Feroza Arshad, A. Memon, M. A. Uqaili, A. H. Malik
In this paper, a new Multi-Input Single-Output Robust Intelligent Power Controller (MISO-RIPC) is designed for a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)-type Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operating in High Power Steam Pressure Mode (HPSPM) in Pakistan. The proposed MISO-RIPC is a highly nonlinear intelligent controller synthesized based on Adaptive Feed forward Artificial Neural Network (AFANN) and has a 3-20-1 topology with high degree of robustness. An optimization procedure is performed for the selection of optimum number of neurons for highly nonlinear AFANN. A proposed multi-layer neuro controller is evolved as an optimization problem that resolves the nonlinear issues of complex control structure of PHWR-type nuclear power plant based on Real Time Dynamic Transient Data (RTDTD) of steam flows through north and south headers and steam pressure in the steam generator. The training of an intelligent controller is performed by soft computing and parallel tracking of Conventional Reactor Power Controller operating in Steam Pressure Mode (CRPC-SP). A data driven model of PHWR-type nuclear power plant is developed in high power mode using Controlled Auto-Regressive and Integrated Moving Average (CARIMA) technique. The proposed MISORIPC is validated against RTDTD. All design and simulation work is carried out in MATLAB. The dynamic behavior of the proposed MISO-RIPC is evaluated using a very special RTDTD. The performance of proposed intelligent controller is found highly smooth with excellent tractability features. The proposed intelligent controller is found robust based on reverse engineering approach.
{"title":"DESIGN OF A MODEL BASED MULTIVARIABLE ROBUST INTELLIGENT POWER CONTROLLER FOR LOAD FOLLOWING OPERATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT","authors":"Feroza Arshad, A. Memon, M. A. Uqaili, A. H. Malik","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.530","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new Multi-Input Single-Output Robust Intelligent Power Controller (MISO-RIPC) is designed for a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)-type Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operating in High Power Steam Pressure Mode (HPSPM) in Pakistan. The proposed MISO-RIPC is a highly nonlinear intelligent controller synthesized based on Adaptive Feed forward Artificial Neural Network (AFANN) and has a 3-20-1 topology with high degree of robustness. An optimization procedure is performed for the selection of optimum number of neurons for highly nonlinear AFANN. A proposed multi-layer neuro controller is evolved as an optimization problem that resolves the nonlinear issues of complex control structure of PHWR-type nuclear power plant based on Real Time Dynamic Transient Data (RTDTD) of steam flows through north and south headers and steam pressure in the steam generator. The training of an intelligent controller is performed by soft computing and parallel tracking of Conventional Reactor Power Controller operating in Steam Pressure Mode (CRPC-SP). A data driven model of PHWR-type nuclear power plant is developed in high power mode using Controlled Auto-Regressive and Integrated Moving Average (CARIMA) technique. The proposed MISORIPC is validated against RTDTD. All design and simulation work is carried out in MATLAB. The dynamic behavior of the proposed MISO-RIPC is evaluated using a very special RTDTD. The performance of proposed intelligent controller is found highly smooth with excellent tractability features. The proposed intelligent controller is found robust based on reverse engineering approach.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124319559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steady-state and dynamic analysis of plate heat exchangers has always remained the major concern for process control in food industry. Dairy products like milk and fruit juices are treated in plate heat exchanger for pasteurization but the introduction of many inherent and uneven disturbances by the process yields both product and energy losses. The current work is aimed on the development and implementation of conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm in order to control the temperature of a fruit juice at the exit of a plate heat exchanger. Plate heat exchanger is used to raise the temperature of the once-through continuous flow of a fruit juice or process cold fluid up to a fixed temperature with the recycled hot water. Various types of fruit juices were processed for that purpose. The controller was tuned using the recommendations of Ziegler and Nichols (Z-N) and Cohen and Coon (C-C). The plant was logged through PID virtual controller software. The influence of load variables and set point tracking was evaluated under the Z-N and C-C controller settings and was experimentally tested for various dairy fluids. It is shown that better throughput up to 77 % recovery of product has been achieved with Z-N controller settings but at the expense of more energy consumption as compared to C-C controller settings.
{"title":"IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PID CONTROLLERS FOR EFFICIENT HEAT TREATMENT OF FRUIT JUICES IN PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER","authors":"M. Younas, H. Khan, Afzal Ahmad","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.531","url":null,"abstract":"Steady-state and dynamic analysis of plate heat exchangers has always remained the major concern for process control in food industry. Dairy products like milk and fruit juices are treated in plate heat exchanger for pasteurization but the introduction of many inherent and uneven disturbances by the process yields both product and energy losses. The current work is aimed on the development and implementation of conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm in order to control the temperature of a fruit juice at the exit of a plate heat exchanger. Plate heat exchanger is used to raise the temperature of the once-through continuous flow of a fruit juice or process cold fluid up to a fixed temperature with the recycled hot water. Various types of fruit juices were processed for that purpose. The controller was tuned using the recommendations of Ziegler and Nichols (Z-N) and Cohen and Coon (C-C). The plant was logged through PID virtual controller software. The influence of load variables and set point tracking was evaluated under the Z-N and C-C controller settings and was experimentally tested for various dairy fluids. It is shown that better throughput up to 77 % recovery of product has been achieved with Z-N controller settings but at the expense of more energy consumption as compared to C-C controller settings.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124309091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed W. Shah, M. Hammad, W. Rehman, H. Zafar, L. Hasan
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a self-organizing, energy constrained ad hoc network consisting of specialized nodes called motes sensing some phenomenon in an area. WSN may use generic or specialized routing protocols with random node distribution and unpredictable sensing and transceiving patterns with the constraint of limited irreplaceable energy. This paper attempts to compare on-demand reactive routing protocol (AODV) against proactive routing protocol (DSDV). The performance is studied in terms of key performance metrics which include packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, delay, maximum and average energy. The comparison and analysis is made using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) with additional Mannasim capability using specialized energy models by varying area of node distribution and node density. The analysis unravels the specific applications for which each protocol is suited.
{"title":"PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS","authors":"Syed W. Shah, M. Hammad, W. Rehman, H. Zafar, L. Hasan","doi":"10.25211/jeas.v30i2.528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/jeas.v30i2.528","url":null,"abstract":"A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a self-organizing, energy constrained ad hoc network consisting of specialized nodes called motes sensing some phenomenon in an area. WSN may use generic or specialized routing protocols with random node distribution and unpredictable sensing and transceiving patterns with the constraint of limited irreplaceable energy. This paper attempts to compare on-demand reactive routing protocol (AODV) against proactive routing protocol (DSDV). The performance is studied in terms of key performance metrics which include packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, delay, maximum and average energy. The comparison and analysis is made using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) with additional Mannasim capability using specialized energy models by varying area of node distribution and node density. The analysis unravels the specific applications for which each protocol is suited.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114509640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ullah, Khwaja Rizwanullah, Murad Ali, H. Zafar, Laiq Hassan
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that vary its topology forming a temporary network without any pre-existing infrastructure. Queuing mechanisms are techniques which are applied on data packets in network interface buffer. There are a number of queuing mechanisms such as First in First out (FIFO), Priority, Weighted Fair Queuing and Stochastic Fair Queuing. This paper provides a thorough investigation of selected queuing mechanisms (FIFO and Priority) using Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Exponential traffic models. The performance differentials are analyzed using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) with respect to a number of key performance metrics under varying mobility and offered load. The analysis concluded can serve in understanding the applications and scenarios where one model is better suited than the other.
{"title":"INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT QUEUING MECHANISMS ON ROUTING FOR DIFFERENT TRAFFIC MODELS IN MANETS","authors":"S. Ullah, Khwaja Rizwanullah, Murad Ali, H. Zafar, Laiq Hassan","doi":"10.25211/jeas.v30i2.526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/jeas.v30i2.526","url":null,"abstract":"A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that vary its topology forming a temporary network without any pre-existing infrastructure. Queuing mechanisms are techniques which are applied on data packets in network interface buffer. There are a number of queuing mechanisms such as First in First out (FIFO), Priority, Weighted Fair Queuing and Stochastic Fair Queuing. This paper provides a thorough investigation of selected queuing mechanisms (FIFO and Priority) using Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Exponential traffic models. The performance differentials are analyzed using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) with respect to a number of key performance metrics under varying mobility and offered load. The analysis concluded can serve in understanding the applications and scenarios where one model is better suited than the other.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130237928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obtaining dry density of remolded sand specimens precisely in laboratory has always been an area of interest among researchers in geotechnical engineering. This paper presents the development of a dry pluviation apparatus and its use to prepare dry sand samples in the laboratory to a specified initial relative density. The density and void ratio characteristics of three major sources of sands in Pakistan were investigated through dry pluviation as a function of free fall height. ASTM vibrating table tests on sand samples were also performed to compare index densities with those obtained by dry pluviation apparatus. The results indicate that relative densities up to 100% are achievable in the laboratory using the developed apparatus. A series of regression models have been developed between various parameters associated with dry pluviation.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DEPOSITION OF SANDS BY DRY PLUVIATION TECHNIQUE","authors":"A. H. Khan, A. Akbar, M. Aziz","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I2.524","url":null,"abstract":"Obtaining dry density of remolded sand specimens precisely in laboratory has always been an area of interest among researchers in geotechnical engineering. This paper presents the development of a dry pluviation apparatus and its use to prepare dry sand samples in the laboratory to a specified initial relative density. The density and void ratio characteristics of three major sources of sands in Pakistan were investigated through dry pluviation as a function of free fall height. ASTM vibrating table tests on sand samples were also performed to compare index densities with those obtained by dry pluviation apparatus. The results indicate that relative densities up to 100% are achievable in the laboratory using the developed apparatus. A series of regression models have been developed between various parameters associated with dry pluviation.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129718820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonlinear vibrations for an isotropic cracked plate with different possible boundary conditions subjected to transverse harmonic excitation are evaluated. The first mode is examined in detail around the resonant region. A crack consisting of a continuous line is arbitrarily located at the middle and along the x-axis of the plate. The nonlinear dynamical systems analysis of this cracked plate model begins with the stability of the phase states, and the Poincare map followed by a study of the bifurcations that are observed from the analysis of saddle trajectories, and the estimation of the Lyapunov exponent. This leads to the emergence of strange attractors of fractal dimension, the evolution of saddle orbits into chaos, and to the observation that in this system seemingly chaotic behaviour can emerge from perfectly deterministic origins. In this study, the computational methods required are implementations of the Dynamics 2 software package, and specialized code written in Mathematical. Results shows that the system response could be extremely susceptible to changes in the control parameters, and the variation in the half crack length at the plate centre is one influence on the system s bifurcation and chaos.
{"title":"DYNAMICAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS FROM NONLINEAR TRANSITION TO CHAOS FOR A CRACKED PLATE","authors":"A. Israr, Matthew P Cartmall","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I1.516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I1.516","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear vibrations for an isotropic cracked plate with different possible boundary conditions subjected to transverse harmonic excitation are evaluated. The first mode is examined in detail around the resonant region. A crack consisting of a continuous line is arbitrarily located at the middle and along the x-axis of the plate. The nonlinear dynamical systems analysis of this cracked plate model begins with the stability of the phase states, and the Poincare map followed by a study of the bifurcations that are observed from the analysis of saddle trajectories, and the estimation of the Lyapunov exponent. This leads to the emergence of strange attractors of fractal dimension, the evolution of saddle orbits into chaos, and to the observation that in this system seemingly chaotic behaviour can emerge from perfectly deterministic origins. In this study, the computational methods required are implementations of the Dynamics 2 software package, and specialized code written in Mathematical. Results shows that the system response could be extremely susceptible to changes in the control parameters, and the variation in the half crack length at the plate centre is one influence on the system s bifurcation and chaos.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131531087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the emergence wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy constraint always remain an issue which affects its design and operations. Many techniques have been proposed to lessen the consumption of energy in WSNs. By discovering the loop holes in the existing techniques we propose an energy aware anycast routing protocol (EAA) for wireless sensor networks in this paper. EAA distribute the sensed data among the existing nodes in a cost efficient manner to gain maximum network lifetime. Through extensive simulation results in TOSSIM, it is demonstrated that the EAA outperforms the existing techniques in terms of energy consumption which leads to maximum network lifetime. According to the average results EAA save almost 9.1% energy at every node of the sensor network. It minimizes the header to payload ration which leads to maximum network lifetime and 40% improvement has been recorded.
{"title":"EAA: ENERGY AWARE ANYCAST ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS","authors":"Fazl e Hadi, A. A. Minhas","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I1.520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I1.520","url":null,"abstract":"Since the emergence wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy constraint always remain an issue which affects its design and operations. Many techniques have been proposed to lessen the consumption of energy in WSNs. By discovering the loop holes in the existing techniques we propose an energy aware anycast routing protocol (EAA) for wireless sensor networks in this paper. EAA distribute the sensed data among the existing nodes in a cost efficient manner to gain maximum network lifetime. Through extensive simulation results in TOSSIM, it is demonstrated that the EAA outperforms the existing techniques in terms of energy consumption which leads to maximum network lifetime. According to the average results EAA save almost 9.1% energy at every node of the sensor network. It minimizes the header to payload ration which leads to maximum network lifetime and 40% improvement has been recorded.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"218 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129817908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ejaz, M. A. Shamim, A. Elahi, U. Ghani, M. Yaqub, U. Naeem
Two pilot-scale biological nutrient removal systems having combination of up-flow multilayer bio-rector (UMBR), aeration tank (AT) and sedimentation tank (ST) were installed to check their treatment efficiency for replicated and dairy effluent. These systems were operated under five stages to achieve better results. Hydraulic retention time (HRT), inner recycle (IR), sludge recycle (SR) and organic loading rate (OLR) were systematically changed to optimize the operational conditions. System-I and system-II were operated for dairy and replicated effluent respectively for appropriate analysis. De-nitrification efficiency in up-flow multilayer bioreactor (UMBR) was observed significantly during the operation. It was observed that the involvement of UMBR improved the overall Total Chemical Oxygen Demand (TCOD), Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD). Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO3-N). Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Nitrate Nitrogen (NH3-N) and Total Phosphorous (TP) removal efficiency as compared to other traditional biological treatment systems. Both systems showed practical treatment of replicated as well as dairy effluent. These systems were operated under different set of operational mode and collected results are discussed in term of treatment efficiency of different components. The overall treatment efficiency of the combined systems was also discussed.
{"title":"EFFICIENT TREATMENT OF DAIRY EFFLUENT CONTAINING RICH NUTRIENTS USING UP-FLOW MULTILAYER BIO-REACTOR (UMBR)","authors":"N. Ejaz, M. A. Shamim, A. Elahi, U. Ghani, M. Yaqub, U. Naeem","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V30I1.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V30I1.519","url":null,"abstract":"Two pilot-scale biological nutrient removal systems having combination of up-flow multilayer bio-rector (UMBR), aeration tank (AT) and sedimentation tank (ST) were installed to check their treatment efficiency for replicated and dairy effluent. These systems were operated under five stages to achieve better results. Hydraulic retention time (HRT), inner recycle (IR), sludge recycle (SR) and organic loading rate (OLR) were systematically changed to optimize the operational conditions. System-I and system-II were operated for dairy and replicated effluent respectively for appropriate analysis. De-nitrification efficiency in up-flow multilayer bioreactor (UMBR) was observed significantly during the operation. It was observed that the involvement of UMBR improved the overall Total Chemical Oxygen Demand (TCOD), Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD). Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO3-N). Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Nitrate Nitrogen (NH3-N) and Total Phosphorous (TP) removal efficiency as compared to other traditional biological treatment systems. Both systems showed practical treatment of replicated as well as dairy effluent. These systems were operated under different set of operational mode and collected results are discussed in term of treatment efficiency of different components. The overall treatment efficiency of the combined systems was also discussed.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128202996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. W. Shah, Mohammad Babar, L. Khan, M. N. Arbab, Hamid Ullah, R. Syed
This paper describes the implementation of reliable group communication in Java. The underlying delivery mechanism for multicast is presently based on User Datagram Protocol (UDP) that provides a “best effort” delivery service. Best effort implies that IP packets are treated with essentially equal weight, and while IP makes an effort to deliver all packets to their destination, packets may occasionally be delayed, lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. One of multicast’s weaknesses is its lack of reliability due to its use of UDP for data transmission. Reliable transmission means that there should be no packet loss, no disordering and no duplication of packets at the receiver side. The focus of this paper is to implement Reliable Multicast using Java, which is mainly used for one-to-many connections. This work focuses on reliable multicast in a local area network (LAN) environment. The reliability has been introduced at application layer and is receiver’s initiated, NACK (negative acknowledgement) based.
{"title":"RELIABLE MULTICAST IMPLEMENTATION IN JAVA","authors":"S. W. Shah, Mohammad Babar, L. Khan, M. N. Arbab, Hamid Ullah, R. Syed","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V29I2.454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V29I2.454","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the implementation of reliable group communication in Java. The underlying delivery mechanism for multicast is presently based on User Datagram Protocol (UDP) that provides a “best effort” delivery service. Best effort implies that IP packets are treated with essentially equal weight, and while IP makes an effort to deliver all packets to their destination, packets may occasionally be delayed, lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. One of multicast’s weaknesses is its lack of reliability due to its use of UDP for data transmission. Reliable transmission means that there should be no packet loss, no disordering and no duplication of packets at the receiver side. The focus of this paper is to implement Reliable Multicast using Java, which is mainly used for one-to-many connections. This work focuses on reliable multicast in a local area network (LAN) environment. The reliability has been introduced at application layer and is receiver’s initiated, NACK (negative acknowledgement) based.","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115415078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-31DOI: 10.25211/JEAS.V29I2.458.G312
Muhammad Anwar, G. Raja
In this paper a fast fractal encoding algorithm based on the law of cosines is implemented in MATLAB for color images. The implementation results sho w that the algorithm reduces the average number of searched domain blocks for each range block by a considerable amount as compared to exhaustive search , consequently reducing the encoding time . In addition , we get a completely identical fractal code to that of exhaustive search resulting in the same reconstructed image quality . Moreover a general iterative fractal decoding algorithm is also implemented and the PSNRs of the decoded RGB components are plotted against the num ber of decoder iterations , These convergence plots show that the components reach the fixed point after 6 - 7 decoding iterations .
{"title":"FRACTAL COLOR IMAGE COMPRESSION USING A FAST ENCODING ALGORITHM","authors":"Muhammad Anwar, G. Raja","doi":"10.25211/JEAS.V29I2.458.G312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25211/JEAS.V29I2.458.G312","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a fast fractal encoding algorithm based on the law of cosines is implemented in MATLAB for color images. The implementation results sho w that the algorithm reduces the average number of searched domain blocks for each range block by a considerable amount as compared to exhaustive search , consequently reducing the encoding time . In addition , we get a completely identical fractal code to that of exhaustive search resulting in the same reconstructed image quality . Moreover a general iterative fractal decoding algorithm is also implemented and the PSNRs of the decoded RGB components are plotted against the num ber of decoder iterations , These convergence plots show that the components reach the fixed point after 6 - 7 decoding iterations .","PeriodicalId":167225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128952677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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