Pub Date : 2018-10-23DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600-C11-083
B. Sapkota
{"title":"Nutritional factors associated with obesity among 15-19 year’s Nepalese adolescents","authors":"B. Sapkota","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600-C11-083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600-C11-083","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76474517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-18DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000733
S. Stephenson, A. Cunliffe
Abstract There is a global non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus epidemic, and through understanding the foetal origins of the disease it may become possible to impact the development of the disease. During pregnancy a foetus is entirely dependent on nutrients supplied by the mother via the placenta, meaning alterations to the composition or quantity of maternal nutrition can lead to infants being born with low birth weights. Low birth weight is classified as a weight at birth of ≤ 2.5 kg by the World Health Organisation. In 1990 Dr. David Barker published the “foetal origins of adult disease” hypothesis in order to explain the observed epidemiological relationship between birth-weight and future disease development. It is now understood that alterations to gene expression occurring during foetal development, can then go on to increase the risk developing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in adulthood. However, the exact mechanisms through which this takes place remains unclear. The events during development which result in diminished foetal growth are multifactorial. A foetus’s maximal growth potential is determined genetically, however maternal nutrition both pre and post conception is capable of influencing growth trajectory. This review will examine the existing body of evidence regarding the role of adaptive changes occurring during foetal development in relation to the subsequent development of NIDDM in adulthood. As well as considering the potential mechanisms through which these events could be mediated.
{"title":"Foetal developmental origins of adult onset non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus","authors":"S. Stephenson, A. Cunliffe","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600.1000733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000733","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is a global non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus epidemic, and through understanding the foetal origins of the disease it may become possible to impact the development of the disease. During pregnancy a foetus is entirely dependent on nutrients supplied by the mother via the placenta, meaning alterations to the composition or quantity of maternal nutrition can lead to infants being born with low birth weights. Low birth weight is classified as a weight at birth of ≤ 2.5 kg by the World Health Organisation. In 1990 Dr. David Barker published the “foetal origins of adult disease” hypothesis in order to explain the observed epidemiological relationship between birth-weight and future disease development. It is now understood that alterations to gene expression occurring during foetal development, can then go on to increase the risk developing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in adulthood. However, the exact mechanisms through which this takes place remains unclear. The events during development which result in diminished foetal growth are multifactorial. A foetus’s maximal growth potential is determined genetically, however maternal nutrition both pre and post conception is capable of influencing growth trajectory. This review will examine the existing body of evidence regarding the role of adaptive changes occurring during foetal development in relation to the subsequent development of NIDDM in adulthood. As well as considering the potential mechanisms through which these events could be mediated.","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83705822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-25DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600-c7-070
pGary D Stonerp
{"title":"Black raspberries for prevention of aerodigestive tract cancers","authors":"pGary D Stonerp","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600-c7-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600-c7-070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87676786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-25DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000734
M. Menapace
There are many nutritional substances that humans consume on a daily basis: water, carbohydrates lipids and proteins are main biochemical components of food. But others in a smaller amount are vitamins minerals and enzymes. At a possibly lesser quantity are glycans and miRNAs. The presence of oligoglycans in all food sources has been an established fact for many years. These special carbohydrates are present as glycoconjugates (glycoproteins or glycolipids) in and on the surface of all the cells (glycocalyx) of all organisms that we eat and remain intact through the GI tract as we lack the enzymatic repertoire of the human body to unbind their particular β-linkages. Glycans bind to naturally present human lectins (through protein-carbohydrate interactions), but also with other human glycans (through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, or CCI). Moreover, these glycans, like fibres, are digested by the gut microbiota that resides within the intestine. As our biochemistry shapes the composition of the microbiome, so does the composition of glycans and foods that we consume, triggering biological responses. miRNAs are small, single-stranded, 19- to 23- nucleotide-long RNA molecules and affect the stability of messenger RNA (mRNA) influencing protein synthesis. miRNAs are also present in foods and act on both the microbial composition in our gut and may be absorbed by the walls of the GI tract, demonstrating resistance to food processing and enzymatic attack. Though still a topic of controversy, these small, noncoding RNAs that control gene expression may directly enter into the circulating miRNA population of dietary exogenous miRNAs. It can hence be possible to identify a relationship between glycans and miRNAs in food on one side, microbiota composition on the other and the resultant health status of the host (immune system), on the third side.
{"title":"Recent Advances In Nutritional Sciences: An Overview Of Glycans And MiRNAs","authors":"M. Menapace","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600.1000734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000734","url":null,"abstract":"There are many nutritional substances that humans consume on a daily basis: water, carbohydrates lipids and proteins are main biochemical components of food. But others in a smaller amount are vitamins minerals and enzymes. At a possibly lesser quantity are glycans and miRNAs. The presence of oligoglycans in all food sources has been an established fact for many years. These special carbohydrates are present as glycoconjugates (glycoproteins or glycolipids) in and on the surface of all the cells (glycocalyx) of all organisms that we eat and remain intact through the GI tract as we lack the enzymatic repertoire of the human body to unbind their particular β-linkages. Glycans bind to naturally present human lectins (through protein-carbohydrate interactions), but also with other human glycans (through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, or CCI). Moreover, these glycans, like fibres, are digested by the gut microbiota that resides within the intestine. As our biochemistry shapes the composition of the microbiome, so does the composition of glycans and foods that we consume, triggering biological responses. miRNAs are small, single-stranded, 19- to 23- nucleotide-long RNA molecules and affect the stability of messenger RNA (mRNA) influencing protein synthesis. miRNAs are also present in foods and act on both the microbial composition in our gut and may be absorbed by the walls of the GI tract, demonstrating resistance to food processing and enzymatic attack. Though still a topic of controversy, these small, noncoding RNAs that control gene expression may directly enter into the circulating miRNA population of dietary exogenous miRNAs. It can hence be possible to identify a relationship between glycans and miRNAs in food on one side, microbiota composition on the other and the resultant health status of the host (immune system), on the third side.","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91373929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-13DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600-c7-072
Ryoko Wada, Nami Yamamoto, Noriko Komagome, M. Mineki
{"title":"Dysphagia diet for elderly prepared by Espuma method","authors":"Ryoko Wada, Nami Yamamoto, Noriko Komagome, M. Mineki","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600-c7-072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600-c7-072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75721318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600-c4-061
K. Leung
{"title":"Conjugated linolenic acid as a functional food: Studies on its anti-tumor and anti-allergic activities","authors":"K. Leung","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600-c4-061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600-c4-061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77458459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-21DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000707
Z. A. Mahar, G. Q. Shar, B. Lal, Z. Solangi
Samples of date fruit was collected from Khairpur Mir’s district and examined for antioxidant activity, for this purpose extract was prepared in different diluents like Methanol+Water (50:50), methanol and water by using DPPH assay. It was observed from data that all the extract have impressive antioxidant ability against free radicals. Among them solution have more ability to ramp the free radicals. From data, it was concluded that Gajar Wari is more active as it possess lowest IC50 value (20.022 µg/mL in Methanol) then rest of other date varieties at final stage in solution as well as Aseel variety also possesses lowest IC50 value (18.33 µg/mL), there for have more ability against free radicals in methanol at second stage.
{"title":"Free Radical Scavenging Potency of Five Date Varieties at Different Stages by Using DPPH Assay","authors":"Z. A. Mahar, G. Q. Shar, B. Lal, Z. Solangi","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600.1000707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000707","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of date fruit was collected from Khairpur Mir’s district and examined for antioxidant activity, for this purpose extract was prepared in different diluents like Methanol+Water (50:50), methanol and water by using DPPH assay. It was observed from data that all the extract have impressive antioxidant ability against free radicals. Among them solution have more ability to ramp the free radicals. From data, it was concluded that Gajar Wari is more active as it possess lowest IC50 value (20.022 µg/mL in Methanol) then rest of other date varieties at final stage in solution as well as Aseel variety also possesses lowest IC50 value (18.33 µg/mL), there for have more ability against free radicals in methanol at second stage.","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73007262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-31DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000702
G. Farello, F. Patrizi, R. Tambucci, A. Verrotti
Over the last decades obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has increased dramatically and coincidentally the well-established comorbidities associated with the excess body weight have become a major health challenge worldwide. Despite intensive lifestyle modifications, patients severely obese might warrant adjunctive interventions. Although, antiobesity pharmacotherapy is emerging as a promising adjunctive strategy for adults who fail to respond to behavioral strategies, most of agents are not licensed for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss possible mechanisms by which drugs lead to weight loss and to summarize data concerning FDA-approved anti-obesity focusing on relatively small body of evidence concerning pharmacological options for managing pediatric obesity. Lifestyle and behavioral interventions remain the mainstream of the obesity treatment in children, but adjunctive pharmacotherapy may be beneficial in some patients. Although well-designed clinical trials are needed to properly evaluate safety and efficacy of anti-obesity drugs in children and adolescents, pediatricians dealing with obesity should know what drugs are available. Early identification, during childhood, of individuals who most likely respond favorably to a specific anti-obesity agent will be possibly more efficacious in addressing the global obesity epidemic, than pharmacotherapies started in older ages.
{"title":"Drug Therapy of Childhood Obesity","authors":"G. Farello, F. Patrizi, R. Tambucci, A. Verrotti","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600.1000702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000702","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decades obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has increased dramatically and coincidentally the well-established comorbidities associated with the excess body weight have become a major health challenge worldwide. Despite intensive lifestyle modifications, patients severely obese might warrant adjunctive interventions. Although, antiobesity pharmacotherapy is emerging as a promising adjunctive strategy for adults who fail to respond to behavioral strategies, most of agents are not licensed for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. \u0000The aim of this narrative review is to discuss possible mechanisms by which drugs lead to weight loss and to summarize data concerning FDA-approved anti-obesity focusing on relatively small body of evidence concerning pharmacological options for managing pediatric obesity. \u0000Lifestyle and behavioral interventions remain the mainstream of the obesity treatment in children, but adjunctive pharmacotherapy may be beneficial in some patients. Although well-designed clinical trials are needed to properly evaluate safety and efficacy of anti-obesity drugs in children and adolescents, pediatricians dealing with obesity should know what drugs are available. Early identification, during childhood, of individuals who most likely respond favorably to a specific anti-obesity agent will be possibly more efficacious in addressing the global obesity epidemic, than pharmacotherapies started in older ages.","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"69 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86833249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-31DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000704
S. Siebeneicher, J. Deaton, Anamaria Cuentas
Introduction: Supplemental enzymes are becoming increasingly used in the food industry. Consequently, they also need to be analyzed for gluten due to labeling reasons for food manufacturers to provide food allergen detection. Gluten is analyzed by using a Sandwich ELISA using the R5 antibody. However, sandwich ELISAs are not suitable for the analysis of fragmented gluten since detection is based on the size of the fragments. As a result, competitive R5 ELISAs have been implemented for use. When a competitive ELISA is used to analyze enzymes without gluten, the results for gluten contamination are very high and its cause is unknown. It has been suggested that the enzymes destroy antibodies of the test format and therefore false positive results are obtained. This study aimed to investigate if the competitive ELISA can be used for the gluten analysis in supplemental enzymes by the adaption of the extraction method. Methods: Enzyme solutions were spiked with known concentrations of gluten then tested for gluten content using sandwich ELISA kits and competitive ELISA kits per manufacturer’s instructions. Additional enzyme samples were inactivated by raising the extraction temperature to 100°C to inactivate the enzymes and also tested using both sandwich and competitive ELISA kits. Results: Enzymes were spiked with gluten and analyzed with the two different ELISAs showed false negative results with the sandwich ELISA and false positive results with the competitive ELISA. Preincubation experiments showed that the enzymes destroyed the antibody used in the competitive ELISA. On the other hand, extracts extracted at 100°C did not show that effect. Conclusion: In conclusion, competitive ELISA kits may be used to test fermentation products such as enzymes when the adapted extraction method is used. Spiking experiments clearly showed a good recovery of gluten in the competitive ELISA with the modified extraction, showing that the boiling step does not affect existing gluten content in the samples. This method can be used for supplemental enzymes for the analysis of gluten content in such products.
{"title":"Validation of a Competitive Elisa Method on Supplemental Enzyme Matrices","authors":"S. Siebeneicher, J. Deaton, Anamaria Cuentas","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600.1000704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000704","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Supplemental enzymes are becoming increasingly used in the food industry. Consequently, they also need to be analyzed for gluten due to labeling reasons for food manufacturers to provide food allergen detection. Gluten is analyzed by using a Sandwich ELISA using the R5 antibody. However, sandwich ELISAs are not suitable for the analysis of fragmented gluten since detection is based on the size of the fragments. As a result, competitive R5 ELISAs have been implemented for use. When a competitive ELISA is used to analyze enzymes without gluten, the results for gluten contamination are very high and its cause is unknown. It has been suggested that the enzymes destroy antibodies of the test format and therefore false positive results are obtained. This study aimed to investigate if the competitive ELISA can be used for the gluten analysis in supplemental enzymes by the adaption of the extraction method. \u0000Methods: Enzyme solutions were spiked with known concentrations of gluten then tested for gluten content using sandwich ELISA kits and competitive ELISA kits per manufacturer’s instructions. Additional enzyme samples were inactivated by raising the extraction temperature to 100°C to inactivate the enzymes and also tested using both sandwich and competitive ELISA kits. \u0000Results: Enzymes were spiked with gluten and analyzed with the two different ELISAs showed false negative results with the sandwich ELISA and false positive results with the competitive ELISA. Preincubation experiments showed that the enzymes destroyed the antibody used in the competitive ELISA. On the other hand, extracts extracted at 100°C did not show that effect. \u0000Conclusion: In conclusion, competitive ELISA kits may be used to test fermentation products such as enzymes when the adapted extraction method is used. Spiking experiments clearly showed a good recovery of gluten in the competitive ELISA with the modified extraction, showing that the boiling step does not affect existing gluten content in the samples. This method can be used for supplemental enzymes for the analysis of gluten content in such products.","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"2016 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86412110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-31DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000701
C. Carapeto, S. Brum, M. J. Rocha
The link between salt consumption and hypertension has been the focus of many studies and clinical trials in the past few years. It is recommended that table salt intake does not exceed the maximum of 5 g per day and yet most people find almost impossible to comply with this recommendation. New types of salt have recently appeared in the market and they claim to be less harmful to health than current commercial salt. Besides being less salty to the taste these new types of salt contain less sodium and more trace minerals than commercial salt but there is a need of experiments and studies in order to establish their benefit to health.
{"title":"Which Table Salt to Choose","authors":"C. Carapeto, S. Brum, M. J. Rocha","doi":"10.4172/2155-9600.1000701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000701","url":null,"abstract":"The link between salt consumption and hypertension has been the focus of many studies and clinical trials in the past few years. It is recommended that table salt intake does not exceed the maximum of 5 g per day and yet most people find almost impossible to comply with this recommendation. New types of salt have recently appeared in the market and they claim to be less harmful to health than current commercial salt. Besides being less salty to the taste these new types of salt contain less sodium and more trace minerals than commercial salt but there is a need of experiments and studies in order to establish their benefit to health.","PeriodicalId":16764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78132898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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