proposed NICRC is formulated in a highly complex multi-objective neural form and evaluated against full power operation of CANDU nuclear power plant from cold start-up to high power. The performance of highly robust NICRC is tested and evaluated for a typical transient providing complete coverage of moderator level, low log and steam pressure modes of CANDU reactor and found excellent within the desired control bands.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126486042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper traces the growth of Peshawar, one of the major cities of Pakistan. Data and information for the study was collected from historic maps, documents and satellite images. The analysis shows that the city has been growing at a very rapid pace in recent years and in the absence of planning control has seen tremendous urban sprawl. The pattern of development of urban sprawl in Peshawar is typical of most Pakistani major cities, where ribbon sprawl is common along major roads, while leapfrog sprawl is prevalent in the city’s fringes. The uncontrolled expansion in the built up area is typically consuming rich agricultural land and pose a threat to food security. The study highlighting the causes of urban sprawl, discusses some of the strategic and policy options that are available to control their proliferation for sustainable development of the city in future.
{"title":"DYNAMICS OF URBAN SPATIAL GROWTH AND PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF PESHAWAR","authors":"M. A. Khan, S. Samiullah, Z. Ali","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.422","url":null,"abstract":"This paper traces the growth of Peshawar, one of the major cities of Pakistan. Data and information for the study was collected from historic maps, documents and satellite images. The analysis shows that the city has been growing at a very rapid pace in recent years and in the absence of planning control has seen tremendous urban sprawl. The pattern of development of urban sprawl in Peshawar is typical of most Pakistani major cities, where ribbon sprawl is common along major roads, while leapfrog sprawl is prevalent in the city’s fringes. The uncontrolled expansion in the built up area is typically consuming rich agricultural land and pose a threat to food security. The study highlighting the causes of urban sprawl, discusses some of the strategic and policy options that are available to control their proliferation for sustainable development of the city in future.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130732957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less networks. Moreover, due to inherent characteristic of mobility of nodes, network merging and partitioning, issues and problems of MANETs are peculiar in nature. Current networking software stacks and services are based on TCP/IP model which is IP address centric. All nodes which want to communicate must have unique IP addresses. Auto-configuration refers to assignment of unique IP addresses to the nodes of MANETs. Due to characteristics of MANETs, assignment of IP addresses to nodes is a non-trivial problem and renders itself as an open issue and potential problem for research. A large number of mechanisms have been proposed for configuring MANET nodes. This paper presents a survey of latest and primitive auto-configuration mechanisms for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs).
{"title":"A SURVEY ON AUTO-CONFIGURATION MECHANISMS FOR MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS (MANETS)","authors":"S. Khalid, A. Mahboob","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I2.430","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less networks. Moreover, due to inherent characteristic of mobility of nodes, network merging and partitioning, issues and problems of MANETs are peculiar in nature. Current networking software stacks and services are based on TCP/IP model which is IP address centric. All nodes which want to communicate must have unique IP addresses. Auto-configuration refers to assignment of unique IP addresses to the nodes of MANETs. Due to characteristics of MANETs, assignment of IP addresses to nodes is a non-trivial problem and renders itself as an open issue and potential problem for research. A large number of mechanisms have been proposed for configuring MANET nodes. This paper presents a survey of latest and primitive auto-configuration mechanisms for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs).","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129165799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salim Ullah, L. Hasan, A. A. Shah, M. A. Manzoor, K. Yahya
Modern sophisticated multimedia-like applications are extremely useful, but require hardware platforms that can provide high computational power. Conventional single core systems were capable of handling computationally expensive applications up to a certain extent, but increased clock frequencies resulted in high power consumption. Thus the need for multi-core based systems was realized. The overall performance of such systems depends not only on the individual processor cores but also on the underlying communication network between them. This paper presents an analysis of communication architecture for various available multi-core systems.
{"title":"AN ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURES FOR VARIOUS AVAILABLE MULTI-CORE SYSTEMS","authors":"Salim Ullah, L. Hasan, A. A. Shah, M. A. Manzoor, K. Yahya","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.507","url":null,"abstract":"Modern sophisticated multimedia-like applications are extremely useful, but require hardware platforms that can provide high computational power. Conventional single core systems were capable of handling computationally expensive applications up to a certain extent, but increased clock frequencies resulted in high power consumption. Thus the need for multi-core based systems was realized. The overall performance of such systems depends not only on the individual processor cores but also on the underlying communication network between them. This paper presents an analysis of communication architecture for various available multi-core systems.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133536435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Javed, Guido Magnenes, B. Alam, A. Naseer, A. M. Syed, K. Shahzada
An experimental study to evaluate the seismic performance of unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) shear walls constructed in cement, sand and stone dust mortar being widely used in Northern Pakistan is presented. In-plane shear-compression tests were carried out on twelve walls, using quasi-static cyclic loading. Testing set produced double bending curvature in walls. The effect of aspect ratio and pre-compression levels on various parameters used to quantify seismic performance is examined. Experimental work showed that walls with medium to high aspect ratios failed in diagonal tensile shear failure mode while squat walls failed in diagonal shear followed by bed-joint sliding. The diagonal tensile shear strengths of the walls determined from experimental work were then compared with Turnsek and Sheppard equation used to determine diagonal tensile shear strength of URBM walls. Influence of the pre-compression level on the lateral displacement ductility, drift ratio and equivalent viscous damping of the walls is discussed. Finally, drift ratios for performance levels corresponding to various damage levels, for unreinforced brick masonry walls, are proposed on the basis of experimental results.
{"title":"SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BRICK MASONRY SHEAR WALLS CONSTRUCTED IN STONE DUST MORTAR","authors":"M. Javed, Guido Magnenes, B. Alam, A. Naseer, A. M. Syed, K. Shahzada","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.505","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental study to evaluate the seismic performance of unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) shear walls constructed in cement, sand and stone dust mortar being widely used in Northern Pakistan is presented. In-plane shear-compression tests were carried out on twelve walls, using quasi-static cyclic loading. Testing set produced double bending curvature in walls. The effect of aspect ratio and pre-compression levels on various parameters used to quantify seismic performance is examined. Experimental work showed that walls with medium to high aspect ratios failed in diagonal tensile shear failure mode while squat walls failed in diagonal shear followed by bed-joint sliding. The diagonal tensile shear strengths of the walls determined from experimental work were then compared with Turnsek and Sheppard equation used to determine diagonal tensile shear strength of URBM walls. Influence of the pre-compression level on the lateral displacement ductility, drift ratio and equivalent viscous damping of the walls is discussed. Finally, drift ratios for performance levels corresponding to various damage levels, for unreinforced brick masonry walls, are proposed on the basis of experimental results.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132420978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-30DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2568
R. A. Mullick, M. S. Khattak, Z. Haq
Environmental flow (EF) indicates, in general, the minimum required flow to maintain the valued features of a river system. The concept of EF is central to achieving sustainable water resources management. Adopting the EF at a river basin scale however, poses a great challenge and is observed still at its infancy. An attempt is, therefore, made to reflect the implication and need of the EF in sustainable water resources management including the challenges most likely the water professionals face in adopting the EF. This paper further reviews the current status of the adoption and use of the EF approach in water resources management, in particular for the South Asian countries where freshwater is becoming scarce, leading to an environmental water scarcity. The review finds modest progress in assessment and adoption of EF into water resources management in Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India; however, Bangladesh and Nepal show an early stage progressing. Towards the end a few recommendations have been put forward on the measures required in recognizing the EF as an effective tool in integrated water resource management.
{"title":"CONSIDERING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ASIA: CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES","authors":"R. A. Mullick, M. S. Khattak, Z. Haq","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2568","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental flow (EF) indicates, in general, the minimum required flow to maintain the valued features of a river system. The concept of EF is central to achieving sustainable water resources management. Adopting the EF at a river basin scale however, poses a great challenge and is observed still at its infancy. An attempt is, therefore, made to reflect the implication and need of the EF in sustainable water resources management including the challenges most likely the water professionals face in adopting the EF. This paper further reviews the current status of the adoption and use of the EF approach in water resources management, in particular for the South Asian countries where freshwater is becoming scarce, leading to an environmental water scarcity. The review finds modest progress in assessment and adoption of EF into water resources management in Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India; however, Bangladesh and Nepal show an early stage progressing. Towards the end a few recommendations have been put forward on the measures required in recognizing the EF as an effective tool in integrated water resource management.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128542821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-30DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2571
Afzal Khan, R. Vallance, Muhammad Tahir Khan
The unique characteristic, Shape Memory Effect (SME), of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), is primarily investigated by researchers as an economical source of actuation supplemented by its simple operating principle, and elimination of moving parts. Depending upon whether the SMA wire is martensitic, in transition, or austenitic phase, it exhibits different elastic isothermal behaviour. The microstructure is altered by the stress and thermal levels at both the low temperature phase and the high temperature phase. Precise experimental results for the isothermal measurements in the detwinning of the martensite phase of Nitinol and the influence of prestress in the performance of SMA wire actuators is presented in this study. Force of actuation and the displacement due to contraction during quazi-static actuation (transformation) and its dominance are illustrated for Nitinol wires used in SMA actuators.
{"title":"DETWINNING OF THE MARTENSITE PHASE IN SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMAs) AND THE INFLUENCE OF PRESTRESS IN SMA ACTUATORS","authors":"Afzal Khan, R. Vallance, Muhammad Tahir Khan","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2571","url":null,"abstract":"The unique characteristic, Shape Memory Effect (SME), of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), is primarily investigated by researchers as an economical source of actuation supplemented by its simple operating principle, and elimination of moving parts. Depending upon whether the SMA wire is martensitic, in transition, or austenitic phase, it exhibits different elastic isothermal behaviour. The microstructure is altered by the stress and thermal levels at both the low temperature phase and the high temperature phase. Precise experimental results for the isothermal measurements in the detwinning of the martensite phase of Nitinol and the influence of prestress in the performance of SMA wire actuators is presented in this study. Force of actuation and the displacement due to contraction during quazi-static actuation (transformation) and its dominance are illustrated for Nitinol wires used in SMA actuators.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121572849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-30DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2578
N. Minallah, L. Hasan, A. Khattak
Peer-2-Peer (P2P) technologies are rapidly advancing and have already proven successful in the form of various bandwidth demanding applications such as file-transfer and video streaming. The major advantage of the P2P technologies is its built-in scalability feature, relative to traditional client- server architecture. Therefore, keeping in view the large number of users involved in live video-streaming, P2P technology can be considered as a valuable tool aiming to broadcast live-video contents to a large number of users over the internet. Although, there is lot of research going on in analyzing the performance of P2P video streaming in heterogeneous networking scenarios, but to the best of our knowledge no work is done in analyzing the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) on the performance of P2P live-video streaming. In this paper we analyze the performance and characteristics of P2P live-video streaming on end-user quality of experience while employing FEC on the coded video packets. Additionally, in-order to carry out the performance analysis with reference to non-error protected benchmarker system; we utilized a realistic realtime French distributed Grid facility known as Grid'5000. More specifically, the performance of the system is evaluated while considering various realistic P2P video streaming constraints, such as limited playout delay, limited upload bandwidth and video rates. We concluded that the FEC will result in noticeable performance improvement in a scenario where each peer is connected with limited number of other peers that have the required contents for download. In such a situation the portion of the stream corrupted due to channel errors may not be recovered with the help of other accessible peers. However, if each peer has more connected peers with various alternative options to download the corrupted contents, then the employment of FEC may not have very noticeable advantage on the performance of the P2P video streaming system.
{"title":"PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION AIDED P2P LIVE-VIDEO STREAMING","authors":"N. Minallah, L. Hasan, A. Khattak","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.2578","url":null,"abstract":"Peer-2-Peer (P2P) technologies are rapidly advancing and have already proven successful in the form of various bandwidth demanding applications such as file-transfer and video streaming. The major advantage of the P2P technologies is its built-in scalability feature, relative to traditional client- server architecture. Therefore, keeping in view the large number of users involved in live video-streaming, P2P technology can be considered as a valuable tool aiming to broadcast live-video contents to a large number of users over the internet. Although, there is lot of research going on in analyzing the performance of P2P video streaming in heterogeneous networking scenarios, but to the best of our knowledge no work is done in analyzing the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) on the performance of P2P live-video streaming. In this paper we analyze the performance and characteristics of P2P live-video streaming on end-user quality of experience while employing FEC on the coded video packets. Additionally, in-order to carry out the performance analysis with reference to non-error protected benchmarker system; we utilized a realistic realtime French distributed Grid facility known as Grid'5000. More specifically, the performance of the system is evaluated while considering various realistic P2P video streaming constraints, such as limited playout delay, limited upload bandwidth and video rates. We concluded that the FEC will result in noticeable performance improvement in a scenario where each peer is connected with limited number of other peers that have the required contents for download. In such a situation the portion of the stream corrupted due to channel errors may not be recovered with the help of other accessible peers. However, if each peer has more connected peers with various alternative options to download the corrupted contents, then the employment of FEC may not have very noticeable advantage on the performance of the P2P video streaming system.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127356599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents seismic performance of two large size models using low strength concrete (LSC). A study after October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan revealed that bridges damaged were categorized using Low Strength Concrete (LSC) due to various reasons. The tests for subject evaluation were carried out on 1:4 scaled models of LSC circular bridge pier under a physical load of 3015.7 kN (678 kips). These models were subjected to cyclic lateral loads and free vibration tests to determine changes in dynamic properties of the system for variation in loading and drift levels. The models were first tested in their original state till their failures resulting in damages at the potential plastic zones, thereafter the damaged columns were repaired and confined with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and tested for their recovery of strength and ductility. A comparison of the test results of the models in both original and retrofitted conditions has indicated that even the damaged columns after CFRF retrofit can be made to recover their original strength and improved ductility to withstand even larger potential earthquakes.
{"title":"SEISMIC CAPACITY OF RETROFITTED LOW-STRENGTH CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS","authors":"M. Iqbal, Q. Khan, Syed Muhammad Ali, B. Alam","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V31I1.506","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents seismic performance of two large size models using low strength concrete (LSC). A study after October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan revealed that bridges damaged were categorized using Low Strength Concrete (LSC) due to various reasons. The tests for subject evaluation were carried out on 1:4 scaled models of LSC circular bridge pier under a physical load of 3015.7 kN (678 kips). These models were subjected to cyclic lateral loads and free vibration tests to determine changes in dynamic properties of the system for variation in loading and drift levels. The models were first tested in their original state till their failures resulting in damages at the potential plastic zones, thereafter the damaged columns were repaired and confined with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and tested for their recovery of strength and ductility. A comparison of the test results of the models in both original and retrofitted conditions has indicated that even the damaged columns after CFRF retrofit can be made to recover their original strength and improved ductility to withstand even larger potential earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115683461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is becoming a greater focus of policy makers and planners for the generation of green energy in wake of the climate change. There is a big gap between the supply and demand of electricity in Pakistan. The Pakistan's share in the world's total energy consumption is less than 0.5% and its per capita energy consumption of about 14.2 million British thermal units (Btu) much lower than the technologically advanced countries. Seeking an urgent solution to the deficit forecast of energy, the Government of Pakistan launched an intra-provincial water diversion scheme of Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project (GBHPP) in 1995. The aim of this paper is to evaluate GBHPP in terms of benefits versus the adverse impacts on ecological resources and the resulting socio-economic effects on local users. The material and methods used were the collection of water discharge data of river Indus before and after the project, field visits, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The analysis reveals that decrease in water flow in the river, has caused serious adverse impacts on the groundwater in the project area. Besides, the study has quantified the ecological changes due to changed hydrological regime, e.g. decline in fish catch, loss of forests and wildlife. The compensatory water discharges, designed in the project for aquatic life, are inadequate as well as defective by the way of discharge pattern. The paper suggests policy shift in environmental assessment system as well as further research into the residual effects to determine the optimum compensatory water discharges for developing harmony between the project and ecological as well as local needs of the society.
{"title":"HYDROPOWER PROJECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: ADAPTATION STRATEGY FOR ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION THROUGH THE INTERFACE OF RESEARCH AND POLICY","authors":"Z. Ali, Muhammad Khan, A. Khan, M. Durrani","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.525","url":null,"abstract":"Water is becoming a greater focus of policy makers and planners for the generation of green energy in wake of the climate change. There is a big gap between the supply and demand of electricity in Pakistan. The Pakistan's share in the world's total energy consumption is less than 0.5% and its per capita energy consumption of about 14.2 million British thermal units (Btu) much lower than the technologically advanced countries. Seeking an urgent solution to the deficit forecast of energy, the Government of Pakistan launched an intra-provincial water diversion scheme of Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project (GBHPP) in 1995. The aim of this paper is to evaluate GBHPP in terms of benefits versus the adverse impacts on ecological resources and the resulting socio-economic effects on local users. The material and methods used were the collection of water discharge data of river Indus before and after the project, field visits, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The analysis reveals that decrease in water flow in the river, has caused serious adverse impacts on the groundwater in the project area. Besides, the study has quantified the ecological changes due to changed hydrological regime, e.g. decline in fish catch, loss of forests and wildlife. The compensatory water discharges, designed in the project for aquatic life, are inadequate as well as defective by the way of discharge pattern. The paper suggests policy shift in environmental assessment system as well as further research into the residual effects to determine the optimum compensatory water discharges for developing harmony between the project and ecological as well as local needs of the society.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122481946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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