Sajjad Ali, M. S. Khattak, Daulat Khan, M. Sharif, H. Khan, A. Ullah, A. Malik
The objective of this study was to analyze projections of changes in mean annual temperature and precipitation over Pakistan for mid-century (2040–2069) and end century (2070–2099) time periods. An open source web tool namely “climate wizard” was used to obtain temperature and precipitation departures projected by three different GCMs under A1B, B1 and A2 emission scenarios. To ensure the maximum possible spatial coverage, a total of 16 climatic stations in Pakistan were selected. Results indicated a temperature departure in the range of 1.3-2.7°C for the mid century period, and a temperature departure in the range of 2.3-5.3°C for the end century period. Among different provinces of Pakistan, Gilgit Baltistan, Northern and Southern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and central Balochistan are likely to be subjected to greatest temperature rise in the coming decades. The projections of precipitation changes over Pakistan by different models show greater variability compared to temperature changes. An increase in precipitation in the range of (1-11%) was projected over Pakistan for the mid century. However, central Balochistan and southern Punjab showed negative precipitation departures ranging from -1 to-11%, thus increasing the likelihood of droughts in these regions. For the end century, positive precipitation departures were projected throughout the country, except Balochistan, Gilgit Baltistan and Southern Punjab, which showed negative departures of (-1 to -19%). With the projected rise in mean annual temperature through Pakistan, several sectors such as agriculture, energy, water supply and health will face serious challenges in the second half of the 21 st century. Therefore, preventive and remedial measures are required to minimize the impacts of projected warming by formulating long-term management and control policies for all sectors.
{"title":"PREDICTING FUTURE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION OVER PAKISTAN IN THE 21ST CENTURY","authors":"Sajjad Ali, M. S. Khattak, Daulat Khan, M. Sharif, H. Khan, A. Ullah, A. Malik","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.462","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to analyze projections of changes in mean annual temperature and precipitation over Pakistan for mid-century (2040–2069) and end century (2070–2099) time periods. An open source web tool namely “climate wizard” was used to obtain temperature and precipitation departures projected by three different GCMs under A1B, B1 and A2 emission scenarios. To ensure the maximum possible spatial coverage, a total of 16 climatic stations in Pakistan were selected. Results indicated a temperature departure in the range of 1.3-2.7°C for the mid century period, and a temperature departure in the range of 2.3-5.3°C for the end century period. Among different provinces of Pakistan, Gilgit Baltistan, Northern and Southern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and central Balochistan are likely to be subjected to greatest temperature rise in the coming decades. The projections of precipitation changes over Pakistan by different models show greater variability compared to temperature changes. An increase in precipitation in the range of (1-11%) was projected over Pakistan for the mid century. However, central Balochistan and southern Punjab showed negative precipitation departures ranging from -1 to-11%, thus increasing the likelihood of droughts in these regions. For the end century, positive precipitation departures were projected throughout the country, except Balochistan, Gilgit Baltistan and Southern Punjab, which showed negative departures of (-1 to -19%). With the projected rise in mean annual temperature through Pakistan, several sectors such as agriculture, energy, water supply and health will face serious challenges in the second half of the 21 st century. Therefore, preventive and remedial measures are required to minimize the impacts of projected warming by formulating long-term management and control policies for all sectors.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":" 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114087599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2052
A. Nawaz, M. A. Kamran
Grain design takes the central place in a solid rocket motor design activity. Ballistic quality of a designed grain can be evaluated by two vital indexes known as neutrality and sliver content. Sliver content results in tail-off of the thrust-time curve. These two measures of merit are an important part of acceptable grain design. This paper is restricted to the study of convex port star grain geometry and describes parametric evaluation to assess the effects of seven independent and defining geometric variables of the star and other ballistic factors including density of propellant and characteristic exhaust velocity on the burn pattern and performance profile for qualitative analysis of sliver fraction (tail-off)and neutrality. The purpose of the study is to expand the design domain by evaluating entire convex Star family under both neutral and least sliver content conditions. The computer program associated to it is essentially the ballistic design analysis of the convex star grain configuration. Results showed that neutrality and sliver fraction are dependent on certain parameters. It has been observed that for good neutrality, higher angular fraction and star angle close to neutrality must be maintained. Sliver fraction depends upon the star geometry and can be reduced by decreasing angular fraction leading to reduced tail-off. Thus neutrality and reduced tail-off cannot be achieved simultaneously and trade-off has to be made. However, higher value of characteristic exhaust velocity (C*) will reduce tail-off.
{"title":"PARAMETRIC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF CONVEX STAR PORT PROPELLANT GRAIN FOR SOLID ROCKET MOTOR","authors":"A. Nawaz, M. A. Kamran","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2052","url":null,"abstract":"Grain design takes the central place in a solid rocket motor design activity. Ballistic quality of a designed grain can be evaluated by two vital indexes known as neutrality and sliver content. Sliver content results in tail-off of the thrust-time curve. These two measures of merit are an important part of acceptable grain design. This paper is restricted to the study of convex port star grain geometry and describes parametric evaluation to assess the effects of seven independent and defining geometric variables of the star and other ballistic factors including density of propellant and characteristic exhaust velocity on the burn pattern and performance profile for qualitative analysis of sliver fraction (tail-off)and neutrality. The purpose of the study is to expand the design domain by evaluating entire convex Star family under both neutral and least sliver content conditions. The computer program associated to it is essentially the ballistic design analysis of the convex star grain configuration. Results showed that neutrality and sliver fraction are dependent on certain parameters. It has been observed that for good neutrality, higher angular fraction and star angle close to neutrality must be maintained. Sliver fraction depends upon the star geometry and can be reduced by decreasing angular fraction leading to reduced tail-off. Thus neutrality and reduced tail-off cannot be achieved simultaneously and trade-off has to be made. However, higher value of characteristic exhaust velocity (C*) will reduce tail-off.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131494445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was initiated to explore the concept of recycling of effluents of paper industry in Hayatabad Industrial Estate. The objective of this study was to reduce pollution load of paper and pulp effluents via recycling in sundry plants to make it fit for aquatic biota. For this purpose a detail study was conducted at paper mills and sundry plants at Hayatabad Industrial Estate. These plants were examined for operation and were sampled for waste water. Total 7 waste water samples were collected from selected points of paper mills, industrial drain and sundry plants. Samples were analyzed for various physio-chemical characteristics (colour, pH, EC, Alkalinity, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, COD and BOD 5 ) by adopting standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. These samples were also investigated for heavy metals through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained results were compared with Pak-NEQS for industrial effluents. Results showed high limits of pH(9-9.3), EC(738-850uS/cm), Alkalinity(463-581mg/l), Turbidity(166-180 NTU), TSS(5100-5300mg/l), TDS(3900-4200mg/l), BOD 5 (350-390mg/l) and COD (510-532mg/l) in effluents of paper mills. Among heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pd were observed above Pak-NEQS for industrial discharges in the range of 1-3, 3.2-5.1 and 1.01-2.3mg/l respectively. These effluents were recycled in sundry plants in manufacturing of paper board/gatta. Analysis of recycled water reduced levels of analyzed parameters upto low limits as pH (7.1-7.4), EC(336-345uS/cm), Alkalinity(425-580mg/l), Turbidity(140-154 NTU), TDS(1900-1970mg/l), TSS(2000-2100mg/l), COD(176-190mg/l), BOD 5 (95-110mg/l). It was observed that huge quantity of water is generating from paper mills and its direct discharge into receiving water is an emerging concern. Therefore it is recommended to enhance the installation of sundry plants in proposed industrial estate.
{"title":"Study of Pollution Load in Effluents of Paper Mills and Its Control by the Recycling Of Sundry Plants in Hayatabad Industrial Estate, Peshawar.","authors":"N. Khan, M. Nafees, A. Bashir, F. Ahmad","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.106","url":null,"abstract":"This study was initiated to explore the concept of recycling of effluents of paper industry in Hayatabad Industrial Estate. The objective of this study was to reduce pollution load of paper and pulp effluents via recycling in sundry plants to make it fit for aquatic biota. For this purpose a detail study was conducted at paper mills and sundry plants at Hayatabad Industrial Estate. These plants were examined for operation and were sampled for waste water. Total 7 waste water samples were collected from selected points of paper mills, industrial drain and sundry plants. Samples were analyzed for various physio-chemical characteristics (colour, pH, EC, Alkalinity, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, COD and BOD 5 ) by adopting standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. These samples were also investigated for heavy metals through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained results were compared with Pak-NEQS for industrial effluents. Results showed high limits of pH(9-9.3), EC(738-850uS/cm), Alkalinity(463-581mg/l), Turbidity(166-180 NTU), TSS(5100-5300mg/l), TDS(3900-4200mg/l), BOD 5 (350-390mg/l) and COD (510-532mg/l) in effluents of paper mills. Among heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pd were observed above Pak-NEQS for industrial discharges in the range of 1-3, 3.2-5.1 and 1.01-2.3mg/l respectively. These effluents were recycled in sundry plants in manufacturing of paper board/gatta. Analysis of recycled water reduced levels of analyzed parameters upto low limits as pH (7.1-7.4), EC(336-345uS/cm), Alkalinity(425-580mg/l), Turbidity(140-154 NTU), TDS(1900-1970mg/l), TSS(2000-2100mg/l), COD(176-190mg/l), BOD 5 (95-110mg/l). It was observed that huge quantity of water is generating from paper mills and its direct discharge into receiving water is an emerging concern. Therefore it is recommended to enhance the installation of sundry plants in proposed industrial estate.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"475 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133513937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2065
M. Tahir, Ayyaz Hussain, S. Badshah, Qaisar Javaid
Vibration-based time domain features (TDFs) are commonly used to recognize patterns of machinery faults. This study exploits central tendency (CT) of TDFs to develop a Rule-based Diagnostic Scheme (RDS), which identifies localized faults in ball bearing. The RDS offers an accurate and efficient diagnostic procedure, and purges the requirement of expensive training of conventional classifier. A test rig is used to acquire vibration data from bearings having localized faults, and various TDFs are extracted. It is worth mentioning that fluctuations in random vibration signals may alter the feature values. Therefore, each of the TDFs is processed statistically to approximate its reliable central values (CVs) against the respective faults. In this way, every feature provides a set of CVs, which are equal in number to that of faults. Separating distances among normalized CVs (NCVs) in a set provide the criteria to select or discard that particular feature before further processing. The selected sets of NCVs are finally used as references to generate rule-set for testing the unknown vibration samples. The results are evident that the proposed RDS may be an effective alternative to the existing classifier-based fault diagnosis, even if the vibration signals are contaminated with considerable background noise.
{"title":"Rule-based Identification of Bearing Faults using Central Tendency of Time Domain Features","authors":"M. Tahir, Ayyaz Hussain, S. Badshah, Qaisar Javaid","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2065","url":null,"abstract":"Vibration-based time domain features (TDFs) are commonly used to recognize patterns of machinery faults. This study exploits central tendency (CT) of TDFs to develop a Rule-based Diagnostic Scheme (RDS), which identifies localized faults in ball bearing. The RDS offers an accurate and efficient diagnostic procedure, and purges the requirement of expensive training of conventional classifier. A test rig is used to acquire vibration data from bearings having localized faults, and various TDFs are extracted. It is worth mentioning that fluctuations in random vibration signals may alter the feature values. Therefore, each of the TDFs is processed statistically to approximate its reliable central values (CVs) against the respective faults. In this way, every feature provides a set of CVs, which are equal in number to that of faults. Separating distances among normalized CVs (NCVs) in a set provide the criteria to select or discard that particular feature before further processing. The selected sets of NCVs are finally used as references to generate rule-set for testing the unknown vibration samples. The results are evident that the proposed RDS may be an effective alternative to the existing classifier-based fault diagnosis, even if the vibration signals are contaminated with considerable background noise.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"59 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133677077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Existing indexing methods do not consider the variation among number of citations received by publications of authors. In this paper, we propose variation in citation based fractional index which not only consider the number of authors but also the variation factor in the number of citations. Index considers the consistency in received citations of publication in addition to their quality and quantity for indexing. We have used Co-efficient of quartile deviation for calculation of variation in received citations because it is sensitive for both skewed and un-skewed data. We have used real world data for validation purpose and have used fractional h- and g-index as our baseline indexing methods. We compared the results of our proposed method with baseline methods and have analyzed that our intuition has clear impact on the authors indexing. Author on higher index in fractional index gets impacted by -index and its rank changes accordingly. Baseline methods do not considers variation factor and it is possible that authors with inconsistent citations receive high index value but if we use variation factor then our results will be more consistent. More the Co-efficient of quartile deviation lower the consistency and thus lower indexing.
{"title":"Variation in Citation Based Fractional Counting of Authorship","authors":"Tehmina Amjad, I. Ahmad, M. Shaikh, Nabila Naz","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.63","url":null,"abstract":"Existing indexing methods do not consider the variation among number of citations received by publications of authors. In this paper, we propose variation in citation based fractional index which not only consider the number of authors but also the variation factor in the number of citations. Index considers the consistency in received citations of publication in addition to their quality and quantity for indexing. We have used Co-efficient of quartile deviation for calculation of variation in received citations because it is sensitive for both skewed and un-skewed data. We have used real world data for validation purpose and have used fractional h- and g-index as our baseline indexing methods. We compared the results of our proposed method with baseline methods and have analyzed that our intuition has clear impact on the authors indexing. Author on higher index in fractional index gets impacted by -index and its rank changes accordingly. Baseline methods do not considers variation factor and it is possible that authors with inconsistent citations receive high index value but if we use variation factor then our results will be more consistent. More the Co-efficient of quartile deviation lower the consistency and thus lower indexing.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125048366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2057
Y. I. Badrashi, Qaisar Ali, M. Ashraf, M. Rashid
This study was undertaken to study the influence of construction deficiencies on hysteretic behavior of exterior beam-column connections. Building stock survey was conducted in five major cities of Pakistan for identification and quantification of material and detailing disparities between design specifications and construction practices. The effect of these disparities was studied using quasi-static cyclic testing on two exterior beam-column connections; EJ-1A (code-compliant) with no deficiencies and EJ-2A (non-compliant) incorporating all identified deficiencies. Damage patterns and hysteretic force-deformation behavior of these models is presented and the performance of the two specimens is compared. The study found that moderate to high deficiencies exist between design specifications and construction practices for the construction of RC buildings in Pakistan. The study also concluded that significant loss of strength and ductility is observed between code-compliant and non-code-compliant exterior beam-column connections subjected to reverse cyclic loading.
{"title":"SEISMIC DESIGN CHARACTERIZATION OF RC SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES IN PAKISTAN-FIELD SURVEY TO LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS","authors":"Y. I. Badrashi, Qaisar Ali, M. Ashraf, M. Rashid","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2057","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to study the influence of construction deficiencies on hysteretic behavior of exterior beam-column connections. Building stock survey was conducted in five major cities of Pakistan for identification and quantification of material and detailing disparities between design specifications and construction practices. The effect of these disparities was studied using quasi-static cyclic testing on two exterior beam-column connections; EJ-1A (code-compliant) with no deficiencies and EJ-2A (non-compliant) incorporating all identified deficiencies. Damage patterns and hysteretic force-deformation behavior of these models is presented and the performance of the two specimens is compared. The study found that moderate to high deficiencies exist between design specifications and construction practices for the construction of RC buildings in Pakistan. The study also concluded that significant loss of strength and ductility is observed between code-compliant and non-code-compliant exterior beam-column connections subjected to reverse cyclic loading.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115855570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rafique, S. Khattak, T. Hussain, Faiza Tauqeer, B. Ahmad
The present study was conducted to explore the pigment colouration system in conjunction with functional finishing treatments for polyester/cotton (P/C) blended fabrics; further to assess its effect on flexural rigidity and abrasion resistance. The simultaneous finishing and pigment dyeing is more economical than conventional method, since, more energy can be conserved by using same machinery for dyeing, finishing, drying and curing. Furthermore, elimination of post wash treatment in this method caused little or no contamination. Despite its manifold advantages, the rubbing fastness and fabric stiffness of pigment dyed fabrics in deeper shades is doubtful, hence needed further exploration. The effect of various parameters i.e. finish type and concentration were taken in to consideration along different modes of application on the abrasion resistance and flexural rigidity of fabrics. As regards the type of finish, the effect of U-V absorber and Pekoflam OP flame retardant (organic phosphorous compound) on fabric stiffness was found to be advantageous, providing it a soft texture. The post-application of fluorine based liquid water repellent finish (NUVA- FD) at high concentration well resisted the abrasion rubs. The optimized formulation, 50g/L of polyurethane had improved the abrasion resistance of fabrics. Generally, the finishing of polyester/cotton fabrics with Pekoflam OP flame retardant and water repellent chemicals induced resistance against heavy brunt of abrasive action and a desirable flexural rigidity in fabrics. As regards the meta-treatment of soft polyurethane (hand building) finish, the dyed fabric showed an inversely proportional relation i.e. decrease in abrasion resistance with increase in finish concentration
{"title":"EVALUATION OF FLEXURAL RIGIDITY AND ABRASION RESISTANCE OF POST AND META-FINISHED PIGMENT DYED P/C FABRICS","authors":"S. Rafique, S. Khattak, T. Hussain, Faiza Tauqeer, B. Ahmad","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.689","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to explore the pigment colouration system in conjunction with functional finishing treatments for polyester/cotton (P/C) blended fabrics; further to assess its effect on flexural rigidity and abrasion resistance. The simultaneous finishing and pigment dyeing is more economical than conventional method, since, more energy can be conserved by using same machinery for dyeing, finishing, drying and curing. Furthermore, elimination of post wash treatment in this method caused little or no contamination. Despite its manifold advantages, the rubbing fastness and fabric stiffness of pigment dyed fabrics in deeper shades is doubtful, hence needed further exploration. The effect of various parameters i.e. finish type and concentration were taken in to consideration along different modes of application on the abrasion resistance and flexural rigidity of fabrics. As regards the type of finish, the effect of U-V absorber and Pekoflam OP flame retardant (organic phosphorous compound) on fabric stiffness was found to be advantageous, providing it a soft texture. The post-application of fluorine based liquid water repellent finish (NUVA- FD) at high concentration well resisted the abrasion rubs. The optimized formulation, 50g/L of polyurethane had improved the abrasion resistance of fabrics. Generally, the finishing of polyester/cotton fabrics with Pekoflam OP flame retardant and water repellent chemicals induced resistance against heavy brunt of abrasive action and a desirable flexural rigidity in fabrics. As regards the meta-treatment of soft polyurethane (hand building) finish, the dyed fabric showed an inversely proportional relation i.e. decrease in abrasion resistance with increase in finish concentration","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126202194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2060
M. Ibrahim, S. Maqsood, R. Khan, M. Amjad, S. Jan
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a widely used welding technique in which a non-consumable electrode of tungsten material and shielding gas is used to generate arc for melting. The objective of this paper is to apply Taguchi optimization technique to find the optimal results for GTAW. Taguchi L25 orthogonal array has been used for the design experiments. Welding experiments have been performed on stainless steel 304L grade specimen having a thickness of 3mm. GTAW parameters namely arc current, shielding gas flow rate, torch angle, arc length and torch speed effects on response parameters, such as penetration depth and bead width have been investigated. Optimal parameters have been determined through signal to noise (S/N) ratio approach. Significant factors have been determined through analysis of variance approach (ANOVA). Arc current is the significant factor for both the response parameters while torch angle is significant only for bead width as observed. Predicted results have been verified through confirmation test for each response parameter.
{"title":"Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Parameters on Penetration depth and Bead Width Using Taguchi Method","authors":"M. Ibrahim, S. Maqsood, R. Khan, M. Amjad, S. Jan","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2060","url":null,"abstract":"Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a widely used welding technique in which a non-consumable electrode of tungsten material and shielding gas is used to generate arc for melting. The objective of this paper is to apply Taguchi optimization technique to find the optimal results for GTAW. Taguchi L25 orthogonal array has been used for the design experiments. Welding experiments have been performed on stainless steel 304L grade specimen having a thickness of 3mm. GTAW parameters namely arc current, shielding gas flow rate, torch angle, arc length and torch speed effects on response parameters, such as penetration depth and bead width have been investigated. Optimal parameters have been determined through signal to noise (S/N) ratio approach. Significant factors have been determined through analysis of variance approach (ANOVA). Arc current is the significant factor for both the response parameters while torch angle is significant only for bead width as observed. Predicted results have been verified through confirmation test for each response parameter.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132055302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2056
G. Akbar, M. Ahmad, A. Ghafoor, Matiullah Khan, Z. Islam
The conventional surface irrigation systems, border, level basin and furrow bed, are inherently inefficient in Pakistan, while the suboptimal field sizes (length and width) are considered as one of the main reasons of poor performance. Addressing these issues, the three surface irrigation systems were evaluated on thirteen fields under routine farmer management in Pakistan. Irrigation performance including application efficiency ( AE ), Potential Application Efficiency ( PAE ), Adequacy ( AD ) and distribution uniformity ( DU ), of 17 irrigation events were evaluated and further potential for improvement by optimising field sizes were identified using surface irrigation evaluation Model WinSRFR 4.1.3. The study revealed poor irrigation efficiencies, AElq (41% to 82%), PAEmin (43% to 95%), ADlq (1.16 to 2.29) and DUlq (80% to 99%), on farms. The average AElq on farm was in the order of; level basin (58%) < border (65%)
{"title":"IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES POTENTIAL UNDER SURFACE IRRIGATED FARMS IN PAKISTAN","authors":"G. Akbar, M. Ahmad, A. Ghafoor, Matiullah Khan, Z. Islam","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2056","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional surface irrigation systems, border, level basin and furrow bed, are inherently inefficient in Pakistan, while the suboptimal field sizes (length and width) are considered as one of the main reasons of poor performance. Addressing these issues, the three surface irrigation systems were evaluated on thirteen fields under routine farmer management in Pakistan. Irrigation performance including application efficiency ( AE ), Potential Application Efficiency ( PAE ), Adequacy ( AD ) and distribution uniformity ( DU ), of 17 irrigation events were evaluated and further potential for improvement by optimising field sizes were identified using surface irrigation evaluation Model WinSRFR 4.1.3. The study revealed poor irrigation efficiencies, AElq (41% to 82%), PAEmin (43% to 95%), ADlq (1.16 to 2.29) and DUlq (80% to 99%), on farms. The average AElq on farm was in the order of; level basin (58%) < border (65%) <furrow bed (68%). Simulation modelling indicated that there is further potential to increase average PAE up-to 94%, 87% and 96% for level basin, border and furrow bed irrigated fields respectively, by optimising field length and width. The analysis demonstrated increased understanding of the interactions of field sizes and irrigation efficiencies, which may support irrigators’ decision making for enhancing irrigation performance at no significant cost to infrastructure, machinery or labour.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121649761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2053
K. Rashid, S. Danish, M. Tahir
This work has been carried out to evaluate the potential usage of waste rubber tires in concrete. Disposal of tires is a major problem and their accumulation create health and fire hazards. To incorporate waste rubber tires in construction industry is considered as a sustainable and environment friendly solution. Experiments were designed by incorporating coarse and fine rubber content as partial substitution of conventional aggregates. Seven mixtures were proportioned; one mixture with conventional aggregates was the control specimen, three mixtures were casted by replacing fine aggregate by waste rubber tires powder and remaining three were proportioned by replacing coarse aggregate by waste rubber tires chips. Fresh and hardened properties of rubberized concrete were evaluated and compared with the control specimen. The results showed that there was significant fall in workability of rubberized concrete along with slight deviation in the density and aesthetics as compared to control specimen. The compressive strength of rubberized concrete was found to be augmented when 10 % fine crumb rubber content was used. However with further increase in the rubber content, the compressive strength was abridged. On the contrary, there was continuous reduction in the compressive strength with the increase in the amount of coarse rubber content as compared to control specimen. It was verified that rubberized concrete have potential to use in concrete up to some extent.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE RUBBER TIRES AS FILLER IN CONCRETE","authors":"K. Rashid, S. Danish, M. Tahir","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V35I2.2053","url":null,"abstract":"This work has been carried out to evaluate the potential usage of waste rubber tires in concrete. Disposal of tires is a major problem and their accumulation create health and fire hazards. To incorporate waste rubber tires in construction industry is considered as a sustainable and environment friendly solution. Experiments were designed by incorporating coarse and fine rubber content as partial substitution of conventional aggregates. Seven mixtures were proportioned; one mixture with conventional aggregates was the control specimen, three mixtures were casted by replacing fine aggregate by waste rubber tires powder and remaining three were proportioned by replacing coarse aggregate by waste rubber tires chips. Fresh and hardened properties of rubberized concrete were evaluated and compared with the control specimen. The results showed that there was significant fall in workability of rubberized concrete along with slight deviation in the density and aesthetics as compared to control specimen. The compressive strength of rubberized concrete was found to be augmented when 10 % fine crumb rubber content was used. However with further increase in the rubber content, the compressive strength was abridged. On the contrary, there was continuous reduction in the compressive strength with the increase in the amount of coarse rubber content as compared to control specimen. It was verified that rubberized concrete have potential to use in concrete up to some extent.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128326409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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