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Proceedings 2003. Design Automation Conference (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37451)最新文献

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A static pattern-independent technique for power grid voltage integrity verification 电网电压完整性验证的静态模式无关技术
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775861
D. Kouroussis, F. Najm
Design verification must be included the power grid. Checking that the voltage on the power grid does not drop by more than some critical threshold is a very difficult problem, for at least two reasons: 1. the obviously large size of the power grids for modern high-performance chips, and 2. the difficulty of setting up the right simulation conditions for the power grid that provide some measure of a realistic worst case voltage drop. The huge number of possible circuit operational modes or workloads makes it impossible to do exhaustive analysis. We propose a static technique for power grid verification, where static is in the sense of static timing analysis, meaning that it does not depend on, nor require, user-specified stimulus to drive a simulation. The verification is posed as an optimization problem under user-supplied current constraints. We propose that current constraints are the right kind of abstraction to use in order to develop a practical methodology for power grid verification. We present our verification approach, and report on the results of applying it to a number of test-case power grids
设计验证必须包括电网。检查电网上的电压下降不超过某个临界阈值是一个非常困难的问题,原因至少有两个:1。现代高性能芯片的电网尺寸明显较大;为电网设置正确的模拟条件以提供一些实际最坏情况下电压降的测量的困难。大量可能的电路工作模式或工作负载使得不可能进行详尽的分析。我们提出了一种用于电网验证的静态技术,其中静态是在静态时序分析的意义上,这意味着它不依赖也不需要用户指定的刺激来驱动仿真。验证是在用户提供的电流约束下的优化问题。我们认为当前的约束是一种正确的抽象,可以用来开发电网验证的实用方法。我们提出了我们的验证方法,并报告了将其应用于一些测试用例电网的结果
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引用次数: 87
A scan BIST generation method using a Markov source and partial bit-fixing 一种利用马尔可夫源和部分位固定的扫描BIST生成方法
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775974
Wei Li, Chaowen Yu, S. Reddy, I. Pomeranz
Recently, Markov sources were shown to be effective in designing pseudo-random test pattern generators with low area overhead for built-in self-test of scan designs. This paper presents a new test pattern generation scheme based on a Markov source and a partial bit-fixing technique. A new method is proposed for the computation of the state transition probabilities of the Markov source based on the statistics of a deterministic test set. This is enhanced by partial bit-fixing logic, which fixes a group of consecutive inputs to all-0 or all-1. Experimental results show that the proposed BIST scheme can achieve 100% fault coverage for large benchmark circuits with reduced hardware overhead and reduced pattern counts compared to the earlier method using Markov sources.
近年来,马尔可夫源被证明可以有效地设计低面积开销的伪随机测试图形发生器,用于扫描设计的内置自检。提出了一种新的基于马尔可夫源和部分位固定技术的测试模式生成方案。提出了一种基于确定性测试集统计量计算马尔可夫源状态转移概率的新方法。部分位固定逻辑增强了这一点,它将一组连续输入固定为全0或全1。实验结果表明,与先前使用马尔可夫源的方法相比,所提出的BIST方案可以实现100%的大型基准电路故障覆盖率,并且减少了硬件开销和模式计数。
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引用次数: 20
Energy-aware design techniques for differential power analysis protection 差动功率分析保护的节能设计技术
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775845
L. Benini, A. Macii, E. Macii, Elvira Omerbegovic, Fabrizio Pro, M. Poncino
Differential power analysis is a very effective cryptanalysis technique that extracts information on secret keys by monitoring instantaneous power consumption of cryptoprocessors. To protect against differential power analysis, power supply noise is added in cryptographic computations, at the price of an increase in power consumption. We present a technique, based on well-known power-reducing transformations coupled with randomized clock gating, that introduces a significant amount of scrambling in the power profile without increasing (and, in some cases, by even reducing) circuit power consumption.
差分功耗分析是一种非常有效的密码分析技术,它通过监测密码处理器的瞬时功耗来提取密钥信息。为了防止差分功率分析,在加密计算中加入电源噪声,其代价是增加功耗。我们提出了一种技术,基于众所周知的降低功率的变换加上随机时钟门控,在不增加(在某些情况下,甚至减少)电路功耗的情况下,在功率分布中引入了大量的置乱。
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引用次数: 90
Distributed sleep transistors network for power reduction 用于降低功耗的分布式睡眠晶体管网络
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1109/DAC.2003.1218937
C. Long, Lei He
Sleep transistors are effective to reduce dynamic and leakage power. The cluster-based design was proposed to reduce the sleep transistor area by clustering gates to minimize the simultaneous switching current per cluster and then inserting a sleep transistor per cluster. In the paper, we propose a novel distributed sleep transistor network (DSTN), and show that DSTN is intrinsically better than the cluster-based design in terms of the sleep transistor area and circuit performance. We reveal properties of optimal DSTN designs, and then develop an efficient algorithm for gate level DSTN synthesis. The algorithm obtains DSTN designs with up to 70.7% sleep transistor area reduction compared to cluster-based designs. Furthermore, we present custom layout designs to verify the area reduction by DSTN.
休眠晶体管可以有效地降低动态功率和泄漏功率。提出了一种基于簇的设计方法,通过簇化栅极使每簇同时开关电流最小,然后在每簇插入一个休眠晶体管,从而减小休眠晶体管面积。本文提出了一种新的分布式睡眠晶体管网络(DSTN),并证明了DSTN在睡眠晶体管面积和电路性能方面本质上优于基于簇的设计。我们揭示了最优DSTN设计的特性,并在此基础上提出了一种门级DSTN合成的有效算法。该算法获得的DSTN设计与基于簇的设计相比,睡眠晶体管面积减少高达70.7%。此外,我们提出了自定义布局设计来验证DSTN的面积减少。
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引用次数: 156
State-based power analysis for systems-on-chip 基于状态的片上系统功耗分析
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775992
R. Bergamaschi, Yunjian Jiang
Early power analysis for systems-on-chip (SoC) is crucial for determining the appropriate packaging and cost. This early analysis commonly relies on evaluating power formulas for all cores for multiple configurations of voltage, frequency, technology and application parameters, which is a tedious and error-prone process. This work presents a methodology and algorithms for automating the power analysis of SoCs. Given the power state machines for individual cores, this work defines the product power state machine for the whole SoC and uses formal symbolic simulation algorithms for traversing and computing the minimum and maximum power dissipated by sets of power states in the SoC.
片上系统(SoC)的早期功耗分析对于确定合适的封装和成本至关重要。这种早期分析通常依赖于评估所有内核在多种电压、频率、技术和应用参数配置下的功率公式,这是一个繁琐且容易出错的过程。这项工作提出了一种自动化soc功率分析的方法和算法。考虑到单个内核的功率状态机,本工作定义了整个SoC的产品功率状态机,并使用正式的符号模拟算法来遍历和计算SoC中功率状态集消耗的最小和最大功率。
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引用次数: 46
Force directed Mongrel with physical net constraints 力导向的杂种与物理网约束
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775888
Sungwoo Hur, Tung Cao, K. Rajagopal, Yegna Parasuram, Amit Chowdhary, V. Tiourin, Bill Halpin
This paper describes a new force directed global placement algorithm that exploits and extends techniques from two leading placers, force-directed according to H. Eisenmann and F.M. Johannes (1998) and T. Cao et al. (2003) and Mongrel by S. Hur and J. Lillis (2000). It combines the strengths of force directed global placement with Mongrel's cell congestion removal to significantly improve the quality of placement during the difficult overlap removal stage of global placement. This is accomplished by using the spreading force in according to H. Eisenmann and F. M. Johannes (1998) to direct and control Mongrel's ripple move optimization. This new placer is called force directed Mongrel (FD-Mongrel). FD-Mongrel also incorporates physical net constraints according to T. Cao et al. (2003), and improves the congestion model for sparse placements. We propose a new placement flow that uses a limited number of the spreading iterations of generic global placement by H. Eisenmann and F. M. Johannes (1998) to form a preliminary global placement. We then use the new FD-Mongrel described in this paper to remove cell overlaps, while meeting net constraints and optimizing wirelength. We present results on wirelength as well as timing driven placement flows.
本文描述了一种新的力导向全局放置算法,该算法利用并扩展了两种领先的放置技术,即H. Eisenmann和F.M. Johannes(1998)以及T. Cao等人(2003)的力导向技术,以及S. Hur和J. Lillis(2000)的Mongrel。它结合了力定向全局布局的优势和Mongrel的蜂窝拥塞去除,在全局布局的困难重叠去除阶段显著提高了布局质量。根据H. Eisenmann和F. M. Johannes(1998)的说法,这是通过使用扩展力来指导和控制Mongrel的涟漪移动优化来实现的。这种新的砂矿被称为力定向混合砂矿(FD-Mongrel)。根据T. Cao等人(2003),FD-Mongrel还纳入了物理网络约束,并改进了稀疏位置的拥塞模型。我们提出了一种新的安置流程,该流程使用H. Eisenmann和F. M. Johannes(1998)的通用全局安置的有限数量的传播迭代来形成初步的全局安置。然后,我们使用本文中描述的新的FD-Mongrel来去除单元重叠,同时满足网络约束并优化无线长度。我们提出的结果在无线以及定时驱动的安置流。
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引用次数: 31
Accurate timing analysis by modeling caches, speculation and their interaction 通过模拟缓存、推测及其相互作用进行精确的时序分析
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1109/DAC.2003.1219046
Xianfeng Li, T. Mitra, Abhik Roychoudhury
Schedulability analysis of real-time embedded systems requires worst case timing guarantees of embedded software performance. This involves not only language level program analysis, but also modeling the effects of complex micro-architectural features in modern processors. Speculative execution and caching are very common in current processors. Hence one needs to model the effects of these features on the Worst Case Execution (WCET) of a program. Even though the individual effects of these features have been studied recently, their combined effects have not been investigated. We do so in this paper. This is a non-trivial task because speculative execution can indirectly affect cache performance (e.g., speculatively executed blocks can cause additional cache misses). Our technique starts from the control flow graph of the embedded program, and uses integer linear programming to estimate the program's WCET. The accuracy of our modeling is illustrated by tight estimates obtained on realistic benchmarks.
实时嵌入式系统的可调度性分析需要嵌入式软件性能的最坏情况定时保证。这不仅涉及语言级别的程序分析,还涉及对现代处理器中复杂微体系结构特征的影响进行建模。推测执行和缓存在当前处理器中非常常见。因此,需要对这些特性对程序的最坏情况执行(WCET)的影响进行建模。尽管最近已经研究了这些特征的个别影响,但尚未研究它们的综合影响。我们在本文中这样做。这是一个非常重要的任务,因为推测执行会间接影响缓存性能(例如,推测执行的块会导致额外的缓存丢失)。我们的技术从嵌入式程序的控制流程图出发,使用整数线性规划来估计程序的WCET。我们的模型的准确性通过在现实基准上获得的严格估计来说明。
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引用次数: 31
COT - customer owned trouble 客户自有的麻烦
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775858
R. Dahlberg, S. Rawat, J. Bernier, G. Gloski, Aurangzeb Khan, K. Patel, P. Ruddy, N. Sherwani, R. Vasishta
Increasingly, system houses are attracted to the customer-owned tooling (COT) model to gain more control of their schedules and costs. COT project risk and cost are high, often seeming more like customer owned "trouble," so the design team needs to be expertly prepared. The pathways to implement a COT design include (a) Manage the sourcing (internal or third party resources) of individual supply chain and cost reduction functions; (b) Use an integrated design-to-parts service; or (c) A hybrid of these two extremes. This panel will consider the pros and cons for each approach.
越来越多的系统公司被客户拥有的工具(COT)模型所吸引,以获得对其时间表和成本的更多控制。COT项目的风险和成本很高,通常看起来更像是客户自己的“麻烦”,因此设计团队需要熟练地做好准备。实施COT设计的途径包括(a)管理单个供应链的采购(内部或第三方资源)和降低成本的功能;(b)采用从设计到零件的综合服务;(c)这两种极端的混合。本小组将考虑每种方法的优缺点。
{"title":"COT - customer owned trouble","authors":"R. Dahlberg, S. Rawat, J. Bernier, G. Gloski, Aurangzeb Khan, K. Patel, P. Ruddy, N. Sherwani, R. Vasishta","doi":"10.1145/775832.775858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/775832.775858","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly, system houses are attracted to the customer-owned tooling (COT) model to gain more control of their schedules and costs. COT project risk and cost are high, often seeming more like customer owned \"trouble,\" so the design team needs to be expertly prepared. The pathways to implement a COT design include (a) Manage the sourcing (internal or third party resources) of individual supply chain and cost reduction functions; (b) Use an integrated design-to-parts service; or (c) A hybrid of these two extremes. This panel will consider the pros and cons for each approach.","PeriodicalId":167477,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2003. Design Automation Conference (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37451)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115418217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Scalable modeling and optimization of mode transitions based on decoupled power management architecture 基于解耦电源管理架构的模式转换可扩展建模与优化
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775866
Dexin Li, Q. Xie, P. Chou
To save energy, many power management policies rely on issuing mode-change commands to the components of the system. Efforts to date have focused on how these policies interact with the external workload. However, the energy savings are ultimately limited by the set of power-saving modes available to the power manager. This paper proposes new power-saving opportunities to existing system-level power managers by handling each desired mode change in terms of an optimal sequence of mode transitions involving multiple components. We employ algorithms to optimize these transition sequences in polynomial time, making them applicable to static and dynamic policies. The decoupling between policies and mechanisms also makes this approach modular and scalable to devices with complex modes and intricate dependencies on other devices in the system. Experimental results show significant energy savings due to these sequentialized mode-change opportunities that would otherwise be difficult to discover manually even by experienced designers.
为了节省能源,许多电源管理策略依赖于向系统组件发出模式更改命令。迄今为止的工作重点是这些策略如何与外部工作负载相互作用。然而,节能最终受到电源管理器可用的节能模式集的限制。本文为现有的系统级电源管理器提供了新的节能机会,通过根据涉及多个组件的最佳模式转换顺序处理每个所需的模式转换。我们使用算法在多项式时间内优化这些转换序列,使它们适用于静态和动态策略。策略和机制之间的解耦还使这种方法模块化,并可扩展到具有复杂模式和对系统中其他设备的复杂依赖关系的设备。实验结果表明,由于这些顺序的模式改变机会,即使是经验丰富的设计人员也很难手工发现,因此可以节省大量的能源。
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引用次数: 11
Computation of noise spectral density in switched capacitor circuits using the mixed-frequency-time technique 用混合频时技术计算开关电容电路中的噪声谱密度
Pub Date : 2003-06-02 DOI: 10.1145/775832.775968
V. Vasudevan, M. Ramakrishna
A time-domain algorithm for computation of the noise power spectral density (PSD) is proposed by V. Vasudevan. When applied to periodically varying circuits, this formulation requires efficient methods to obtain the quasi-periodic steady-state solution of a set of linear time-varying ordinary differential equations. We use both the mixed frequency-time technique (MFT) and the shooting Newton method for this computation. We show that, at each frequency for which the spectral density is sought, MFT requires only two integrations over the duration of the clock period. The results are compared with published experimental and computed data.
V. Vasudevan提出了一种时域噪声功率谱密度(PSD)计算算法。当应用于周期变化电路时,需要有效的方法来获得一组线性时变常微分方程的准周期稳态解。我们使用混合频时技术(MFT)和射击牛顿法进行计算。我们表明,在寻求谱密度的每个频率上,MFT只需要在时钟周期内进行两次积分。结果与已发表的实验和计算数据进行了比较。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Proceedings 2003. Design Automation Conference (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37451)
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