Background: Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD) is a prevalent condition in childhood. Children with enuresis often exhibit delayed maturation of the motor cortex and disruptions in sensory-motor integration, suggesting possible deficits in the acquisition of gross motor skills. However, this association remains underexplored in literature. This cross-sectional observational study had two primary objectives: (1) to compare the gross motor performance of school-aged children with and without lower LUTD; and (2) to examine whether LUTD diagnosis, lower limb strength, body mass index (BMI), age, and sex were associated with gross motor performance in these children. The secondary objective was to compare lower limb strength, BMI, age, and sex between children with and without LUTD.
Methods: A total of 77 neurotypical schoolchildren aged 5-11 years were recruited from local schools and stratified into two groups: The LUTD group (LUTD-G; n = 34), identified through the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System, and a control group (Control-G; n = 43) composed of asymptomatic children. Gross motor skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition yielding a Gross Motor Index (GMI), and lower limb strength was evaluated via horizontal jump test. Sociodemographic characteristics, BMI, physical activity levels, and urinary habits were also assessed.
Results: The sample was predominantly female (63.64 %), white (57.14 %) and within the normal BMI range (55.84 %). The two groups were comparable in sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity levels, and urinary habits. However, children in the LUTD-G showed significantly lower GMI scores (p < 0.001) and lower limb strength (p = 0.024) than the Control-G. Regression analysis identified LUTD (β = -0.62, p < 0.001) and lower limb strength (β = 0.41, p < 0.001) as the stronger predictors of gross motor performance, with age (β = -0.31, p = 0.002) and sex (β = 0.20, p = 0.036) also contributing to the model.
Conclusion: Children with LUTD exhibited marked deficits in gross motor performance and lower limb strength, reinforcing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals. These findings highlight the importance of integrating motor assessments into LUTD evaluation protocols and support a comprehensive, functional approach to improve both urinary and motor outcomes in affected children.

