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Screening and identification of two repellent active volatiles to Hyphantria cunea 筛选和鉴定两种驱避胭脂虫的活性挥发物
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01850-6
Jin-Yan Lv, Zhao-Jun Meng, Ya-Nan Deng, Yan-Yan Li, Xin-Su Li, Shan-Chun Yan

The invasion of Hyphantria cunea, also known as “smokeless fires”, poses a significant threat to artificial and natural forest resources. Therefore, it is urgent to adopt safe and effective control strategies to prevent the spread of and harm caused by of H. cunea. In this study, potential repellent active ingredients were screened from the volatiles of Larix gmelinii and Syringa oblata, the non-preferred hosts of H. cunea. The sensitive substances were identified in the H. cunea larvae and adults through electroantennographic (EAG) and behavioral responses. The results showed that fresh branches with leaves of L. gmelinii and S. oblata had significant repellent effects on the fifth and 6th instar larvae and virgin females, which were mainly related to α-pinene and (+)-limonene and other volatile substances. 100 μL/mL α-pinene and (+)-limonene were found to significantly stimulate the olfactory nervous system of H. cunea virgin females and male adults, and could induce significant EAG responses. They could induce avoidance behavior of 4-6th instar larvae, virgin females, and male adults, and also inhibit the selection behavior of fifth and 6th instar larvae and adults to Salix matsudana, the preferred food host. So α-pinene and (+)-limonene can be used as repellents for larvae and adults of H. cunea, with an effective concentration of 100 μL/mL. The two terpenes can induce avoidance behavior of H. cunea during the larval feeding period and before the mating of adults, thus inhibiting the outbreak and spread of the pest, providing an important control strategy for the integrated management of H. cunea.

被称为 "无烟火灾 "的楔叶象甲的入侵对人工和天然森林资源构成了严重威胁。因此,当务之急是采取安全有效的控制策略,防止楔尾象(H. cunea)的传播和危害。本研究从 H. cunea 的非首选寄主 Larix gmelinii 和 Syringa oblata 的挥发性物质中筛选出了潜在的驱虫活性成分。通过电感谱(EAG)和行为反应鉴定了 Cunea 幼虫和成虫体内的敏感物质。结果表明,带有 L. gmelinii 和 S. oblata 叶子的新鲜枝条对五六龄幼虫和处女雌虫有显著的驱避作用,主要与 α-蒎烯和 (+)-limonene 及其他挥发性物质有关。100 μL/mL α-蒎烯和(+)-柠檬烯能显著刺激锹形目处雌幼虫和雄成虫的嗅觉神经系统,并能诱发明显的 EAG 反应。它们能诱导 4-6 龄幼虫、初生雌虫和雄成虫的回避行为,还能抑制 5-6 龄幼虫和成虫对首选食物寄主 Salix matsudana 的选择行为。因此,α-蒎烯和(+)-柠檬烯可用作锹形目幼虫和成虫的驱避剂,有效浓度为 100 μL/mL。这两种萜烯能在幼虫取食期和成虫交配前诱导楔尾蚜的回避行为,从而抑制害虫的爆发和传播,为楔尾蚜的综合治理提供了重要的防治策略。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring innovative strategies to control aphids: meta-analysis and a critical view on what we have and what the future is 探索控制蚜虫的创新战略:荟萃分析以及对我们的现状和未来的批判性看法
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01852-4
Khadija Javed, Guy Smagghe, Babar Hussain, Humayun Javed, Zeng Shixian, Ding Haixia, Yong Wang

In the ongoing pursuit of sustainable farming techniques, the constant fight against aphids remains an essential frontier. Aphids are well-known agricultural pests and they continue to jeopardize global crop production, necessitating an immediate demand for sustainable pest control methods. Conventional chemical insecticides not only harm the quality of crops but also cause environmental damage. This comprehensive review starts with a meta-analysis using PRISMA approach, to present innovative, environmentally friendly alternative technologies, the latest developments and advances in aphid control that can reduce pressure on the environment and contribute to a more sustainable aphid control. Good alternative technologies include bioengineered nanoparticles, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9. In addition, there has been progress in the existing use of natural enemies with parasitoids and predators with increased efficacy, as well as the area of microbial control of aphids with entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Because monitoring is very important and a cornerstone of integrated pest management, the latest advances in artificial intelligence and deep learning in aphid control are helping to reduce pressure on the environment and contribute to a reduction in the use of chemicals, supporting the preservation of biodiversity and sustainability, which fits with the policy in many continents. Altogether, this paper aims to provide a valuable guidance for researchers, practitioners and policymakers who are involved in the complex dynamics of aphid control in agriculture.

在不断追求可持续农业技术的过程中,与蚜虫的持续斗争仍然是一个重要的前沿领域。蚜虫是众所周知的农业害虫,它们继续危害着全球作物生产,因此迫切需要可持续的害虫控制方法。传统的化学杀虫剂不仅会损害农作物的质量,还会对环境造成破坏。本综述首先采用 PRISMA 方法进行了荟萃分析,介绍了创新型环保替代技术、蚜虫防治领域的最新发展和进展,这些技术可以减轻环境压力,有助于实现更可持续的蚜虫防治。良好的替代技术包括生物工程纳米粒子、RNAi 和 CRISPR/Cas9。此外,寄生虫和捕食者等天敌的现有使用也取得了进展,其功效也有所提高,利用昆虫病原真菌和细菌对蚜虫进行微生物控制的领域也取得了进展。由于监测非常重要,是害虫综合治理的基石,人工智能和深度学习在蚜虫防治方面的最新进展有助于减轻对环境的压力,并有助于减少化学品的使用,支持保护生物多样性和可持续发展,这与许多大洲的政策是一致的。总之,本文旨在为参与农业蚜虫控制复杂动态的研究人员、从业人员和政策制定者提供有价值的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Ecological intensification for biocontrol of aphids requires severing myrmecophily 加强蚜虫生物防治的生态强化需要切断嗜线虫
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01843-5
Sebastian Larsson Herrera, Zaid Badra, Mette Frimodt Hansen, Advaith Chakravarthy Shankarkumar, Isabella Kleman, Marco Tasin, Teun Dekker

With the rollback of insecticides, novel tools for pest control are urgently needed. Aphids are particularly a major concern with few sustainable control alternatives. Ecological intensification has been promoted as a way of “inviting" back nature’s self-regulating abilities into agricultural production systems. Although such measures enhance the presence of natural enemies in agroecosystems, we demonstrate that in an ecologically intensified apple orchard, biocontrol of rosy apple aphid was minimal. We verified why the biodiverse settings did not result in enhanced ecosystem services, i.e., biological control of the rosy apple aphid. Close monitoring of food–web interactions in thousands of aphid colonies showed that tending ants dominated responses, while those of natural enemies were weak or absent. However, application of artificial aphid honeydew diverted ants from tending aphids and flipped the myrmecophily-dominated state into favoring numerical responses of a guild of natural enemies. Responses were swift and controlled both Aphis pomi and Dysaphis plantaginea, provided intervention was synced with aphid and predator phenology. Although myrmecophily in aphids is well-known on its own accord, it has been completely overlooked in ecological intensification. To unlock the aphid-biocontrol potential provided through ecological intensification, myrmecophily needs to be disrupted. Although particularly true for perennial systems, generally practices that reduce soil disturbance favor ants and may amplify aphid pests, thereby reducing biocontrol impacts in ecological intensification efforts. Harnessing ecosystem services requires careful analysis and good understanding of agroecosystem intricacies.

随着杀虫剂的减少,迫切需要新型害虫控制工具。蚜虫尤其令人担忧,而可持续的防治方法却很少。生态集约化被认为是将大自然的自我调节能力 "请 "回农业生产系统的一种方式。虽然这种措施能增加农业生态系统中天敌的存在,但我们证明,在生态强化的苹果园中,玫瑰苹果蚜的生物防治效果微乎其微。我们验证了为什么生物多样性环境没有增强生态系统服务,即对玫瑰苹蚜的生物防治。对数千个蚜虫群落中食物网相互作用的密切监测表明,驯化蚂蚁的反应占主导地位,而天敌的反应较弱或不存在。然而,施用人工蚜虫蜜露可以转移蚂蚁对蚜虫的照料,并将噬蚜蝇主导的状态转变为有利于天敌的数量反应。只要干预措施与蚜虫和捕食者的物候同步,就能迅速控制蚜虫和植蚜。虽然蚜虫嗜食蚜虫本身已广为人知,但在生态强化过程中却完全被忽视了。要想通过生态强化释放蚜虫生物控制潜力,就必须破坏嗜蚜性。虽然对多年生系统来说尤其如此,但一般来说,减少土壤扰动的做法有利于蚂蚁,可能会扩大蚜虫害,从而减少生态强化工作中生物控制的影响。利用生态系统服务需要仔细分析并充分了解农业生态系统的复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Innovative formulation strategies for botanical- and essential oil-based insecticides 植物和精油类杀虫剂的创新配方策略
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01846-2
Kasturi Sarmah, Thirumurugan Anbalagan, Murugan Marimuthu, Paramasivam Mariappan, Suganthi Angappan, Sendhilvel Vaithiyanathan

In response to growing concerns regarding the adverse environmental and health effects of synthetic pesticides, there has been a notable surge in the demand for plant-based bioinsecticides. Botanicals and essential oils (EOs) are emerging as promising alternatives that offer a safer and more sustainable approach to pest management. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these natural insecticides is often hindered by their inherent instability under environmental conditions, high volatility, and susceptibility to thermal decomposition, which necessitates frequent reapplication and diminishes their practical utility. To address these challenges, innovative formulation strategies such as nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanoencapsulation, and microencapsulation have been developed. These advanced approaches facilitate controlled release, enhance stability, and significantly improve the efficacy of botanical- and EO-based insecticides. By providing target-specific action, these formulations not only reduce the frequency of applications and lower dosage requirements but also minimize environmental contamination and enhance overall pest management efficiency. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of these advanced formulations, including the preparation and characterization of nano-/microemulsion and nano-/microencapsulate systems and the technical challenges associated with their characterization. This manuscript examines the efficacy of these formulations in pest management, focusing on their physical and chemical stability under various storage conditions. Additionally, it addressed the impact of these formulations on nontarget organisms and their potential phytotoxicity. Despite the promising results observed in controlled settings, there is a notable lack of field studies evaluating the suitability of these formulations for different crops and their effectiveness in diverse agricultural environments. This identified gap underscores the necessity for further research to validate the practical application of these technologies. This review also discusses the scalability and cost-effectiveness of these advanced formulations, providing insights into their potential for broader commercial adoption.

由于人们日益关注合成杀虫剂对环境和健康的不利影响,对植物基生物杀虫剂的需求明显激增。植物药和精油(EOs)正在成为一种有前途的替代品,为害虫管理提供了一种更安全、更可持续的方法。然而,这些天然杀虫剂在环境条件下固有的不稳定性、高挥发性和易热分解性往往阻碍了它们的有效性,这使得它们必须经常重新施用,降低了它们的实用性。为了应对这些挑战,人们开发出了纳米乳剂、微乳剂、纳米胶囊和微胶囊等创新配方策略。这些先进的方法有助于控制释放,提高稳定性,并显著改善植物杀虫剂和环氧乙烷杀虫剂的药效。通过提供靶向作用,这些制剂不仅减少了施药次数,降低了剂量要求,还最大限度地减少了环境污染,提高了害虫管理的整体效率。本综述全面探讨了这些先进制剂,包括纳米/微乳剂和纳米/微胶囊系统的制备和表征,以及与其表征相关的技术挑战。该手稿研究了这些制剂在害虫管理方面的功效,重点关注其在各种储存条件下的物理和化学稳定性。此外,它还探讨了这些制剂对非目标生物的影响及其潜在的植物毒性。尽管在受控环境下观察到的结果很有希望,但明显缺乏实地研究来评估这些制剂对不同作物的适用性及其在不同农业环境中的有效性。这一已发现的空白强调了进一步研究的必要性,以验证这些技术的实际应用。本综述还讨论了这些先进制剂的可扩展性和成本效益,为更广泛的商业应用提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of different marking and trapping methods for Spodoptera frugiperda used to assess structured refuges in Bt maize 用于评估 Bt 玉米中结构化庇护所的不同鞘翅目昆虫标记和诱捕方法的评估
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01840-8
G. Cabrera Walsh, Cristian Battagliotti

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is an important pest of maize, and a key target of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins. These exert a strong selective pressure, so susceptible plants (refuges) are planted together with the transgenic seed to lower such pressure. The system favored in North America is to mix Bt and non-Bt seed (refuge-in-a-bag, or RIB). However, South American farmers favor structured refuges, interplanting rows of Bt and non-Bt seed. Yet, the proportion of susceptible maize must be minimized to prevent yield losses, and flight distance before mating is considered the best way to gauge the adequate distance between non-Bt rows in structured refuges, which has been estimated through mark–release–recapture experiments. The aim of this study was to compare three marking techniques and three trapping systems in laboratory and field experiments. Results suggest conventional marking techniques were not completely innocuous to the moths. UV traps drastically overrode the effect of synthetic and natural pheromones, suggesting they may not reflect normal dispersion behaviors. Marking experiments may not provide reliable measures of flight distance, and although farmers tend to resist the RIB option the data suggests it should be enforced.

秋绵虫(Spodoptera frugiperda)是玉米的重要害虫,也是表达苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)杀虫蛋白的转基因作物的主要目标。Bt 具有很强的选择性压力,因此在种植转基因种子的同时还要种植易感植物(避难所),以降低这种压力。北美洲采用的方法是将 Bt 和非 Bt 种子混合在一起(袋中避难所,或 RIB)。不过,南美农民更喜欢结构化的避难所,将 Bt 和非 Bt 种子间种在行间。然而,为了防止产量损失,必须将易感玉米的比例降至最低,而交配前的飞行距离被认为是衡量结构化避难所中非 Bt 行间适当距离的最佳方法,该距离已通过标记-释放-再捕获实验进行了估算。本研究的目的是在实验室和田间试验中比较三种标记技术和三种诱捕系统。结果表明,传统的标记技术对飞蛾并非完全无害。紫外线诱捕器大大超过了合成信息素和天然信息素的效果,这表明它们可能无法反映正常的扩散行为。标记实验可能无法提供可靠的飞行距离测量方法,尽管农民倾向于抵制 RIB 选项,但数据表明应该强制执行。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization and levels of resistance in Coffea arabica × Coffea racemosa hybrids to Leucoptera coffeella 阿拉伯咖啡豆×外消旋咖啡豆杂交种对咖啡褐飞虱的抗性特征和水平
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01844-4
Daniel C. M. Costa, Bruno H. S. Souza, Carlos H. S. Carvalho, Oliveiro Guerreiro Filho

Coffee leaf miner (CLM) Leucoptera coffeella stands out as a primary insect pest of arabica coffee plants in some regions of Brazil. Coffee breeding for CLM-resistance has used the species Coffea racemosa as gene donor for C. arabica, resulting in the development of the resistant commercial hybrid ‘Siriema AS1’. However, no previous study has characterized the resistance type, and whether there is variation in the levels expressed in progenies of ‘Siriema’ to CLM. This study aimed to characterize the type, by antixenosis or antibiosis, and the levels of resistance in segregating progenies of ‘Siriema’ plants to CLM. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions with artificial infestation of CLM adults in oviposition cages, where dual-choice preference assays compared each tested ‘Siriema’ progeny with the susceptible commercial cv. Arara (C. arabica). A follow-up no-choice assay evaluated five selected ‘Siriema’ progenies on the development of CLM compared to cv. Arara. As main results, ‘Siriema’ progenies were equally susceptible to CLM oviposition, and were overall stimulant relative to cv. Arara. However, there was low CLM larval survival and injury intensity on the selected ‘Siriema’ genotypes, indicating moderate levels of antibiosis-resistance, while cv. Arara and one ‘Siriema’ progeny were moderately susceptible. These findings further our understanding on the type and levels of resistance in ‘Siriema’ genotypes, aiding in the development of resistant coffee hybrids and deployment of management strategies to CLM.

咖啡潜叶蝇(CLM)Leucoptera coffeella 是巴西一些地区阿拉伯咖啡植物的主要害虫。咖啡育种工作以赛妃咖啡(Coffea racemosa)作为阿拉比卡咖啡(C. arabica)的基因供体,培育出了抗CLM的商业杂交种 "Siriema AS1"。但是,以前的研究没有描述抗性类型的特征,也没有研究'Siriema'后代对 CLM 的抗性水平是否存在差异。本研究的目的是通过抗异种性或抗生物性鉴定'Siriema'植株对 CLM 的分离后代的抗性类型和抗性水平。实验是在实验室条件下进行的,在产卵笼中对 CLM 成虫进行人工侵染。Arara (C. arabica)进行比较。后续的无选择试验评估了五个选定的'Siriema'后代与 Cv.阿拉。主要结果是,'Siriema'后代对 CLM 的产卵具有同等的易感性,而且与 cv. Arara 相比,'Siriema'后代总体上具有刺激性。阿拉拉。然而,在所选的'Siriema'基因型上,CLM 幼虫的存活率和伤害强度都很低,这表明其具有中等程度的抗生素抗性,而 cv. Arara 和一个'Siriema'基因型则具有较高的抗生素抗性。Arara 和一个'Siriema'后代则具有中度易感性。这些发现进一步加深了我们对'Siriema'基因型的抗性类型和水平的了解,有助于抗性咖啡杂交种的开发和CLM管理策略的部署。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the feasibility of buckwheat as a trap plant for flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa) in sunflower field 荞麦作为向日葵田中花蓟马(Frankliniella intonsa)诱捕植物的可行性研究
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01847-1
Hui Qu, Jing Chang, Ze-Run Chuai, Wen-Bing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jun Zhao, Hai-Ping Li

Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a significant invasive pest that can damage numerous plants and crops and spread the tomato spotted wilt virus. During the sunflower flowering period in the primary sunflower production area in China, F. intonsa-infested sunflower heads produce kernels with marked visual damage, including peel scratches, which reduce seed quality and profitability. In this study, the behavioral responses of F. intonsa to buckwheat and sunflowers were measured in a Y-tube. Meanwhile, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the volatile components of inflorescences of both sunflower and buckwheat and the behavioral effects of these components were evaluated on F. intonsa in a Y-tube. The results revealed that sunflower leaves significantly repelled adults and nymphs of F. intonsa both in olfactometer bioassays. However, F. intonsa was significantly attracted by the volatiles from the leaves and flowers of buckwheat. Interestingly, F. intonsa adults preferred sunflower flowers over buckwheat flowers. Among the four kinds of sunflower flower volatiles selected, F. intonsa was attracted by two kinds of volatiles (γ-terpinene and (R)-( +)-limonene), while one volatile (β-pinene) had the effect of repelling F. intonsa, while among the four selected buckwheat flower volatiles, F. intonsa were attracted by three kinds of volatiles (α-caryophyllene, verbenone, octane). Finally, the field-trapping effect of buckwheat on F. intonsa was verified by a sunflower-buckwheat intercropping experiment. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the feasibility of intercropping with buckwheat and sunflower to control F. intonsa. Thus, buckwheat can be used as a trapping plant in fields to prevent F. intonsa invasion.

向日葵蓟马(Frankliniella intonsa)(蓟马科:Thripidae)是一种重要的入侵害虫,可损害多种植物和作物,并传播番茄斑萎病毒。在中国向日葵主产区的向日葵花期,受向蝽危害的向日葵花头会产生明显的视觉损伤,包括果皮划痕,从而降低种子质量和收益。本研究在 Y 型管中测定了 F. intonsa 对荞麦和向日葵的行为反应。同时,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了向日葵和荞麦花序中的挥发性成分,并在 Y 型管中评估了这些成分对 F. intonsa 的行为影响。结果表明,在嗅觉仪生物测定中,向日葵叶片对 F. intonsa 的成虫和若虫都有明显的驱避作用。然而,荞麦叶片和花朵的挥发物对 F. intonsa 有明显的吸引作用。有趣的是,F. intonsa 成虫更喜欢向日葵花而不是荞麦花。在所选的四种向日葵花挥发物中,有两种挥发物(γ-萜品烯和(R)-(+)-柠檬烯)对 F. intonsa 有吸引作用,而一种挥发物(β-蒎烯)对 F. intonsa 有排斥作用,而在所选的四种荞麦花挥发物中,有三种挥发物(α-石竹烯、马鞭草酮、辛烷)对 F. intonsa 有吸引作用。最后,通过向日葵-荞麦间作试验验证了荞麦对 F. intonsa 的田间诱捕效果。这项研究的结果为荞麦和向日葵间作来控制 F. intonsa 的可行性提供了理论依据。因此,荞麦可作为田间诱捕植物,防止 F. intonsa 入侵。
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引用次数: 0
Knockdown resistance in Stomoxys calcitrans stable fly populations on German dairy farms: kdr alleles explain susceptibility of individual flies to deltamethrin 德国奶牛场 Stomoxys calcitrans 稳定蝇种群的基因敲除抗性:kdr 等位基因解释了个体苍蝇对溴氰菊酯的敏感性
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01838-2
Ricarda Daher, Jürgen Krücken, Burkhard Bauer, Virginia Maria Góes da Silva, Sophia Reissert, Wiebke Weiher, Ard M. Nijhof, Peter-Henning Clausen, Stephan Steuber

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a globally important pest causing stress, economic losses and transmission of pathogens in livestock. Control on commercial farms relies predominantly on the use of insecticides, with pyrethroids being the most frequently used class of insecticides in industrialised countries. Here, laboratory isolates were obtained from four dairy farms in Brandenburg (Germany) and tested for phenotypic resistance to deltamethrin in comparison to a susceptible reference isolate using topical application. Individual flies were subsequently genotyped using allele-specific real-time PCRs. Phenotypic resistance was observed in all four field isolates with resistance ratios between 46 and 119 compared to the susceptible laboratory strain. At position 1014 of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel, allele-specific PCRs detected the wild-type, kdr-his and kdr genotypes encoding leucine, histidine and phenylalanine, respectively. In the susceptible laboratory isolate, only the wild-type was identified. On the farms with very high LD50 values, the kdr variant was most prevalent and logistic regression analysis revealed that the kdr variant increased the odds to survive exposure to deltamethrin more than the kdr-his genotype. Flies carrying two resistance alleles were less susceptible than flies that also carried one wild-type allele. In three out of four field isolates, the allele frequencies were significantly different from the expectations of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium suggesting ongoing selection. The data show that the phenotype can be largely explained by the kdr genotype and represent high frequencies of the L1014F kdr and L1014H kdr-his variants conferring high levels of resistance in northern Germany.

厩蝇 Stomoxys calcitrans 是一种全球重要害虫,会对家畜造成压力、经济损失和病原体传播。商业化农场主要依靠使用杀虫剂进行控制,而拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是工业化国家最常用的一类杀虫剂。在此,我们从德国勃兰登堡州的四个奶牛场获得了实验室分离物,并使用局部施药法与易感的参考分离物进行了表型抗溴氰菊酯性测试。随后使用等位基因特异性实时 PCR 对个体苍蝇进行基因分型。与易感的实验室菌株相比,所有四种田间分离株都具有表型抗性,抗性比在 46 到 119 之间。在电压敏感钠通道的 1014 位,等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应分别检测到了编码亮氨酸、组氨酸和苯丙氨酸的野生型、kdr-his 和 kdr 基因型。在易感的实验室分离物中,只发现了野生型。在半数致死剂量值极高的农场,kdr变体最为普遍,逻辑回归分析表明,kdr变体比kdr-his基因型更能增加暴露于溴氰菊酯后的存活几率。与携带一个野生型等位基因的苍蝇相比,携带两个抗性等位基因的苍蝇的易感性更低。在 4 个田间分离物中,有 3 个的等位基因频率与哈代-温伯格平衡的期望值明显不同,这表明正在进行选择。数据表明,表型在很大程度上可以用 kdr 基因型来解释,并表明在德国北部,L1014F kdr 和 L1014H kdr-his 变体的频率很高,能赋予苍蝇高水平的抗性。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying ecological factors mediating the spread of three invasive mosquito species: citizen science informed prediction 确定介导三种入侵蚊子传播的生态因素:公民科学预测
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01841-7
László Zsolt Garamszegi, Zoltán Soltész, Tamara Szentiványi, Kornélia Kurucz, Gergely Nagy, Ákos Bede-Fazekas

Due to their potential role in pathogen transmission, invasive mosquitoes pose considerable threats to human and animal health. Several studies have identified the most important ecological drivers mediating the establishment and spread of key mosquito species (e.g., Aedes aegypti, and Ae. albopictus), and made predictions for future distribution. We evaluated the effect of an exhaustive list of environmental predictors on the distribution of three invasive species in Hungary (Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, and Ae. koreicus) by using the same standards for data collection based on citizen science observations. Current distribution maps of these species were generated from a 5-year survey, then were compared with various predictor maps reflecting climate, habitat type, food supply, traffic, and interspecific competition by using a boosted regression trees approach that resulted in a subset of variables with the strongest impact. The best predictor sets were used to predict the probability of occurrence of the focal species for the whole country, and these predictions based on citizen science were evaluated against the results of an independent recent field surveillance. We uncovered species-specific patterns and found that different predictor sets were selected for the three different species, and only predictions for Ae. albopictus could be validated with direct trapping data. Therefore, citizen science informed distribution maps can be used to identify ecological predictors that determine the spread of invasive mosquitoes, and to estimate risk based on the predicted distribution in the case of Ae. albopictus.

由于其在病原体传播中的潜在作用,入侵蚊子对人类和动物健康构成了相当大的威胁。一些研究已经确定了介导主要蚊子物种(如埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊)建立和传播的最重要的生态驱动因素,并对未来的分布进行了预测。我们通过使用基于公民科学观测的相同数据收集标准,评估了详尽的环境预测因素清单对匈牙利三种入侵物种(白纹伊蚊、日本伊蚊和韩国伊蚊)分布的影响。通过为期 5 年的调查生成了这些物种的当前分布图,然后与反映气候、栖息地类型、食物供应、交通和种间竞争的各种预测图进行了比较,并采用了增强回归树方法,最终得出了影响最大的变量子集。最佳预测集被用来预测全国重点物种的出现概率,这些基于公民科学的预测与最近独立的实地监测结果进行了对比评估。我们发现了特定物种的模式,并发现针对三个不同物种选择了不同的预测集,只有针对白纹伊蚊的预测可以通过直接诱捕数据进行验证。因此,公民科学信息分布图可用于确定决定入侵蚊子传播的生态预测因子,并根据预测的白纹伊蚊分布情况来估计风险。
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引用次数: 0
Climate-related risk to maize crops in China from Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda 气候对中国玉米作物造成的秋绵虫风险
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01817-7
Steffi Urhausen, Catherine D. Bradshaw, Jemma Davie, Dominic Eyre, Deborah Hemming, Hongmei Li, Bryony Taylor, Feng Zhang

The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, invaded China late in 2018 and was responsible for substantial crop losses, especially to maize. This work focuses on the suitability of climate across China for Fall Armyworm survival and spread. It uses climate metrics derived with guidance from experts to enable assessment of the risks posed by Fall Armyworm on maize production in different regions of China. The locations and time of year when temperature conditions are within a viable range for Fall Armyworm survival (minimum temperature higher than 9.7(^circ)C and maximum temperature lower than 39.2(^circ)C) are used to estimate the spatial distribution of winter breeding and overwintering zones, which helps understand the regions and timing of Fall Armyworm migration risk into northern maize production regions. In addition, meridional wind conditions across the Yangtze River basin area are assessed, and a metric of migration potential from the winter breeding and overwintering regions in the south towards northern regions with maize production is established. Results show that temperature during the winter months currently limits Fall Armyworm winter breeding populations to the very southern regions of China (and bordering countries to the south). However, due to the consistent timing and direction of the East Asian Summer Monsoon winds, the Fall Armyworm could easily be directed northwards to the Yangtze River basin during summer months with a peak in July. For this reason, pest management actions against the Fall Armyworm on summer maize should be taken.

秋陆虫(Spodoptera frugiperda)于2018年晚些时候入侵中国,造成大量作物损失,尤其是玉米。这项工作的重点是中国各地气候对秋陆虫生存和传播的适宜性。它利用在专家指导下得出的气候指标,对中国不同地区的秋绵卷蛾对玉米生产造成的风险进行评估。每年气温条件在秋老虎生存范围内(最低气温高于9.7摄氏度,最高气温低于39.2摄氏度)的地点和时间被用来估计冬季繁殖区和越冬区的空间分布,这有助于了解秋老虎迁移到北方玉米产区的风险区域和时间。此外,还评估了长江流域的经向风条件,并建立了南方越冬繁殖区和越冬区向北方玉米产区迁移潜力的指标。结果表明,目前冬季的气温限制了秋风虫冬季繁殖种群向中国极南部地区(以及南部接壤国家)的迁移。然而,由于东亚夏季季风的时间和方向一致,秋老虎很容易在夏季向北进入长江流域,并在 7 月份达到高峰。因此,应针对夏玉米上的秋老虎采取虫害防治行动。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Pest Science
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