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Host plants benefit from non-predatory effects of zoophytophagous predators against herbivores 寄主植物受益于食肉动物对食草动物的非捕食作用
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01749-2

Abstract

Zoophytophagous predators can induce plant defence responses through phytophagous feeding. Since the zoophytophagous bug Orius sauteri lays eggs into plant tissues, we hypothesised that its oviposition behaviour may also induce plant defence responses with a negative impact on subsequent herbivore attacks. Pre-inoculation of O. sauteri females on tomato plants significantly reduced the fitness and reproduction of Frankliniella occidentalis, which also preferred the non-inoculated plants in indoor micro-environments. In the field, O. sauteri pre-inoculation also caused reduced population growth of F. occidentalis. All these tendencies were weaker with male compared to female O. sauteri pre-inoculation. Next, a transcriptome analysis showed that the MAPK signalling pathway, the plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction of defence-related pathways were significantly enriched in plants inoculated with O. sauteri females compared to untreated plants. We showed that three key genes of the JA pathway, allene oxide synthase (AOS), jasmonate ZIM-domain 2 (JAZ2), and proteinase inhibitor 1 (PI-1), were upregulated. This is evidence of plant defence activation, the likely mechanism by which O. sauteri pre-inoculation (through feeding and oviposition activities) reduced F. occidentalis fitness in the laboratory and population densities by almost three times in a greenhouse experiment. This mechanism could be promoted in IPM strategies through the early introduction of zoophytophagous biocontrol agents activating crop plant defences to enhance biological pest control.

摘要食植性捕食者可通过植食引起植物防御反应。由于食虫Orius sauteri会在植物组织中产卵,我们假设它的产卵行为也会诱导植物防御反应,从而对随后的食草动物攻击产生负面影响。在番茄植株上预先接种 O. sauteri 雌虫可显著降低西洋法兰克里尼尔虫的适应性和繁殖能力,在室内微环境中,西洋法兰克里尼尔虫也更喜欢未接种的植株。在田间,O. sauteri 的预接种也会导致 F. occidentalis 的种群增长减少。与雌性 O. sauteri 预接种相比,雄性 O. sauteri 预接种的上述趋势都较弱。接着,转录组分析表明,与未处理的植物相比,接种雌性 O. sauteri 的植物中 MAPK 信号通路、植物激素信号转导和植物与病原体相互作用的防御相关通路显著富集。我们发现,JA 通路中的三个关键基因:氧化烯合成酶(AOS)、茉莉酸 ZIM-domain2(JAZ2)和蛋白酶抑制剂 1(PI-1)都上调了。这是植物防御激活的证据,也是 O. sauteri 预接种(通过取食和产卵活动)在实验室中降低 F. occidentalis 适应性和在温室实验中将种群密度降低近三倍的可能机制。这种机制可在虫害综合防治战略中加以推广,方法是及早引入食虫性生物控制剂,激活作物植物的防御能力,以加强生物虫害控制。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Soil microbes from conservation agriculture systems reduce growth of Bt‑resistant western corn rootworm larvae 更正:保护性农业系统中的土壤微生物可减少抗硼砂的西部玉米根虫幼虫的生长
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01751-8
Kyle J. Paddock, Kristen S. Veum, Deborah L. Finke, Aaron C. Ericsson, B. Hibbard
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Soil microbes from conservation agriculture systems reduce growth of Bt‑resistant western corn rootworm larvae 更正:保护性农业系统中的土壤微生物可减少抗硼砂的西部玉米根虫幼虫的生长
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01751-8
Kyle J. Paddock, Kristen S. Veum, Deborah L. Finke, Aaron C. Ericsson, B. Hibbard
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引用次数: 0
Persistence of nanoemulsions of bioactive volatiles and their impact on aphid feeding behaviour 生物活性挥发物纳米乳液的持久性及其对蚜虫取食行为的影响
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01746-5
Félix Martín, Elisa Garzo, Pedro Guirao, María Jesús Pascual-Villalobos, Alberto Fereres, Aranzazu Moreno

Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are two of the most significant aphid species acting as vectors for plant viruses in vegetable crops worldwide. This work provides new knowledge relating the persistence (including population growth and survival) and impact on aphid probing and feeding behaviour of plant essential oil-derived products. Modifications in M. persicae behaviour (EPG results) were noted in plants treated with 0.2% nanoemulsions of distilled lemon oil: (1) the non-probing activity lasted longer, (2) both non-phloematic probing and phloem ingestion activities of aphids were shorter, and (3) xylem ingestion activity and the time taken to achieve sustained phloem ingestion appear to be longer. Finally, a slight increase was also observed in the mean duration of the non-probing activity of M. persicae on plants treated with 0.2% nanoemulsions of farnesol. When pepper plants were sprayed with a 0.2% nanoemulsion of farnesol with Tween 80® (1:2), the population growth of M. persicae colonies on treated plants was slower (40 aphids/plant) than on controls (60 aphids/plant) up to the day seven. The slope of the aphid population growth line corresponding to the formulated mixture of bioactive volatiles was lower (2.26 b) and statistically significant in comparison with the control (7.09 a), probably due to a controlled-release effect up to day 14. No systemic effects were obtained for the bioactive volatiles tested.

蚜蝇(Myzus persicae)和棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)(半翅目:蚜科)是全球蔬菜作物中作为植物病毒载体的两种最重要的蚜虫。这项工作提供了与植物精油衍生产品的持久性(包括种群增长和存活)以及对蚜虫探查和取食行为的影响有关的新知识。在使用 0.2% 的蒸馏柠檬油纳米乳剂处理的植物中,发现了蚜虫行为的变化(EPG 结果):(1) 非探查活动持续时间更长;(2) 蚜虫的非根茎探查和根茎摄食活动更短;(3) 木质部摄食活动和实现持续根茎摄食所需的时间似乎更长。最后,在用 0.2% 法呢醇纳米乳剂处理过的植物上,还观察到蚜茧蜂不吸食活动的平均持续时间略有增加。当辣椒植株喷洒 0.2% 的法尼醇纳米乳液和吐温 80® (1:2)时,处理过的植株上的柿蚜虫群增长速度(40 头/株)比对照组(60 头/株)慢,直到第 7 天。与对照组(7.09 a)相比,生物活性挥发物配制混合物对应的蚜虫数量增长线斜率较低(2.26 b),且在统计学上有显著意义,这可能是由于在第 14 天之前都有控释效果。测试的生物活性挥发物没有产生系统性影响。
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引用次数: 0
Efficacy and selectivity of Sextonia rubra wood extracts and formulation in the control of Aedes aegypti strains Sextonia rubra 木材提取物和制剂在控制埃及伊蚊菌株方面的效力和选择性
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01747-4
Emmanuelle Clervil, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Nadine Amusant, Edmond Wozniak, Didier Azam, Maïra Coke, Dominique Huteau, Rémy Le Guével, Hélène Solhi, Isabelle Dusfour, Emeline Houël

Sextonia rubra is an Amazonian tree known for the larvicide activity of its wood extracts against Aedes aegypti. However, the lipophilic character of this extract presents an obstacle to the development of vector management products. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, efficacy, and selectivity of a water-soluble formulation based on a S. rubra wood extract characterized by its larvicidal compounds rubrenolide and rubrynolide. Using reference and wild strains, larval mortality, oviposition behavior, hatching response, and fitness of mosquitoes exposed to the extract were evaluated. Laboratory eco- and cytotoxicity bioassays were performed concurrently. The extract showed larvicidal efficacy and no repulsive effect on oviposition, thus supporting its use in the treatment of breeding sites. The formulation exhibited strong acute toxicity, leading to 100% larval mortality in 2–4 days in either the dry or rainy season at a test dose of 102 µg/ml under semi-operational conditions, with residual activity maintained during the 5 weeks of testing. The formulation allowed for a noticeable gain in selectivity compared with the extract, with lower immobilization rates for Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius, and no significant toxicity towards human cell lines (IC50 > 100 µg/ml). These results highlight the potential of the S. rubra-based formulation for the management of Ae. aegypti larvae, including strains showing resistance to conventional insecticides.

Sextonia rubra 是一种亚马逊树木,其木材提取物对埃及伊蚊具有杀幼虫剂活性。然而,这种提取物的亲脂性给病媒管理产品的开发带来了障碍。本研究的目的是评估一种水溶性制剂的可行性、有效性和选择性,该制剂基于红柳桉木材提取物,其特点是具有杀幼虫剂化合物红柳内酯和红柳素内酯。利用参考品系和野生品系,对暴露于萃取物的蚊子的幼虫死亡率、产卵行为、孵化反应和适应性进行了评估。同时还进行了实验室生态和细胞毒性生物测定。结果表明,该提取物具有杀灭幼虫的功效,且对产卵无排斥作用,因此可用于处理蚊虫滋生地。该制剂具有很强的急性毒性,在半操作条件下,试验剂量为 102 µg/ml 时,无论是旱季还是雨季,2-4 天内幼虫死亡率均为 100%,并且在 5 周的试验期间保持残留活性。与提取物相比,该制剂的选择性明显提高,对大型水蚤和摇蚊的固定率降低,对人类细胞株无明显毒性(IC50 > 100 µg/ml)。这些结果凸显了基于 S. rubra 的制剂在埃及蚁幼虫管理方面的潜力,包括对传统杀虫剂产生抗性的菌株。
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引用次数: 0
Nematicidal and ovicidal activity of environmentally-friendly selenol ester derivatives against Meloidogyne incognita 环境友好型硒醇酯衍生物对黑僵菌的杀线虫和杀卵活性
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-023-01732-3
Suzana Junges Vendruscolo, Angélica Justino de Oliveira, Janaina Rosa de Sousa, Sabrina Targanski, André Luiz Stein, Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos, Paulo Afonso Ferreira, Marcos Antônio Soares

Nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne are extremely harmful to agricultural crops due to their wide geographic distribution, variety of hosts, and strong reproductive capacity. The most used phytonematoid control method is the application of nematicides, which can also affect human health and the environment. Selenol ester derivatives have pharmaceutical applications, but little is known about their biological activities. We examined whether six selenol ester derivatives were nematicidal and ovicidal to the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne incognita, and determined their toxicity to non-target organisms. The compound Se-p-methyl phenylselenobenzoate (2e) exhibited the lowest nematicidal and ovicidal Lethal concentration (LC50) to C. elegans (4.42 and 0.56 mg/L, respectively) and M. incognita (4.6 and 2.77 mg/L, respectively), which were similar or lower than the LC50 values for the control treatment with fluensulfone in C. elegans (4.07 and 6.05 mg/L, respectively) and M. incognita (43.07 and 49.63 mg/L, respectively). Compound 2e efficiently controlled the phytoparasite in greenhouse and reduced the number of galls and eggs present in tomato roots. Compared with the negative control, compound 2e was not toxic to other organisms such as Chlorella vulgaris algae, Galleria mellonella and Aedes aegypti larvae, and the aquatic protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. Our findings indicate that the selenol ester derivatives are potent and effective nematicides with no toxicity to the non-target organisms tested.

Meloidogyne 属线虫地理分布广、寄主种类多、繁殖能力强,对农作物危害极大。最常用的植物线虫控制方法是施用杀线虫剂,这也会影响人类健康和环境。硒醇酯衍生物具有医药用途,但人们对其生物活性知之甚少。我们研究了六种硒醇酯衍生物是否对线虫 Caenorhabditis elegans 和 Meloidogyne incognita 有杀线虫和杀卵作用,并测定了它们对非目标生物的毒性。化合物 Se-p-methyl phenylselenobenzoate(2e)对秀丽隐杆线虫的杀线虫和杀卵致死浓度(LC50)最低(分别为 4.42 和 0.56 mg/L),对褐飞虱的致死浓度(LC50)最低(分别为 4.6 和 2.分别为 4.42 和 0.56 毫克/升)和 M. incognita(分别为 4.6 和 2.77 毫克/升)的致死浓度(LC50),与氟磺酮对照处理对秀丽隐杆线虫(分别为 4.07 和 6.05 毫克/升)和 M. incognita(分别为 43.07 和 49.63 毫克/升)的致死浓度(LC50)相近或更低。化合物 2e 能有效控制温室中的植物寄生虫,减少番茄根部虫瘿和虫卵的数量。与阴性对照相比,化合物 2e 对其他生物,如绿球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)藻类、埃及伊蚊(Galleria mellonella)和埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)幼虫以及水生原生动物四膜虫(Tetrahymena pyriformis)没有毒性。我们的研究结果表明,硒醇酯衍生物是强效和有效的杀线虫剂,对测试的非目标生物没有毒性。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of an adult attractant for Anomala corpulenta by the reverse chemical ecology approach 通过反向化学生态学方法识别蚁蛛成虫吸引物
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-023-01740-3
Chun-Juan Qu, Jun-Tao Shi, Chen-Zhu Wang, Hao Guo, Xiao-Jing Jiang

Semiochemicals are dominant cues for insects to locate food, mates, predators, and oviposition sites. In the modern genomic era, semiochemicals have been identified not only by the conventional chemical ecology based on bioassay-guided protocols but also by reverse chemical ecology started with deorphanization of olfactory proteins with high olfactory sensitivity and selectivity. The Scarab beetle, Anomala corpulenta, is a polyphagous pest, posing a substantial economic burden to agricultural, horticultural, and forestry industries. Here, we focused on four odorant receptors (ORs) abundantly expressed in the antennae. We heterologously expressed them in Xenopus oocytes and examined their responses to a panel of 22 odorants. Of the ORs, AcorOR29 was specifically tuned to a common floral compound, phenethyl propionate (PEP). Further, gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection showed that PEP elicited a strong electrophysiological response from antennae. Y-tube olfactometer assay and field trap experiment demonstrated that PEP is attractive for both sexes of A. corpulenta across a wide range of concentrations, potentiating PEP in practical applications. Our results show that the reverse chemical ecology approach is effective in identifying semiochemicals for A. corpulenta, which would help to formulate novel strategies to control this pest.

半化学物质是昆虫寻找食物、配偶、天敌和产卵地点的主要线索。在现代基因组时代,不仅可以通过基于生物测定指导方案的传统化学生态学方法来鉴定半化学物质,还可以通过反向化学生态学方法来鉴定具有高嗅觉灵敏度和选择性的嗅觉蛋白。猩红甲虫(Anomala corpulenta)是一种多食性害虫,对农业、园艺和林业造成了巨大的经济负担。在这里,我们重点研究了在触角中大量表达的四种气味受体(ORs)。我们在爪蟾卵母细胞中异源表达了这些受体,并研究了它们对 22 种气味的反应。在这些受体中,AcorOR29 对一种常见的花香化合物--丙酸苯乙酯(PEP)具有特异性。此外,气相色谱法结合电触觉检测表明,PEP能从触角引起强烈的电生理反应。Y 型管嗅觉测定法和野外诱捕实验表明,PEP 在很宽的浓度范围内对冠突伪蝇的雌雄两性都有吸引力,从而增强了 PEP 在实际应用中的效力。我们的研究结果表明,反向化学生态学方法能有效识别冠突伪蝇的半化学物质,这将有助于制定控制这种害虫的新策略。
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引用次数: 0
Host finding and probing behavior by Philaenus spumarius on olive varieties with a different degree of susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa Philaenus spumarius 在对 Xylella fastidiosa 有不同易感性的橄榄品种上的寄主寻找和探测行为
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01743-8
Daniele Cornara, Valentina Zaffaroni-Caorsi, Zeinab Hamouche, Sabina Avosani, Giuseppe Cavallo, Vincenzo Verrastro, Clara Lago, Antonio Trani, Angelo De Stradis, Rodrigo P. P. Almeida, Alberto Fereres

Abundance on and access time to the host plant are the pivotal factors in Xylella fastidiosa transmission to olive by the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius. Therefore, olive varieties suitable for the vectors, i.e., plants providing all the necessary cues to the insect for their location, settling and acceptance, and devoid of antixenotic defenses, could be more susceptible to infection than varieties non- or less suitable for the vector. Here we evaluated whether a bacterium-susceptible olive variety, Ogliarola Salentina, could be a more suitable host for P. spumarius than the two resistant varieties Leccino and FS-17. We carried out: (i) an evaluation of between-hosts and within-host preference; (ii) an insect survival analysis; (iii) an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG)-assisted analysis of the probing behavior; (iv) light microscopy of the tissues the spittlebugs had access to; (v) an analysis of the xylem sap primary metabolites. In choice tests, the insect exhibited a significant preference for Ogliarola Salentina. In addition, spittlebugs displayed longer xylem sap ingestion bouts on the bacterium-susceptible variety compared to resistant genotypes, possibly because of differences in the xylem sap chemical profile rather than xylem anatomy. Spittlebugs preference for Ogliarola over both Leccino and FS-17 could be a relevant and so far overlooked component of the low disease prevalence in these two olive varieties reported in Southern Italian olive orchards. Overall, our data point toward the importance of incorporating studies on vector-plant interaction and host traits of resistance to the vector in research on genotypes resistant to X. fastidiosa.

寄主植物上的丰度和进入寄主植物的时间是草地唾液蝽(Phaenus spumarius)将 Xylella fastidiosa 传染给橄榄的关键因素。因此,与不适合或不太适合病媒的橄榄品种相比,适合病媒的橄榄品种,即能为昆虫提供所有必要的定位、定居和接受线索的植物,以及没有抗病虫防御能力的植物,可能更容易受到感染。在此,我们评估了对细菌敏感的橄榄品种 Ogliarola Salentina 是否比两个抗病品种 Leccino 和 FS-17 更适合成为 Spumarius 寄生虫的宿主。我们进行了以下研究(i) 对寄主间和寄主内偏好的评估;(ii) 昆虫存活率分析;(iii) 电穿透图(EPG)辅助下的探测行为分析;(iv) 唾液虫可接触组织的光学显微镜检查;(v) 木质部汁液初级代谢物分析。在选择测试中,昆虫表现出对 Ogliarola Salentina 的明显偏好。此外,与抗性基因型相比,唾蚜对细菌敏感品种的木质部汁液摄取时间更长,这可能是由于木质部汁液化学成分而非木质部解剖结构的差异。与 Leccino 和 FS-17 相比,唾液虫更喜欢 Ogliarola,这可能是意大利南部橄榄园中这两个橄榄品种病害发生率低的一个相关因素,但迄今为止却被忽视了。总之,我们的数据表明,在研究抗 X. fastidiosa 的基因型时,必须结合病媒与植物的相互作用以及寄主对病媒的抗性特征。
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引用次数: 0
Inundative release of Trichogramma dendrolimi at different developmental stages enhances the control efficacy over Ostrinia furnacalis 在不同发育阶段淹没式释放树枝金龟子可提高对赤潮虫的防治效果
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-023-01731-4

Abstract

The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, is a serious maize pest in Southeast Asia, responsible for substantial economic losses to the maize crop every year. To establish insect biocontrol programmes, it is crucial to determine the ideal numbers and developmental stage of natural enemies to release. The purpose of the present study was to assess the parasitism ability of Trichogramma dendrolimi and Trichogramma ostriniae, which are the most promising biocontrol agents of the ACB, under two different methods of inundative release in maize fields. A total of 10,000 wasps of both species were released using two different methods, i.e. wasps at the same developmental stage (SDS) and wasps at different developmental stages (DDS). The results showed that T. dendrolimi wasps exhibited significantly higher parasitism of ACB eggs when they were released with the DDS method than when they were released with the SDS method. In the SDS release method, T. dendrolimi parasitized ACB eggs for only 3 days after release, while in the DDS release method, parasitism of ACB eggs occurred for 6 days. However, the two release methods had no significant impact on the performance of T. ostriniae in maize fields. In both release methods, T. ostriniae parasitized a high percentage of ACB eggs. The results of the present study clearly indicate that the poor field performance of T. dendrolimi due to the host-age factor can be improved using the DDS release method.

摘要 亚洲玉米螟(ACB)(Ostrinia furnacalis)是东南亚地区一种严重的玉米害虫,每年都会给玉米作物造成巨大的经济损失。要制定昆虫生物防治计划,确定释放天敌的理想数量和发育阶段至关重要。本研究的目的是评估两种不同的玉米田淹没释放方法下稻蓟马天敌(Trichogramma dendrolimi 和 Trichogramma ostriniae)的寄生能力。采用两种不同的方法,即相同发育阶段(SDS)和不同发育阶段(DDS)的小蜂,共释放了 10,000 头两种小蜂。结果表明,用 DDS 法释放的树枝蝠对 ACB 卵的寄生率明显高于用 SDS 法释放的树枝蝠。在 SDS 释放法中,T. dendrolimi 寄生 ACB 卵的时间仅为释放后的 3 天,而在 DDS 释放法中,T. dendrolimi 寄生 ACB 卵的时间为 6 天。不过,这两种释放方法对玉米田中的褐飞虱表现没有显著影响。在两种释放方法中,T. ostriniae 都寄生了很高比例的 ACB 虫卵。本研究的结果清楚地表明,由于寄主-年龄因素造成的 T. dendrolimi 田间表现不佳的情况可以通过 DDS 释放方法得到改善。
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引用次数: 0
Plant–herbivore–natural enemy trophic webs in date palm agro-ecosystems 枣椰树农业生态系统中的植物-食草动物-天敌营养网
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-023-01730-5
K. S. Shameer, Tarik Almandhari, Ian C. W. Hardy

Understanding the composition and dynamics of ecological communities is challenging because of the large number of organisms present and their numerous interactions. Among agricultural systems, intercropping considerably increases the complexity of communities compared to monocultures and alternative host plants can influence insect pest damage. Using literature records, we construct and analyse connectance trophic webs of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) agro-ecosystems, including and excluding intercrops. Estimates of connectance (community complexity) are relatively low and little affected by consideration of intercrops. Plant–herbivore overlap is relatively high, suggesting that herbivores are typically not specialists. Herbivore–natural enemy overlap is greater when intercrops are considered, suggesting that diffuse apparent competition regulates pest populations. We pay particular attention to how trophic web structure might affect Batrachedra amydraula (Lesser date moth), an important economic pest. Records indicate it having 15 species of natural enemies and sharing 9 of these with other herbivores; these may maintain populations of natural enemies when the moth is seasonally rare, contributing to pest suppression. The estimated potential for apparent competition between the lesser date moth and other herbivores is higher when intercrops are considered. The consequent expectation of less severe infestations in plantations that are intercropped compared to monocultures matches empirically derived reports. Further, comparing results obtained from the literature on one country (Oman) and from 15 Middle Eastern countries, we find that community metric estimates are relatively little affected by the geographical scale considered. Overall, our results suggest that literature-based trophic web construction can provide an efficient and robust alternative, or in addition, to direct empirical methodologies and that the presence of intercrops will contribute to major pest suppression via indirect apparent competition.

了解生态群落的组成和动态是一项具有挑战性的工作,因为存在着大量的生物及其众多的相互作用。在农业系统中,与单一种植相比,间作大大增加了群落的复杂性,而且替代寄主植物会影响害虫的危害。利用文献记录,我们构建并分析了枣椰树(Phoenix dactylifera)农业生态系统的连接营养网,包括间作和不包括间作。连通性(群落复杂性)的估计值相对较低,且很少受到间作作物的影响。植物与食草动物的重叠率相对较高,这表明食草动物通常不是专食植物。当考虑间作作物时,食草动物与天敌的重叠度更高,这表明弥散的表观竞争调节着害虫的数量。我们特别关注营养网结构如何影响小枣夜蛾(Batrachedra amydraula)这一重要的经济害虫。记录显示,它有 15 种天敌,其中 9 种与其他食草动物共享;当小枣夜蛾季节性稀少时,这些天敌可能会维持其种群数量,从而有助于抑制害虫。如果考虑到间作作物,估计小枣夜蛾与其他食草动物之间的明显竞争潜力会更大。因此,与单一种植相比,间作种植园的虫害严重程度会更低,这与经验报告相吻合。此外,通过比较一个国家(阿曼)和 15 个中东国家的文献结果,我们发现群落尺度估计值受地理尺度的影响相对较小。总之,我们的研究结果表明,基于文献的营养网构建可以提供一种高效、稳健的替代方法,或者说是直接经验方法的补充,而且间作作物的存在将通过间接的表面竞争促进主要害虫的抑制。
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Journal of Pest Science
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