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Sex-biased juvenile hormone and gene expression underlie sex difference of stress resistance in the American cockroach 美洲大蠊抗逆性性别差异的原因在于有性别差异的幼年激素和基因表达
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01819-5
Fangfang Liu, Shudian Zhang, Ping Chen, Wei Tang, Xiaoyi Chen, Yingting Wu, Sishi Xia, Diqi Peng, Zhengyi Shao, Qin Li, Yuqing Liu, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Shiming Zhu

Sexually dimorphic traits are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom, extending to insects. In addition to sex-biased gene expression networks, these traits often involve variations in hormone levels. Juvenile hormone (JH), which is synthesized by corpora allata (CA), regulates development and reproduction in insects. However, there is limited understanding regarding sex-biased gene expression in CA and the sexually dimorphic functions of JH. We discovered sexual dimorphism in JH levels in cockroaches. To explore the underlying mechanism, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data from CA tissues in the adult females and males of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Our investigation revealed significant variation in sex-biased gene expression, with female-biased genes primarily involved in cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase pathways, associating with resistance to environmental stress. Notably, exposure to the insecticide imidacloprid, injection of Escherichia coli and H2O2 led to a higher mortality rate in males, whereas females exhibited resistance. Importantly, the application of the JH analog methoprene following the injection of E. coli and H2O2 rescued survival and the expression of stress response-related genes in males. Furthermore, these stressors resulted in reduced JH biosynthesis in males, while females remained unaffected. In summary, our results reveal that sexually dimorphic JH levels and gene expression modulate stress responses in P. americana. These findings shed light on sex-specific responses to environmental stress, offering tailored strategies for pest control based on gender.

动物界普遍存在性二态特征,昆虫也不例外。除了基于性别的基因表达网络外,这些性状往往还涉及激素水平的变化。幼年激素(JH)由异形体(CA)合成,调节昆虫的发育和繁殖。然而,人们对CA中具有性别偏见的基因表达以及JH的性别二态功能的了解还很有限。我们发现了蟑螂体内 JH 水平的性别二态性。为了探索其潜在机制,我们分析了美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)成年雌性和雄性CA组织的RNA测序数据。我们的研究揭示了性别偏向基因表达的显著差异,雌性偏向基因主要涉及细胞色素 P450、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶和过氧化物酶途径,与环境应激的抵抗力有关。值得注意的是,暴露于杀虫剂吡虫啉、注射大肠杆菌和 H2O2 会导致雄性死亡率升高,而雌性则表现出抗性。重要的是,在注射大肠杆菌和 H2O2 后施用 JH 类似物甲氧苄啶,可挽救雄性的存活率和应激反应相关基因的表达。此外,这些应激因素导致雄性的 JH 生物合成减少,而雌性则不受影响。总之,我们的研究结果表明,性双态的 JH 水平和基因表达会调节美洲金龟子的应激反应。这些发现揭示了性别对环境胁迫的特异性反应,为基于性别的害虫控制提供了量身定制的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Detection of Paecilomyces formosus in wood-boring beetles associated with oak dieback and decline in the Zagros forests of Iran 在伊朗扎格罗斯森林中与栎树枯死和衰退有关的蛀木甲虫体内检测到甲壳酵母菌
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01805-x
Gelareh Ghaderi, Samad Jamali, Robert A. Haack, Jabbar Valipour

Oak dieback disease caused by the fungus Paecilomyces formosus threatens oak trees in the Zagros forests in western Iran. Various insects, such as wood-infesting beetles (Coleoptera), may play a role in dissemination of P. formosus. We collected larvae and adult insects from branch wood of oak trees with dieback symptoms in the Zagros forests. For larval identification, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fungal isolates from wood and insects collected from the sampled oaks were identified by morphology, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium, phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the β-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. To detect P. formosus in larvae and adult insects, we used a nested PCR assay with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR. The insects that most often tested positive for P. formosus were larvae of the buprestids Acmaeodera sp. and Chrysobothris affinis, and larvae of the cerambycid Trichoferus campestris. Adults of C. affinis and Calchaenesthes diversicolis (Cerambycidae), which were collected from within their galleries, also tested positive. Beetle larvae of Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae), Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae), Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) and Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) also tested positive. Larvae that tested negative for P. formosus were species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera), Elateridae (Coleoptera), Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) and Syrphidae (Diptera). Future research is needed to determine whether any of these insects can serve as vectors of P. formosus. These results can be used to target-specific insects for monitoring.

在伊朗西部的扎格罗斯森林中,由栎孢菌(Paecilomyces formosus)引起的栎树枯死病威胁着栎树。各种昆虫,如侵木甲虫(鞘翅目),可能在栎树枯萎病的传播中扮演了重要角色。我们从扎格罗斯森林中出现枯死症状的橡树枝干上采集了幼虫和成虫。为了鉴定幼虫,我们通过聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 扩增了线粒体基因细胞色素 c 氧化酶 I (COXI)。通过形态学、肌酸蔗糖琼脂(CREA)培养基上的产酸量、β-tubulin 基因和内部转录间隔(ITS)rDNA 的 DNA 序列数据的系统进化,对从取样橡树的木材和昆虫中采集的真菌分离物进行了鉴定。为了检测幼虫和成虫中的甲形虫,我们使用了物种特异性引物对 PaMF 和 PaMR 进行巢式 PCR 检测。最常对甲形虫呈阳性检测结果的昆虫是颊蝇科昆虫 Acmaeodera sp.和 Chrysobothris affinis 的幼虫,以及颊蝇科昆虫 Trichoferus campestris 的幼虫。从其虫瘿中采集的 C. affinis 和 Calchaenesthes diversicolis(啮齿目)的成虫检测结果也呈阳性。甲虫幼虫 Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae)、Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae)、Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) 和 Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) 的检测结果也呈阳性。对 P. formosus 检测呈阴性的幼虫包括 Cossidae(鳞翅目)、Elateridae(鞘翅目)、Gasteruptiidae(膜翅目)和 Syrphidae(双翅目)。未来需要进行研究,以确定这些昆虫中是否有昆虫可作为甲形虫的传播媒介。这些结果可用于针对特定昆虫进行监测。
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging air-borne VOC-mediated plant defense priming to optimize Integrated Pest Management 利用空气传播的挥发性有机化合物介导的植物防御引物优化虫害综合防治
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01803-z
Ming-hui Wang, Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, Anne-violette Lavoir, Velemir Ninkovic, Kaori Shiojiri, Junji Takabayashi, Peng Han

Plant defense priming involves the release of air-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by plants, serving to prepare defense-related mechanisms against herbivores and pathogens in adjacent receiver plants. While the concept of VOC-mediated plant defense priming for enhancing plant resistance has garnered considerable attention in the last two decades, it has yet to be fully realized and applied in practical crop protection. This review summarizes current research, examining the spectrum of VOC-mediated plant defense priming in terms of anti-herbivore or anti-pathogen properties, the cost–benefit implications for plants, and the influence of abiotic factors on the priming. Additionally, we explore two promising approaches within the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM): the implementation of companion sentinel intercropping and the application of synthetic VOCs. In conclusion, we propose future research directions for this promising area, anticipating that this review will stimulate efforts aimed at harnessing the effects of plant defense priming for the development of innovative pest management strategies and optimized IPM programs in crop protection.

植物防御启动是指植物释放空气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOC),为防御邻近受体植物中的食草动物和病原体的相关机制做好准备。虽然挥发性有机化合物介导的植物防卫启动以增强植物抗性的概念在过去二十年中引起了相当大的关注,但它尚未完全实现并应用于实际的作物保护中。本综述总结了当前的研究,从抗食草动物或抗病原体特性、对植物的成本效益影响以及非生物因素对引诱的影响等方面探讨了挥发性有机化合物介导的植物防御引诱的范围。此外,我们还探讨了害虫综合治理(IPM)框架内的两种可行方法:实施伴生哨兵间作和应用合成挥发性有机化合物。最后,我们为这一前景广阔的领域提出了未来的研究方向,希望这篇综述能激励人们努力利用植物防御引诱的效果,制定创新的害虫管理策略和优化的作物保护 IPM 计划。
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引用次数: 0
Exogenous systemin peptide treatment in olive alters Bactrocera oleae oviposition preference 橄榄中的外源系统蛋白肽处理可改变油菜菌的产卵偏好
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01808-8
Luiza Sánchez, Ana E. Cunha, Nuno Rodrigues, José Alberto Pereira, Paula Baptista

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is a key pest of the olive crop, whose control relies mostly on the use of insecticides. Plant peptides may represent a more environmentally-friendly tool to manage olive fly, due to their recognized role to activate and/or prime plant defence responses against pests. In this work, behavioural experiments (no-choice and two-choice) and analysis of volatile compounds were carried out to evaluate the impact of the exogenous application of the peptide systemin to olive tree on olive fly infestation, and to elucidate its mode of action to prime plant defence. The treatment of olive branches with 10 nM systemin showed to confer protection against olive fly, by reducing significantly the ovipositions (up to 3.0-fold) and the number of infested fruits (up to 2.9-fold) when compared to non-treated branches. This protective effect was even detected in neighbouring non-treated branches, suggesting the ability of systemin to trigger plant-to-plant communication. The deterrent activity of the primed olives was associated with the emission of the volatiles 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate and 1, 2, 3-trimethyl-benzene, which were negatively correlated with oviposition and fly infestation. Systemin has also showed to trigger the biosynthesis of specific volatiles (esters) in olives in response to fly attacks. Overall, the observed protection conferred by systemin against olive fly is likely due to the emission of specific volatiles that can act as a defence and/or as signalling molecules to upregulate the plant defence response. Thus, systemin represents a novel and useful tool to manage olive fruit fly.

橄榄果蝇(Bactrocera oleae (Rossi))是橄榄作物的主要害虫,其控制主要依赖于杀虫剂的使用。植物肽具有激活和/或激发植物防御害虫反应的作用,因此可能是一种更环保的防治橄榄果蝇的工具。在这项工作中,我们进行了行为实验(无选择和双选择)和挥发性化合物分析,以评估在橄榄树上外源施用多肽系统素对橄榄蝇虫害的影响,并阐明其增强植物防御能力的作用模式。用 10 nM 系统素处理橄榄树枝条可防止橄榄蝇,与未处理的枝条相比,系统素能显著减少橄榄蝇的产卵量(高达 3.0 倍)和受侵染果实的数量(高达 2.9 倍)。甚至在相邻的未处理枝条上也能检测到这种保护作用,这表明系统蛋白具有触发植物间交流的能力。引诱剂橄榄的威慑活性与 2-乙基-1-己醇、4-叔丁基环己基乙酸酯和 1,2,3-三甲基苯挥发物的释放有关,这些挥发物与产卵和蝇虫害呈负相关。研究还表明,系统素还能触发橄榄中特定挥发性物质(酯类)的生物合成,以应对蝇害。总之,观察到的系统素对橄榄蝇的保护作用很可能是由于释放了特定的挥发物,这些挥发物可以作为防御和/或信号分子来上调植物的防御反应。因此,系统素是管理橄榄果蝇的一种新型有用工具。
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引用次数: 0
A predatory mite as potential biological control agent of Bemisia tabaci on tomato plants 一种捕食螨,可作为番茄植株上烟粉虱的潜在生物控制剂
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01809-7
André C. Cardoso, Ítalo Marcossi, Morgana M. Fonseca, Milena O. Kalile, Leonardo S. Francesco, Angelo Pallini, Thomas V. M. Groot, Arne Janssen

Several natural enemies are known as predators of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which is one of the most invasive pests worldwide and has developed high resistance to pesticides. However, biological control of this pest on tomato is often difficult because the plant’s glandular trichomes release substances that are toxic to arthropods and hinder the foraging of natural enemies. Therefore, adaptation of natural enemies to this crop is one of the selection criteria for potential biocontrol agents. We collected predatory mites from wild and feral tomato plants and found the species Amblyseius herbicolus and A. tamatavensis. Whereas the latter is known to feed on B. tabaci eggs, we investigated the ability of A. herbicolus to develop and reproduce when feeding on this prey stage, and assessed whether both species can feed and develop on B. tabaci crawlers. To verify the adaptation of these predators to tomato, we assessed their ability to disperse on tomato plants and their establishment on clean tomato plants with pollen as an alternative food. Finally, we evaluated whether the predators were effective in controlling B. tabaci on tomato plants with different pollen dosages as alternative food. We show that both predators fed and reproduced on B. tabaci immatures. A. herbicolus established and dispersed better on tomato plants supplemented with cattail pollen than A. tamatavensis and only A. herbicolus was able to control B. tabaci in two population dynamics experiments. Our results suggest that A. herbicolus is better adapted to tomato than A. tamatavensis and may therefore be a promising biocontrol agent on tomato.

烟粉虱是全球最具入侵性的害虫之一,对杀虫剂具有很强的抗药性。然而,由于番茄的腺毛释放出对节肢动物有毒的物质,阻碍了天敌的觅食,因此生物防治番茄上的这种害虫往往很困难。因此,天敌对这种作物的适应性是潜在生物控制剂的选择标准之一。我们从野生番茄植株和野外番茄植株中收集了捕食性螨虫,发现了Amblyseius herbicolus和A. tamatavensis两种。已知后者以 B. tabaci 的卵为食,我们研究了 A. herbicolus 以这种猎物为食的发育和繁殖能力,并评估了这两个物种是否都能以 B. tabaci 的爬虫为食并发育。为了验证这些天敌对番茄的适应性,我们评估了它们在番茄植株上的扩散能力,以及它们在以花粉为替代食物的干净番茄植株上的生存能力。最后,我们评估了捕食者是否能有效控制以不同剂量的花粉作为替代食物的番茄植株上的烟青虫。我们发现这两种天敌都以 B. tabaci 幼虫为食并繁殖。在两次种群动态实验中,只有 A. herbicolus 能够控制 B. tabaci。我们的结果表明,A. herbicolus 比 A. tamatavensis 更能适应番茄,因此可能是一种很有前途的番茄生物控制剂。
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引用次数: 0
Clover in vineyards, a potential trap plant for the mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae—a vector of GLRaV-3 to grapevines but not clover species 葡萄园中的三叶草是蚧壳虫 Pseudococcus calceolaria 的潜在诱捕植物--GLRaV-3 在葡萄藤上的载体,但不包括三叶草物种
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01807-9
Rebecca Gough, Kar Mun Chooi, Manoharie Sandanayaka, Vicky Davis, Duncan Hedderley, Tara Taylor, Daniel Cohen, Cecilia A. Prator, Rodrigo P. P. Almeida, Vaughn A. Bell, Robin M. MacDiarmid

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) affects grapevines worldwide. The primary causal agent of GLD is grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), which spreads to uninfected grapevines via mealybugs and soft-scale insects. Pseudococcus calceolariae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug vector of GLRaV-3 in New Zealand. P. calceolariae also colonizes clovers (Trifolium spp.) growing naturally as vineyard ground cover. Separating mealybug from GLRaV-3 grapevine host could be enhanced by a trap plant: an alternative host attractive to and retentive of the target pest. We evaluated the association between P. calceolariae and ‘Grasslands Huia’ white clover (GHWC). GHWC seed was sown under grapevines in a commercial vineyard (14 × 0.4 ha plots); the control was under-vine herbicide use (7 × 0.4 ha plots, where only few Trifolium spp. plants grew). After 2 years, GHWC cover peaked at 40% mealybug infestation in 2019. From 2018 to 2021, P. calceolariae detection and abundance on GHWC was significantly higher than plants from the control plots. There was no treatment effect for mealybug infestation of grapevine leaves nor of GLRaV-3 incidence, independent of vintage. A glasshouse trial found no transmission of GLRaV-3 by P. calceolariae to any of 256 plants among five clover cultivars tested (Trifolium spp.), including GHWC; mealybug transmitted GLRaV-3 to 35 of 107 Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The results showed that in the 5-year period, added GHWC did not decouple P. calceolariae from the grapevine to reduce GLRaV-3 incidence, but rapid colonization of GHWC by mealybug and the lack of GLRaV-3 transmission to GHWC are encouraging. Further evaluation is needed to assess whether plant biodiversity can benefit a GLRaV-3 ecological management objective.

葡萄卷叶病(GLD)影响着世界各地的葡萄树。葡萄卷叶病的主要病原体是葡萄卷叶相关病毒 3(GLRaV-3),它通过蚧壳虫和软鳞翅目昆虫传播到未感染的葡萄树上。Pseudococcus calceolariae(半翅目:Pseudococcidae)是新西兰 GLRaV-3 的蚧壳虫病媒。P. calceolariae 还在作为葡萄园地面覆盖物自然生长的三叶草(Trifolium spp.)通过诱捕植物(一种对目标害虫具有吸引力和保持力的替代宿主)可以将蚧壳虫从 GLRaV-3 葡萄树宿主中分离出来。我们评估了 P. calceolariae 与 "Grasslands Huia "白三叶(GHWC)之间的关联。GHWC 种子被播种在一个商业葡萄园的葡萄树下(14 × 0.4 公顷地块);对照组是在葡萄树下使用除草剂的地块(7 × 0.4 公顷地块,仅有少量三叶草属植物生长)。2 年后,GHWC 覆盖率在 2019 年达到峰值,蚧壳虫侵染率为 40%。从 2018 年到 2021 年,GHWC 上的 P. calceolariae 发现量和丰度明显高于对照地块的植物。对葡萄叶片和 GLRaV-3 发病率的蚧虫侵染没有处理效应,与年份无关。一项玻璃温室试验发现,在测试的五种三叶草栽培品种(Trifolium spp.)中,包括 GHWC 在内的 256 株植物都没有被 P. calceolariae 传染 GLRaV-3;在 107 株烟草植物中,有 35 株被蚧壳虫传染 GLRaV-3。结果表明,在 5 年的时间里,添加的 GHWC 并没有使 P. calceolariae 与葡萄藤脱钩,从而降低 GLRaV-3 的发病率,但蚧壳虫在 GHWC 上的快速定殖以及 GLRaV-3 没有传播到 GHWC 上的情况令人鼓舞。需要进一步评估植物生物多样性是否有利于 GLRaV-3 生态管理目标。
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引用次数: 0
Predatory mites as potential biological control agents for tomato russet mite and powdery mildew on tomato 捕食螨是番茄赤粉螨和白粉病的潜在生物控制剂
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01802-0
Ítalo Marcossi, Leonardo S. Francesco, Morgana M. Fonseca, Angelo Pallini, Thomas Groot, Raf De Vis, Arne Janssen

Tomato plants are attacked by numerous pests and diseases, including the tomato russet mite Aculops lycopersici and powdery mildew, Oidium neolycopersici. Natural enemies of tomato pests are often hindered by the tomato trichomes, while russet mites live under and among these leaf hairs and are therefore protected from these enemies. To find natural enemies that are adapted to tomato and its trichomes, we collected a predatory mite, Amblyseius herbicolus, and an iolinid mite, cf. Homeopronematus anconai sp. nov., from tomato plants in the field. We investigated their potential as biological control agents for pests in this crop. We show that both predators were able to feed and reproduce on russet mites. Subsequently, we show that the iolinid effectively controlled tomato russet mites and powdery mildew on isolated tomato plants, whereas A. herbicolus disappeared from the plants. Altogether, our results show that cf. H. anconai sp. nov. is an efficient biocontrol agent of two key pests on tomato plants. Our results thus contribute to the recent trend of using predators that are effective in controlling both a pest and a pathogen, a promising new strategy for biological crop protection.

番茄植株会受到许多病虫害的侵袭,包括番茄赤粉螨 Aculops lycopersici 和白粉病 Oidium neolycopersici。西红柿害虫的天敌通常会受到西红柿毛状体的阻碍,而赤螨则生活在这些叶毛下面和中间,因此受到这些天敌的保护。为了寻找适应番茄及其毛状体的天敌,我们从田间的番茄植株上采集了一种捕食螨 Amblyseius herbicolus 和一种螨类,即 Homeopronematus anconai sp.我们研究了它们作为该作物害虫生物控制剂的潜力。我们发现这两种捕食者都能以赤螨为食并进行繁殖。随后,我们还发现鞘翅目昆虫能有效控制番茄植株上的赤螨和白粉病,而草履螨则从植株上消失了。总之,我们的研究结果表明,Cf. H. anconai sp.nov.是番茄植株上两种主要害虫的高效生物控制剂。因此,我们的研究结果推动了近年来使用能有效控制害虫和病原体的捕食者的趋势,这是一种很有前景的作物生物保护新策略。
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引用次数: 0
The interplay of intercropping, wildflower strips and weeds in conservation biological control and productivity 间作、野花带和杂草在保护生物控制和生产力方面的相互作用
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01801-1
Séverin Hatt, Thomas F. Döring

Different diversification practices have the potential to reduce pests and therefore pesticide use. Yet, their integration at the agroecosystem level and the evaluation of their multifunctional effects remain limited. Through a two-year field experiment conducted in Germany, we tested whether associating intercropping (faba bean-wheat, followed by breadseed poppy-barley) with pluriannual wildflower strips strengthens the biological regulation of aphid pests and weeds, and enhances cropping system productivity. The contribution of flowering weeds to conservation biological control was also analysed. Aphid but also predator colonization and predation rates on bean and poppy were consistently lower in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Wildflower strips enhanced aphid predation in bean-wheat intercropping, and further reduced aphid colonization at 10 m distance but not at 20 m in poppy-barley intercropping. Weed biomass was consistently reduced in intercropping compared to sole cropping bean and poppy, and did not significantly affect bean and poppy yields in intercropping. The cover of one flowering weed species, Matricaria recutita, was negatively correlated to aphid colonization and positively correlated to predation rate. Matricaria recutita flowers were also visited more often by predatory hoverflies in plots adjacent to wildflower strips. Finally, land equivalent ratio was consistently higher than 1, and the highest in bean-wheat intercropping associated to wildflower strips. The study demonstrates the benefits of associating wildflower strips to intercropping to strengthen biological control and cropping system productivity. Flowering weeds, maintained at an acceptable level through intercropping, turn out to be relevant functional biodiversity in interacting with wildflower strips for conservation biological control.

不同的多样化实践有可能减少虫害,从而减少杀虫剂的使用。然而,这些做法在农业生态系统层面的整合及其多功能效果的评估仍然有限。通过在德国进行的一项为期两年的田间试验,我们测试了间作(蚕豆-小麦,然后是面包籽罂粟-大麦)与多年生野花带的结合是否能加强对蚜虫害虫和杂草的生物调控,并提高种植系统的生产力。此外,还分析了开花杂草对保护性生物防治的贡献。与单一种植相比,间作的蚜虫以及捕食者在豆类和罂粟上的定殖率和捕食率一直较低。野花带增强了蚕豆-小麦间作中的蚜虫捕食率,并进一步降低了罂粟-大麦间作中 10 米距离上的蚜虫定殖率,但在 20 米距离上没有降低。与单种豆类和罂粟相比,间作中杂草的生物量持续减少,并且对间作中豆类和罂粟的产量没有显著影响。一种开花杂草(母菊)的覆盖率与蚜虫定植率呈负相关,与捕食率呈正相关。在邻近野花带的地块中,食肉食蚜蝇也更频繁地光顾母菊花。最后,土地当量比始终高于 1,在与野花带相关的豆麦间作中,土地当量比最高。这项研究表明,将野花带与间作套种结合起来,有利于加强生物防治和提高耕作系统的生产力。通过间作将开花杂草维持在可接受的水平,在与野花带相互作用进行保护性生物防治时,开花杂草被证明是相关的功能性生物多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Bringing light into the dark—plant electrophysiological monitoring of root knot nematode infestation and real-time nematicide efficacy 将光线引入黑暗--根结线虫侵扰和实时杀线虫药效的植物电生理监测
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01798-7
Andrzej Kurenda, Domenica Jenni, Sandro Lecci, Anke Buchholz

This study investigated the infestation of tomato plants by the plant-parasitic nematode, M. incognita, and its accurate detection by plant electrophysiology (PE). Dedicated tests were done on whole plants to record electrophysiological signals from nematode infested and uninfested plants and to establish a trained model indicating nematode-induced stress. Monitoring nematode-induced stress by PE confirmed the results obtained by assessing root galls and quantifying xylem sap 3 to 4 weeks after infestation. The machine learning model captured the stress intensities and the time course of plant damage caused by nematodes. Stress caused by second-stage juveniles (J2) infestation appeared 3 to 5 days after infestation (DAI), whereas stress caused by egg infestation was detected 5 to 7 days later (10–13 DAI). For the first time, the real-time effectiveness of nematicides was recorded in further tests. Nematode infested plants treated preventatively with cyclobutrifluram (TYMIRIUM® technology) showed a delayed and short (about 3 days) period of low stress intensity, whereas infested but untreated plants showed a period of maximum stress for about 12 days. In addition, depending on the type of application (preventative or curative), different modes of biological activity of IRAC group N-2 and N-3 nematicides (fluopyram, abamectin) could be captured by PE signalling. PE offers a new way of monitoring plant health in real time, which is particularly valuable for accessing ‘invisible’ pests, such as plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil.

本研究调查了植物寄生线虫(M. incognita)对番茄植株的侵染及其通过植物电生理学(PE)的准确检测。对整株植物进行了专门测试,以记录线虫侵染植物和未受侵染植物的电生理信号,并建立一个训练有素的模型来指示线虫诱导的胁迫。通过 PE 监测线虫诱导的胁迫证实了在侵染 3 至 4 周后通过评估根瘿和量化木质部汁液获得的结果。机器学习模型捕捉到了线虫造成的胁迫强度和植物损害的时间过程。第二阶段幼虫(J2)侵染造成的胁迫在侵染后 3 至 5 天(DAI)出现,而卵侵染造成的胁迫在 5 至 7 天后(10-13 DAI)才被检测到。在进一步的试验中,首次记录了杀线虫剂的实时有效性。使用环丁氟虫腈(TYMIRIUM® 技术)预防性处理线虫侵染的植株会出现延迟且较短(约 3 天)的低胁迫强度期,而受侵染但未处理的植株则会出现约 12 天的最大胁迫强度期。此外,根据应用类型(预防或治疗)的不同,PE 信号可捕捉 IRAC 组 N-2 和 N-3 杀线虫剂(氟吡脲、阿维菌素)的不同生物活性模式。PE 提供了一种实时监测植物健康状况的新方法,这对于发现 "隐形 "害虫(如土壤中的植物寄生线虫)尤为重要。
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引用次数: 0
Drought aggravates plant stress by favouring aphids and weakening indirect defense in a sugar beet tritrophic system 在甜菜三营养系统中,干旱有利于蚜虫并削弱间接防御,从而加剧植物的应激反应
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01799-6
Shahinoor Rahman, Michael Rostás, Ilka Vosteen

Climate change leads to more frequent droughts that may alter multitrophic networks in agroecosystems by changing bottom-up and top-down effects on herbivorous insects. Yet, how bottom-up effects of drought alter tritrophic interactions remains poorly understood. This study investigated two intensities of drought stress in the tritrophic system consisting of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), an aphid (Aphis fabae), and its parasitoid (Aphidius colemani). We thoroughly investigated each trophic level, examining the performance of plants, pest insects, and parasitoids, as well as the attraction of parasitoids to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). Drought stress negatively affected plant growth but benefited A. fabae, leading to faster development and a higher reproduction rate. Drought-stressed plants also emitted less plant volatiles, which resulted in reduced attraction of A. colemani to aphid-infested plants. Drought indirectly affected parasitoid performance, as evidenced by lower emergence rates and production of fewer females, although mummification rates were higher on drought-stressed plants. Reduced parasitoid attraction and performance on drought-stressed plants may exert lower top-down pressure on aphid populations. Combined with increased aphid performance, this may facilitate aphid outbreaks, which could further weaken drought-stressed plants. Our findings highlight the need to study multiple trophic levels and emphasize the importance of incorporating HIPVs and parasitoid attraction when assessing combined abiotic and biotic stresses in crops.

气候变化导致干旱更加频繁,这可能会通过改变对食草昆虫自下而上和自上而下的影响来改变农业生态系统中的多营养网络。然而,人们对干旱自下而上的影响如何改变三营养昆虫的相互作用仍然知之甚少。本研究调查了由甜菜(Beta vulgaris)、蚜虫(Aphis fabae)及其寄生虫(Aphidius colemani)组成的三营养系统中两种强度的干旱胁迫。我们对每个营养级进行了深入研究,考察了植物、害虫和寄生虫的表现,以及寄生虫对食草动物诱导的植物挥发物(HIPVs)的吸引力。干旱胁迫对植物的生长产生了负面影响,但却有利于A. fabae,使其发育更快、繁殖率更高。干旱胁迫植物也释放出较少的植物挥发物,从而降低了 A. colemani 对蚜虫侵染植物的吸引力。干旱间接影响了寄生虫的表现,表现为蚜虫出现率降低,雌虫数量减少,但干旱胁迫植物上的木乃伊化率较高。寄生虫在干旱植株上的吸引力和表现下降,可能会降低对蚜虫种群的自上而下的压力。再加上蚜虫性能的提高,这可能会促进蚜虫的爆发,从而进一步削弱干旱胁迫植物的抗旱能力。我们的研究结果突显了研究多营养级的必要性,并强调了在评估农作物的非生物和生物综合胁迫时结合 HIPVs 和寄生虫吸引力的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Pest Science
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