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Bringing light into the dark—plant electrophysiological monitoring of root knot nematode infestation and real-time nematicide efficacy 将光线引入黑暗--根结线虫侵扰和实时杀线虫药效的植物电生理监测
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01798-7
Andrzej Kurenda, Domenica Jenni, Sandro Lecci, Anke Buchholz

This study investigated the infestation of tomato plants by the plant-parasitic nematode, M. incognita, and its accurate detection by plant electrophysiology (PE). Dedicated tests were done on whole plants to record electrophysiological signals from nematode infested and uninfested plants and to establish a trained model indicating nematode-induced stress. Monitoring nematode-induced stress by PE confirmed the results obtained by assessing root galls and quantifying xylem sap 3 to 4 weeks after infestation. The machine learning model captured the stress intensities and the time course of plant damage caused by nematodes. Stress caused by second-stage juveniles (J2) infestation appeared 3 to 5 days after infestation (DAI), whereas stress caused by egg infestation was detected 5 to 7 days later (10–13 DAI). For the first time, the real-time effectiveness of nematicides was recorded in further tests. Nematode infested plants treated preventatively with cyclobutrifluram (TYMIRIUM® technology) showed a delayed and short (about 3 days) period of low stress intensity, whereas infested but untreated plants showed a period of maximum stress for about 12 days. In addition, depending on the type of application (preventative or curative), different modes of biological activity of IRAC group N-2 and N-3 nematicides (fluopyram, abamectin) could be captured by PE signalling. PE offers a new way of monitoring plant health in real time, which is particularly valuable for accessing ‘invisible’ pests, such as plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil.

本研究调查了植物寄生线虫(M. incognita)对番茄植株的侵染及其通过植物电生理学(PE)的准确检测。对整株植物进行了专门测试,以记录线虫侵染植物和未受侵染植物的电生理信号,并建立一个训练有素的模型来指示线虫诱导的胁迫。通过 PE 监测线虫诱导的胁迫证实了在侵染 3 至 4 周后通过评估根瘿和量化木质部汁液获得的结果。机器学习模型捕捉到了线虫造成的胁迫强度和植物损害的时间过程。第二阶段幼虫(J2)侵染造成的胁迫在侵染后 3 至 5 天(DAI)出现,而卵侵染造成的胁迫在 5 至 7 天后(10-13 DAI)才被检测到。在进一步的试验中,首次记录了杀线虫剂的实时有效性。使用环丁氟虫腈(TYMIRIUM® 技术)预防性处理线虫侵染的植株会出现延迟且较短(约 3 天)的低胁迫强度期,而受侵染但未处理的植株则会出现约 12 天的最大胁迫强度期。此外,根据应用类型(预防或治疗)的不同,PE 信号可捕捉 IRAC 组 N-2 和 N-3 杀线虫剂(氟吡脲、阿维菌素)的不同生物活性模式。PE 提供了一种实时监测植物健康状况的新方法,这对于发现 "隐形 "害虫(如土壤中的植物寄生线虫)尤为重要。
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引用次数: 0
Drought aggravates plant stress by favouring aphids and weakening indirect defense in a sugar beet tritrophic system 在甜菜三营养系统中,干旱有利于蚜虫并削弱间接防御,从而加剧植物的应激反应
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01799-6
Shahinoor Rahman, Michael Rostás, Ilka Vosteen

Climate change leads to more frequent droughts that may alter multitrophic networks in agroecosystems by changing bottom-up and top-down effects on herbivorous insects. Yet, how bottom-up effects of drought alter tritrophic interactions remains poorly understood. This study investigated two intensities of drought stress in the tritrophic system consisting of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), an aphid (Aphis fabae), and its parasitoid (Aphidius colemani). We thoroughly investigated each trophic level, examining the performance of plants, pest insects, and parasitoids, as well as the attraction of parasitoids to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). Drought stress negatively affected plant growth but benefited A. fabae, leading to faster development and a higher reproduction rate. Drought-stressed plants also emitted less plant volatiles, which resulted in reduced attraction of A. colemani to aphid-infested plants. Drought indirectly affected parasitoid performance, as evidenced by lower emergence rates and production of fewer females, although mummification rates were higher on drought-stressed plants. Reduced parasitoid attraction and performance on drought-stressed plants may exert lower top-down pressure on aphid populations. Combined with increased aphid performance, this may facilitate aphid outbreaks, which could further weaken drought-stressed plants. Our findings highlight the need to study multiple trophic levels and emphasize the importance of incorporating HIPVs and parasitoid attraction when assessing combined abiotic and biotic stresses in crops.

气候变化导致干旱更加频繁,这可能会通过改变对食草昆虫自下而上和自上而下的影响来改变农业生态系统中的多营养网络。然而,人们对干旱自下而上的影响如何改变三营养昆虫的相互作用仍然知之甚少。本研究调查了由甜菜(Beta vulgaris)、蚜虫(Aphis fabae)及其寄生虫(Aphidius colemani)组成的三营养系统中两种强度的干旱胁迫。我们对每个营养级进行了深入研究,考察了植物、害虫和寄生虫的表现,以及寄生虫对食草动物诱导的植物挥发物(HIPVs)的吸引力。干旱胁迫对植物的生长产生了负面影响,但却有利于A. fabae,使其发育更快、繁殖率更高。干旱胁迫植物也释放出较少的植物挥发物,从而降低了 A. colemani 对蚜虫侵染植物的吸引力。干旱间接影响了寄生虫的表现,表现为蚜虫出现率降低,雌虫数量减少,但干旱胁迫植物上的木乃伊化率较高。寄生虫在干旱植株上的吸引力和表现下降,可能会降低对蚜虫种群的自上而下的压力。再加上蚜虫性能的提高,这可能会促进蚜虫的爆发,从而进一步削弱干旱胁迫植物的抗旱能力。我们的研究结果突显了研究多营养级的必要性,并强调了在评估农作物的非生物和生物综合胁迫时结合 HIPVs 和寄生虫吸引力的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
High-energy emulsification of Allium sativum essential oil boosts insecticidal activity against Planococcus citri with no risk to honeybees 薤白精油的高能乳化可增强对柠檬扁球菌的杀虫活性,且不会对蜜蜂造成风险
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01800-2
Antonino Modafferi, Giulia Giunti, Alberto Urbaneja, Francesca Laudani, Ilaria Latella, Meritxell Pérez-Hedo, Michele Ricupero, Vincenzo Palmeri, Orlando Campolo

The ecotoxicological consequences of synthetic pesticides have encouraged stakeholders to search for eco-friendly pest control tools, like essential oils (EOs). Nano-delivery systems (nanoparticles and nano-emulsions) seem ideal for developing EO-based biopesticides, although production processes should be standardized and implemented. In this study, nano-emulsions loaded with a high amount of Allium sativum L. EO (15%) were developed using different mixed bottom-up/top-down processes. Garlic EO was chemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and formulations were physically characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) apparatus. The insecticidal activity against Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and selectivity toward Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) worker bees was evaluated. Garlic EO was mainly composed of sulphur components (96.3%), with diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide as the most abundant compounds (37.26% and 28.15%, respectively). Top-down processes could produce stable nano-emulsions with droplet size in the nanometric range (< 200nm) and good polydispersity index (PDI < 0.2). In contrast, the bottom-up emulsion was unstable, and its droplet size was around 500nm after 24 hours. High-energy emulsification processes significantly increased the residual toxicity of garlic EO against 3rd instar P. citri nymphs, whereas the developed formulations were harmless to A. mellifera workers in topical application. This study confirmed that the production process significantly affected the physical properties and efficacy against target pests. The lack of adverse impact on honeybees denotated the potential of these formulations as bioinsecticides in organic and/or IPM programs, although further extended ecotoxicological studies are necessary.

合成杀虫剂的生态毒理学后果促使相关各方寻找生态友好型害虫控制工具,如精油(EO)。纳米给药系统(纳米颗粒和纳米乳剂)似乎是开发基于环氧乙烷的生物农药的理想选择,但生产过程应标准化并付诸实施。在本研究中,采用不同的自下而上/自上而下混合工艺,开发了含有大量大蒜环氧乙烷(15%)的纳米乳剂。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对大蒜环氧乙烷进行了化学分析,并使用动态光散射(DLS)仪器对配方进行了物理表征。评估了其对 Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) 的杀虫活性以及对 Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 工蜂的选择性。大蒜环氧乙烷主要由硫成分组成(96.3%),其中二烯丙基二硫化物和二烯丙基三硫化物含量最高(分别为 37.26% 和 28.15%)。自上而下的工艺可产生稳定的纳米乳液,液滴大小在纳米范围内(200 纳米),且具有良好的多分散指数(PDI 0.2)。相比之下,自下而上的乳液不稳定,24 小时后其液滴大小约为 500 纳米。高能乳化过程显著提高了大蒜环氧乙烷对柑橘三龄若虫的残留毒性,而所开发的制剂在局部施用时对 A. mellifera 工蜂无害。这项研究证实,生产工艺对大蒜环氧乙烷的物理性质和对目标害虫的药效有很大影响。这些制剂对蜜蜂没有不良影响,这表明它们有可能成为有机和/或虫害综合防治计划中的生物杀虫剂,不过还需要进一步的生态毒理学研究。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of alfalfa perimeter strips on Lygus lineolaris and beneficial arthropods in June-bearing strawberry fields 紫花苜蓿周缘带对六月草莓田中的线虫和有益节肢动物的影响
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01795-w
Matthew C. Hetherington, Matthew Fox, Megan Johnson, Allison Lopina, Emma Mechelke, Morgan Weissner, Christelle Guédot

Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the primary insect pest of strawberry in eastern and central North America. Strategies to minimize L. lineolaris colonization of strawberry at bloom and peak fruit susceptibility without impacting pollinator health must be developed. To this end, we examined the potential of alfalfa perimeter strips to reduce L. lineolaris populations in June-bearing strawberry fields. Over a three-year experiment, L. lineolaris densities and beneficial arthropod abundance were monitored in commercial strawberry fields with and without alfalfa perimeter strips. Alfalfa perimeter strips were found to concentrate L. lineolaris populations and led to a 36% reduction in L. lineolaris densities in adjacent strawberry plots compared to controls. When a protein immunomark-capture experiment was conducted to examine the extent of movement between the alfalfa strips and adjacent strawberry plots, it was determined that approximately three times as many L. lineolaris migrated from strawberry to alfalfa than vice versa. Moreover, adult females were overrepresented among immigrants to alfalfa, suggesting that alfalfa may be a preferred oviposition site for L. lineolaris. While the presence of alfalfa perimeter strips increased beneficial arthropod abundance and diversity in experimental plots overall, these increases were limited to the alfalfa itself, with little spillover into adjacent strawberry plots. These data suggest that preferential utilization of alfalfa by L. lineolaris underlies the observed population reductions and that alfalfa acts as a trap crop in June-bearing strawberries.

Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois(半翅目: Miridae)是北美东部和中部草莓的主要害虫。必须在不影响授粉昆虫健康的前提下,制定策略,尽量减少 L. lineolaris 在草莓开花期和果实易感高峰期的定殖。为此,我们研究了紫花苜蓿周缘带减少 L. lineolaris 在六月开花草莓田中种群数量的潜力。在为期三年的实验中,我们在有紫花苜蓿围带和没有紫花苜蓿围带的商业草莓田中监测了鳞线虫的密度和有益节肢动物的数量。结果发现,紫花苜蓿围带集中了鳞线虫种群,与对照组相比,相邻草莓地的鳞线虫密度降低了 36%。在进行蛋白质免疫标记捕获实验以检查紫花苜蓿带和相邻草莓地之间的迁移程度时,发现从草莓地迁移到紫花苜蓿地的 L. lineolaris 数量大约是反向迁移的三倍。此外,迁徙到紫花苜蓿的成年雌虫所占比例较高,这表明紫花苜蓿可能是 L. lineolaris 的首选产卵地点。虽然紫花苜蓿周边地带的存在总体上增加了实验地块中有益节肢动物的数量和多样性,但这些增加仅限于紫花苜蓿本身,很少波及邻近的草莓地块。这些数据表明,L. lineolaris 对紫花苜蓿的优先利用是观察到的种群数量减少的原因,而且紫花苜蓿在六月开花的草莓中起到了诱捕作物的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Trichoderma metabolites 6-pentyl-α-pyrone and harzianic acid affect the reproduction and microbiome of Bactrocera oleae 毛霉代谢物 6-戊基-α-吡喃酮和哈茨酸影响油菜菌的繁殖和微生物群落
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01796-9
Giovanni Jesu, Francesco Vinale, Matteo Lorito, Stefania Laudonia

Endosymbiosis is very common between bacteria and insects, and it has been deeply studied for over a century on model insects such as Bactrocera oleae, the key pest of the olives. It was demonstrated that “Candidatus Erwinia dacicola” is the main component of its midgut bacterial communities, acting a fundamental role in the fly’s nutrition process and thus on its fitness. In this study, Trichoderma secondary metabolites have been used to treat olive fruit fly in order to alter the “Ca. Erwinia dacicola” titer and to assess the subsequent effects on its host. The selected metabolites, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone and harzianic acid, directly affect the insect’s fitness also on the subsequent generation, but not always in a concentration-dependent manner. Aside from the direct effects, the treatments also showed a modification of the bacterial titer. Therefore, real-time qPCRs were carried out on wild individual flies highlighting natural variations of the symbiont presence and activity during the seasons. The data obtained suggest that bioactive fungal metabolites can be formulated for direct or indirect control strategies of B. oleae in integrated pest management programs.

细菌与昆虫之间的共生现象非常普遍,一个多世纪以来,人们一直在对橄榄的主要害虫油橄榄乳蝇(Bactrocera oleae)等模式昆虫进行深入研究。研究表明,"Erwinia dacicola念珠菌 "是其中肠细菌群落的主要成分,在蝇类的营养过程中发挥着重要作用,从而影响其健康状况。本研究利用毛霉次生代谢物处理橄榄果蝇,以改变 "Ca.Erwinia dacicola "滴度,并评估其对宿主的后续影响。所选的代谢物(6-戊基-α-吡喃酮和 harzianic 酸)会直接影响昆虫的体能,也会影响下一代,但并非总是以浓度依赖的方式影响。除了直接影响外,处理还显示出细菌滴度的变化。因此,我们对野生苍蝇个体进行了实时 qPCR 分析,以突出共生菌存在和活性在不同季节的自然变化。所获得的数据表明,生物活性真菌代谢物可在虫害综合防治计划中用于直接或间接控制油菜蝇。
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引用次数: 0
Potential shortfalls of using entomopathogenic fungi for boosting the sterile insect technique to control the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis 利用昆虫病原真菌促进昆虫不育技术控制东方果蝇的潜在不足
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01793-y
Samba Diop, Thierry Brévault, Fatime Dosso, Sohel Ahmad, Emilie Deletre, Simon Fellous, Anais Chailleux

Entomovectoring relies on the dissemination of biocides by insects to control plant pests and diseases. Current research aims at coupling entomovectoring with the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Such boosted-SIT is a promising technique to control the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera, Tephritidae), an invasive pest that dooms African and Asian fruit-producers and is invading Europe. Here, we investigated empirically the potential of boosting the SIT using spores of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Laboratory bioassay confirmed the transmission potential of the fungus from inoculated males to males and females, with subsequent reductions in survival and fecundity. Inoculation, like sterility, nonetheless reduced male mating success. Semi-field tests (i.e., large outdoor cages) revealed greater costs of fungal inoculation on male competitivity than observed in the laboratory. Combined with effects of inoculation on male survival, these costs led to a lower reduction in female reproduction in the presence of inoculated sterile males compared to plain sterile males. As tested here, boosting the SIT with M. anisoplae spores to control B. dorsalis could reduce its efficacy. The encouraging transmission patterns, however, suggest that technical improvements may render the boosted-SIT effective in some, if not all, ecological contexts.

昆虫免疫依靠昆虫传播生物杀灭剂来控制植物病虫害。目前的研究旨在将昆虫媒介与昆虫不育术(SIT)结合起来。这种增强型 SIT 是一种很有前景的技术,可用于控制东方果蝇 Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)(双翅目,Tephritidae)。在此,我们利用昆虫病原真菌 Metarhizium anisopliae 的孢子对增强 SIT 的潜力进行了经验性研究。实验室生物测定证实了真菌从接种的雄虫向雌雄虫传播的可能性,并随之降低了存活率和繁殖力。与不育症一样,接种也会降低雄性的交配成功率。半野外试验(即大型室外笼子)显示,接种真菌对雄性竞争性的影响比实验室观察到的更大。与接种对雄性存活率的影响相结合,这些成本导致接种不育雄性的雌性繁殖率低于普通不育雄性。正如这里所测试的那样,用M. anisoplae孢子增强SIT以控制背甲线虫可能会降低其效果。不过,令人鼓舞的传播模式表明,技术上的改进可能会使增殖 SIT 在某些(如果不是全部)生态环境中有效。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicity and repellent activity of a carlina oxide nanoemulsion toward the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta 氧化卡利纳纳米乳液对南美番茄蛲虫 Tuta absoluta 的毒性和驱避活性
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01785-y
Simona Tortorici, Valeria Zeni, Diego Romano Perinelli, Marta Ferrati, Eleonora Spinozzi, Filippo Maggi, Giovanni Benelli, Roberto Rizzo

Plant essential oil (EO)-based insecticides represent a promising tool for Integrated Pest Management (IPM), though their formulation is limited by poor physicochemical properties. EO encapsulation into stable formulations, like nanoemulsions (NEs), could boost EO efficacy and stability. Carlina acaulis L. roots contain an EO recently studied for its excellent insecticidal activities, and chiefly composed of carlina oxide (> 97%). Herein, we developed two carlina oxide NEs (0.25% and 0.5% w/w) through ultrasounds exposure and characterized them by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The NE insecticidal and repellent activities were tested on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs, larvae, and adults. Nanoemulsions tested showed a monomodal size ditribution and the polydispersity index (PDI) indicaticating a low grade of polydispersity. The 0.25% (w/w) NE showed significant contact toxicity on T. absoluta eggs with high hatching inhibition. 11 days post-treatment. The highest larvicidal effect was observed in translaminar toxicity tests, with complete mortality after 24 h. The NE did not achieve significant oviposition deterrence. Overall, the tested green NE showed promising effectiveness as ovicide and larvicide on T. absoluta, highlighting the need of further research to shed light on its modes of action, as well as to evaluate lethal and sublethal effects on tomato biological control agents and pollinators.

以植物精油(EO)为基础的杀虫剂是一种很有前途的虫害综合防治(IPM)工具,但其配方因理化性质差而受到限制。将植物精油封装成稳定的制剂,如纳米乳剂(NEs),可以提高植物精油的功效和稳定性。Carlina acaulis L.根部含有一种环氧乙烷,最近研究发现它具有极佳的杀虫活性,主要成分是氧化卡利纳(> 97%)。在此,我们通过超声波照射开发了两种卡利纳氧化物 NE(0.25% 和 0.5% w/w),并通过动态光散射(DLS)对其进行了表征。测试了 NE 对 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (鳞翅目:Gelechiidae)卵、幼虫和成虫的杀虫和驱虫活性。测试结果表明,纳米乳剂的粒度分布呈单峰状,多分散指数(PDI)表明其具有较低的多分散性。0.25%(w/w)的 NE 对 T. absoluta 的卵有明显的接触毒性,对孵化有较高的抑制作用。处理后 11 天。在层间毒性试验中观察到的杀幼虫效果最高,24 小时后幼虫完全死亡。总之,所测试的绿色 NE 显示出对 T. absoluta 具有良好的杀卵和杀幼虫效果,这表明有必要进一步研究其作用模式,并评估其对番茄生物防治媒介和授粉昆虫的致死和亚致死效应。
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引用次数: 0
Gustatory habituation to essential oil induces reduced feeding deterrence and neuronal desensitization in Spodoptera litura 对香精油的味觉习惯会降低鞘翅目昆虫的摄食阻遏和神经元脱敏作用
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01794-x
Hyoeun Jeon, Jun-Hyung Tak

The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, is one of the most important agricultural insect pests. Plant essential oils can be considered potential candidates for eco-friendly control agents, as they exhibit insecticidal and feeding deterrent activity. The present study investigated the antifeedant and insecticidal activity of 29 essential oils. Their potential for habituation and association with the gustatory sensilla were also examined. In no-choice tests and contact-fumigation bioassays on third instar larvae, clove bud, fennel sweet, and lemongrass oils exhibited notable activities. Still, no direct correlation between insecticidal activity and feeding deterrence was observed. Second instar larvae were pre-exposed to those active oils to test the habituation effect. Larvae reared with lemongrass and clove bud oils showed gustatory habituation, whereas those with fennel sweet oil did not show any desensitization compared to the control. Comparable outcomes were observed in individuals exposed to the main constituents of the three oils. Additionally, the mixture of fennel sweet and clove bud oils showed a synergistic feeding deterrent effect. However, although statistically insignificant, potential habituation for the mixture was observed, and only robust inhibition of habituation was expected at physiologically high concentrations (FDI90 + FDI90). Electrophysiological studies showed that the response of the maxillary palp to citral decreased in the experienced group, while to trans-anethole, it was maintained at levels similar to the naive group. The reduction in feeding deterrence corresponded to the repeated exposure and desensitization of the maxillary palp, varying with the types of essential oils.

烟草切割虫(Spodoptera litura)是最重要的农业害虫之一。植物精油具有杀虫和阻止取食的活性,可被视为生态友好型控制剂的潜在候选物质。本研究调查了 29 种植物精油的反食性和杀虫活性。同时还考察了它们的习性潜力以及与味觉感受器的关联。在对三龄幼虫进行的无选择试验和接触熏蒸生物测定中,丁香芽、茴香甜和柠檬草精油表现出了显著的活性。不过,并未观察到杀虫活性与摄食阻遏之间的直接关联。二龄幼虫预先接触了这些活性油,以测试习惯效应。与对照组相比,用柠檬草油和丁香芽油饲养的幼虫表现出了味觉习惯,而用茴香甜油饲养的幼虫则没有表现出任何脱敏现象。在接触这三种油的主要成分的个体中也观察到了类似的结果。此外,茴香甜油和丁香芽油的混合物还显示出协同的摄食阻吓效果。不过,尽管在统计学上并不显著,但还是观察到了混合物的潜在习性,而且只有在生理浓度较高(FDI90 + FDI90)时才会对习性产生强有力的抑制作用。电生理学研究表明,有经验组的上颚对柠檬醛的反应降低,而对反式茴香醚的反应则维持在与无经验组相似的水平。摄食阻吓的降低与反复接触和上颚脱敏有关,因精油的种类而异。
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引用次数: 0
Indirect effects of plasma-activated water irrigation on Tetranychus urticae populations 等离子体活化水灌溉对荨麻四螨(Tetranychus urticae)种群的间接影响
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01791-0
Patrice Jacob Savi, Anil Mantri, Haleh Khodaverdi, Yugeng Zou, Gilberto José de Moraes, Christian Nansen

Plasma-activated water (PAW) is receiving increased attention as a booster of seed germination and seedling vigor, and some studies have described use of PAW to manage crop pathogens. Here, we examined physicochemical properties of two PAWs (referred to as PAW 6.0 and 9.4 min with atmospheric plasma jet) and assessed “their indirect effects” (applied as supplementary irrigation) on host suitability of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Exposure of water to cold plasma significantly lowered pH and increased concentrations of H2O2, NO2, and NO3. Supplementary PAW irrigations elicited significant increases in leaf composition of several elements (N, P, K S, Ca, and Mg), leaf reflectance, plant size, and trichome densities (except non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial surface). Preference bioassays revealed significant avoidance of settling and reduced oviposition by two-spotted spider mites on leaf discs from PAW-irrigated plants compared to those from untreated control plants. Performance bioassays showed a significant decrease in two-spotted spider mite populations on PAW-irrigated plants. Results presented in this study provide comprehensive support to the hypothesis that indirect effects of supplementary PAW irrigation significantly reduce host plant suitability to two-spotted spider mites. PAW 6.0 may be slightly better than PAW 9.4, and this difference in performance is discussed in this study. Applications of PAW as supplementary irrigation are likely highly compatible with other IPM tactics and should be considered an innovative and sustainable component in twenty-first-century pest management.

等离子体活化水(PAW)作为种子萌发和秧苗活力的促进剂正受到越来越多的关注,一些研究也描述了等离子体活化水在管理作物病原体方面的应用。在此,我们研究了两种活化水(分别称为 6.0 和 9.4 分钟大气等离子喷射活化水)的理化特性,并评估了它们(作为补充灌溉)对番茄植物(Solanum lycopersicum L.)寄主对二斑蜘蛛螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch)的适应性的 "间接影响"。水暴露于冷血浆中会显著降低 pH 值,增加 H2O2、NO2- 和 NO3-的浓度。补充 PAW 灌溉能显著增加叶片中几种元素的组成(氮、磷、钾、钙和镁)、叶片反射率、植株大小和毛状体密度(正面的非腺体毛状体除外)。偏好生物测定显示,与未处理的对照植物的叶盘相比,二斑蜘蛛螨在 PAW 灌溉植物的叶盘上明显避免沉降并减少产卵。性能生物测定显示,PAW 灌溉植物上的二斑蜘蛛螨数量明显减少。本研究的结果全面支持了以下假设:PAW 补充灌溉的间接效果会显著降低寄主植物对二斑蛛螨的适应性。PAW 6.0 可能略优于 PAW 9.4,本研究对这种性能差异进行了讨论。施用 PAW 作为补充灌溉可能与其他虫害综合防治策略高度兼容,应被视为 21 世纪虫害管理的创新和可持续组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of imidacloprid on Orius similis: assessing growth, development, and reproduction through age-stage two-sex life table analysis under contact and stomach toxicity treatments 吡虫啉对黄鹂的影响:在接触毒性和胃毒性处理下,通过年龄阶段双性生命表分析评估生长、发育和繁殖情况
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01790-1
Bo Zhang, Yi-Ru Li, Jin-Long Zhang, Guo-Hua Chen, Nian Yang, Ji-Huan Liu, Guo-Ting Yuan, Xiao-Ming Zhang

Although the use of chemical insecticides to control Frankliniella occidentalis is widespread, it may also affect its dominant predators such as Orius similis. To understand the consequences of imidacloprid on the growth, development, and reproduction of O. similis, we investigated its toxicity and selected the concentrations of LC10 and LC20 for both contact and stomach toxicity tests. Using the age-stage two-sex life table theory, we evaluated the impact of imidacloprid on the life table of the O. similis population. The results showed that the LC10 and LC20 values for each developmental stage of O. similis were lower under contact treatment than those under stomach toxicity treatment. After treatment with imidacloprid, the average oviposition by O. similis decreased compared to the control, and the net reproductive rate, gross reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase were also lower than the control. The results also indicated that the peak value of age-stage-specific fecundity of O. similis was delayed by 1–2 days after imidacloprid treatment. Predictions for population growth of O. similis under unrestricted conditions showed that at 60 days, the population size of the control treatment was 2.06 times and 3.20 times that of LC10 contact and stomach toxicity treatment, respectively. For LC20 concentration, the control treatment's population size was 2.75 times and 3.87 times, respectively. Exposure to imidacloprid at different concentrations and treatment with contact and stomach toxicity had adverse effects on the growth and population growth of O. similis. Under imidacloprid stomach toxicity treatment, O. similis showed longer growth time and a slower population growth rate, indicating strong adaptability to the contact environment.

尽管使用化学杀虫剂来控制扁平伯劳鸟的现象非常普遍,但这也可能会影响到扁平伯劳鸟的主要天敌,如雏鸟。为了了解吡虫啉对褐马鸡(O. similis)生长、发育和繁殖的影响,我们研究了吡虫啉的毒性,并选择了LC10和LC20浓度进行接触毒性和胃毒性试验。利用年龄-阶段双性生命表理论,我们评估了吡虫啉对O. similis种群生命表的影响。结果表明,在接触处理下,褐飞虱各发育阶段的LC10和LC20值均低于在胃毒处理下的LC10和LC20值。经吡虫啉处理后,O. similis的平均产卵量与对照组相比有所下降,净繁殖率、总繁殖率、内在增长率和有限增长率也低于对照组。研究结果还表明,吡虫啉处理后,O. similis各龄繁殖率的峰值推迟了1-2天。在不受限制的条件下,对O. similis种群增长的预测表明,60天时,对照处理的种群数量分别是LC10接触处理和胃毒处理的2.06倍和3.20倍。在 LC20 浓度下,对照处理的种群数量分别是其 2.75 倍和 3.87 倍。暴露于不同浓度的吡虫啉以及接触和胃毒处理会对褐马鸡的生长和种群增长产生不利影响。在吡虫啉胃毒处理下,O. similis的生长时间较长,种群增长速度较慢,表明其对接触环境的适应性较强;在吡虫啉胃毒处理下,O. similis的生长时间较长,种群增长速度较慢,表明其对接触环境的适应性较强。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Pest Science
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