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Improving efficiency of non-fullerene polymer solar cells by using non-halogenated solvents 利用非卤化溶剂提高非富勒烯聚合物太阳能电池的效率
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-09 DOI: 10.1117/12.2602631
K. An, Lei Ying, Fei Huang, Yong Cao
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引用次数: 0
Solar module orientation and tracking type performance and optimization 太阳能组件定向和跟踪类型性能和优化
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.045501
Sooraj Sharma, Paul W. Leu
Abstract. The efficiency and performance of solar cells and modules are typically evaluated and reported at normal incidence under peak solar radiation. We present a simple clear-sky model for solar irradiance that can be used to study the angular and annual performance of new photovoltaic materials. Using this model, we study the effect of solar module orientation for fixed-tilt module installations and different types of tracking (seasonal, 1D, and 2D) as a function of latitude. For fixed-tilt modules, the optimum tilt as a fraction of latitude varies from 0.83 at 1 deg to 0.73 at 60 deg. The effect of tilt misorientation for panels at the optimum azimuth is not very strong as the solar irradiance is about 94.5% of its optimum at ±20  deg mistilt. Both azimuth misorientation and tilt misorientation are studied. Optimized tilts and times of year for tilting are also obtained for modules that are seasonally adjusted twice and three times a year. The annual solar insolation of fixed modules is compared with modules that are seasonally adjusted twice and three times a year, continuously tracked in the north/south direction, continuously tracked in the east/west direction, and continuously tracked in two directions. The use of single-axis tracking in the east/west direction is preferable to north/south tracking and potentially improves overall energy collection by 16.2% to 31.0%. Continuous dual-axis tracking enhances overall annual energy collection by 36.0% to 45.5%. The model and provision of open source code provides for a way to assess the performance of new materials.
摘要太阳能电池和模块的效率和性能通常在峰值太阳辐射下的正入射下进行评估和报告。我们提出了一个简单的太阳辐照度晴朗天空模型,可用于研究新型光伏材料的角度和年度性能。使用该模型,我们研究了太阳能模块定向对固定倾斜模块安装和不同类型跟踪(季节性、1D和2D)的影响,作为纬度的函数。对于固定倾斜模块,作为纬度的一部分,最佳倾斜从1度时的0.83变化到60度时的0.73。在最佳方位角下,面板的倾斜定向误差影响不是很强,因为太阳辐照度约为±20时最佳值的94.5%  倾斜度。研究了方位角定向误差和倾斜度定向误差。对于每年进行两次和三次季节性调整的模块,还可以获得优化的倾斜和一年中的倾斜时间。固定模块的年太阳辐射量与每年两次和三次季节性调整、北/南方向连续跟踪、东/西方向连续跟踪和两个方向连续跟踪的模块进行比较。在东/西方向使用单轴跟踪比北/南跟踪更可取,并有可能将整体能源收集提高16.2%至31.0%。连续双轴跟踪可将整体年度能源收集提高36.0%至45.5%。该模型和开源代码的提供为评估新材料的性能提供了一种方法。
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引用次数: 0
Numerically enhancing daytime radiative cooling performance of random dielectric microsphere coatings by hollow structures 空心结构对随机介质微球涂层日间辐射冷却性能的数值增强
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.042108
Meijie Chen, Shuang Li, Dan Pang, Yanwei Zhao, Yuan Yang, Hong-jie Yan
Abstract. Dielectric microsphere coatings for passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) are gaining attention owing to their low cost and potential for mass production. The cooling performance could be further enhanced to effectively reflect solar radiation and emit thermal radiation to the cold sky by designing microspheres suitable for PDRC applications. Hollow dielectric structures were numerically designed to enhance the PDRC performance of dielectric microsphere coatings. The maximum solar reflectance (R¯solar  =  0.96) was obtained with a fill rate f  =  0.6, outer radius rout  =  0.5  μm, core–shell rate φ  =  rin  /  rout  =  0.3, thickness t  =  300  μm, and thermal infrared emittance ε¯LWIR  =  0.90. Furthermore, by controlling the multisize sphere distribution within φ  =  0.1 to 0.5, the cooling performance at t  =  300  μm was enhanced to R¯solar  =  0.98, ε¯LWIR  =  0.95, and a net cooling power of 77  W  /  m2 was achieved at a temperature of 25°C, which was ∼38  %   higher than that achieved with the single-size sphere coating (φ  =  0.3) and ∼64  %   higher than that of the solid SiO2 sphere coating (φ  =  0). These results indicate that hollow structures can effectively enhance the cooling performance of dielectric microsphere coatings by increasing the number of interfaces between the air and dielectric materials.
摘要用于被动日间辐射冷却(PDRC)的介电微球涂层由于其低成本和大规模生产的潜力而受到人们的关注。通过设计适合PDRC应用的微球,可以进一步提高冷却性能,有效地反射太阳辐射并向寒冷的天空发射热辐射。为了提高介质微球涂层的PDRC性能,对中空介质结构进行了数值设计。当填充率f = 0.6,外半径径径= 0.5 μm,核壳率φ = rin /径径= 0.3,厚度t = 300 μm,热红外发射率ε¯LWIR = 0.90时,获得最大太阳反射率R¯solar = 0.96。此外,通过控制多尺寸球体分布在φ = 0.1 ~ 0.5范围内,在t = 300 μm处的冷却性能提高到R¯solar = 0.98, ε¯LWIR = 0.95,在25℃温度下的净冷却功率为77 W / m2,比单尺寸球体涂层(φ = 0.3)高约38%,比固体SiO2球体涂层(φ = 0)高约64%。结果表明,中空结构通过增加空气与介质材料之间的界面数量,可以有效地提高介质微球涂层的冷却性能。
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引用次数: 5
Highly efficient perovskite solar cells fabricated in high humidity using mixed antisolvent 使用混合反溶剂在高湿度下制备高效钙钛矿太阳能电池
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.045502
Jun He, Shengyu Jiang, Shunmin Ding, Minlin Jiang
Abstract. The quality of the perovskite film highly affects the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To deposit uniform and dense perovskite films, the fabrication processes are usually conducted in a controlled environment such as a glove box, which limits the future commercial development. High-quality perovskite films were fabricated in high humidity using mixed antisolvent consisting of ethyl acetate (EA) and diethyl ether (DE). It is found that the speed of perovskite crystallization could be controlled by adjusting the volume ratio of EA and DE in the mixed antisolvent, enhancing the grain size of perovskite films. The PSC fabricated in a humidity of 70% treated with an optimal ratio EA and DE exhibits an enhanced efficiency of 18.77% from 11.07%. Our work provides a convenient strategy for fabricating highly efficient PSCs in a high-humidity environment.
摘要钙钛矿薄膜的质量高度影响钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSC)的性能。为了沉积均匀致密的钙钛矿膜,制造过程通常在手套箱等受控环境中进行,这限制了未来的商业发展。使用由乙酸乙酯(EA)和乙醚(DE)组成的混合抗溶剂在高湿度下制备了高质量的钙钛矿膜。研究发现,通过调节混合反溶剂中EA和DE的体积比,提高钙钛矿薄膜的晶粒尺寸,可以控制钙钛矿结晶的速度。在70%的湿度下,用最佳比例EA和DE处理的PSC的效率从11.07%提高到18.77%。我们的工作为在高湿度环境中制造高效PSC提供了一种方便的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic control of polarized thermal emission from VO2 nanofins VO2纳米纤维极化热发射的动态控制
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.042111
Caleb Estherby, M. Arnold, M. Tai, A. Gentle
Abstract. We demonstrate switchable polarized thermal emission from VO2 nanofin stacks fabricated by co-deposition, etching, and oxidation. We find that reverse switching of the thermal emission is enabled by a reflecting underlayer and induced by either short oxidation time or additional deposition of a reflecting underlayer. Observed thermal emission is well explained by a biaxial Bruggeman effective medium model, which predicts the strong polarization change for aligned fin layers in the micron thickness range. The dominant polarization of the emission is modulated by the presence of a reflector, oxidation of the fins, fin fill-factor, and structural anisotropy. Normal incidence polarized emittance change of up to 0.6 is theoretically possible, and we were able to demonstrate a change of 0.34, similar to that predicted by the model.
摘要我们展示了通过共沉积、蚀刻和氧化制造的VO2纳米纤维堆叠的可切换极化热发射。我们发现,热发射的反向切换是由反射底层实现的,并且是由短氧化时间或反射底层的额外沉积引起的。双轴Bruggeman有效介质模型很好地解释了观测到的热发射,该模型预测了在微米厚度范围内排列的翅片层的强极化变化。发射的主要偏振由反射器的存在、翅片的氧化、翅片填充因子和结构各向异性调制。理论上,高达0.6的正入射极化发射度变化是可能的,我们能够证明0.34的变化,类似于模型预测的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Bilayer structured coating for radiative cooling applications 用于辐射冷却应用的双层结构涂层
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.042109
Rongbing Wan, Zhihao Ma, Weiping Xu, Wenbo Zhao, Jingtao Xu, Ronggui Yang
Abstract. Daytime radiative cooling technology can cool objects to sub-ambient temperatures under direct sunlight without energy consumption. The technology relies on high reflectance of solar irradiation and high emissivity in the atmospheric window (infrared emission with 8 to 13 μm wavelengths). We report a bilayer structured coating for passive daytime sub-ambient radiative cooling. The bilayer radiative cooling coating has high solar reflectance (0.94), and high infrared emissivity (0.96) in the atmospheric window. The bilayer coating achieved a sub-ambient temperature of 3.6°C under solar irradiance of 990  W  /  m2 at an ambient temperature of 26.6°C, and the averaged sub-ambient cooling temperature of ∼8  °  C during the night. A test with two model rooms shows that the indoor air temperature reached a maximum difference of 9.7°C between the one with the bilayer coating and that with normal white coating.
摘要日间辐射冷却技术可以在阳光直射下将物体冷却到低于环境温度,而无需能耗。该技术依赖于太阳辐射的高反射率和大气窗口的高发射率(波长为8-13μm的红外发射)。我们报道了一种用于被动日间亚环境辐射冷却的双层结构涂层。双层辐射冷却涂层在大气窗口中具有高太阳反射率(0.94)和高红外发射率(0.96)。双层涂层在990的太阳辐照度下达到3.6°C的亚环境温度  W  /  m2,环境温度为26.6°C,平均亚环境冷却温度为~8  °  C在晚上。对两个模型室的测试表明,双层涂层和普通白色涂层的室内空气温度之间的最大差值为9.7°C。
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引用次数: 0
Colorful surfaces for radiative cooling 彩色表面辐射冷却
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.042107
Lyu Zhou, Jacob Rada, Haomin Song, B. Ooi, Zongfu Yu, Qiaoqiang Gan
Abstract. Daytime radiative cooling has attracted extensive research interest due to its potential impact for energy sustainability. To achieve subambient radiative cooling during the daytime, a white surface that strongly scatters incident solar light is normally desired. However, in many practical applications (e.g., roofing materials and car coatings), colored surfaces are more popular. Because of this, there is a strong desire to develop colorful surfaces for radiative cooling. We summarize the general design criteria of radiative cooling materials with different colors and discuss the limitations in cooling performance. Major efforts on this specific topic are reviewed with some suggested topics for future investigation.
摘要日间辐射冷却因其对能源可持续性的潜在影响而引起了广泛的研究兴趣。为了在白天实现亚环境辐射冷却,通常需要一个强烈散射入射太阳光的白色表面。然而,在许多实际应用中(例如,屋顶材料和汽车涂料),彩色表面更受欢迎。正因为如此,人们强烈希望开发用于辐射冷却的彩色表面。总结了不同颜色辐射冷却材料的一般设计准则,并讨论了散热性能的局限性。本文回顾了在这一特定主题上的主要工作,并提出了一些未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 14
Retrospective on the resource for radiative cooling 辐射冷却资源回顾
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.042106
P. Berdahl
Abstract. The history of quantitative measurements of radiative cooling is briefly reviewed, starting with Count Rumford in 1804. The cooling results from upward emission of thermal infrared radiation (wavelengths of 5 to 50  μm) that is not fully offset by downward atmospheric emission. The downward emission is characterized by the apparent atmospheric (sky) emittance and the surface air temperature. In 1984, an equation was published that describes the clear sky emittance as a function of the surface dew point temperature. At the time, this equation was merely one of many empirical relations. Now that time has passed, experimental and theoretical advances support its validity. Further refinements can include improved corrections for time-of-day and the lower air pressure at elevated locations. Complex computer codes for predicting atmospheric radiation have reached quantitative maturity. Given profiles of air temperature, water vapor, CO2, O3, CH4, N2O, and aerosols, they can compute spectral radiances with an accuracy of ∼3  %  . The effect of clouds in reducing radiative cooling remains more uncertain.
摘要从1804年伦福德伯爵开始,简要回顾了辐射冷却定量测量的历史。冷却是由于热红外辐射(波长为5 ~ 50 μm)向上发射,但没有被向下发射的大气完全抵消。向下发射的特征是大气(天空)的视发射率和地面空气温度。1984年,发表了一个方程,描述晴空发射率是表面露点温度的函数。在当时,这个方程仅仅是许多经验关系中的一个。现在时间过去了,实验和理论的进步支持了它的有效性。进一步的改进可以包括改进对一天中的时间的修正和在高架位置的较低的气压。用于预测大气辐射的复杂计算机代码已达到定量成熟。给定空气温度、水蒸气、CO2、O3、CH4、N2O和气溶胶的分布,他们可以以~ 3%的精度计算光谱辐射度。云在减少辐射冷却方面的作用仍不确定。
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引用次数: 2
Erratum: Performance enhancement of ultrathin graded Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells through modification of the basic structure and adding antireflective layers 勘误:通过修改基本结构和增加抗反射层来增强超薄梯度Cu(InGa)Se2太阳能电池的性能
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.jpe.11.049901
M. Amiri, A. Eskandarian, A. A. Ziabari
Abstract. The erratum corrects the affiliations listed in the originally published article.
摘要勘误表更正了最初发表的文章中列出的从属关系。
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引用次数: 0
Zinc sulfide-pigmented polyethylene aerogel covers for daytime radiative cooling 用于日间辐射冷却的硫化锌着色聚乙烯气凝胶覆盖物
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1117/1.JPE.11.042110
A. Leroy, B. Bhatia, U. T. Njike, Geoffrey Vaartstra, E. Wang
Abstract. Optically selective and thermally insulating (OSTI) covers, such as polyethylene aerogels (PEAs), have recently been proposed to improve subambient daytime radiative cooling performance by minimizing parasitic solar absorption and heat gain at the emitter. We investigate the addition of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles inside PEAs to improve their optical selectivity. Solving for multiple scattering effects using the radiative transfer equation and Mie theory, we model the optical properties of PEA covers with different ZnS concentrations and particle diameters. Our theoretical and experimental results show that ZnS particles inside PEAs can significantly reduce solar transmittance (<0.01) while maintaining high infrared transmittance (>0.8). Our modeling also demonstrates that ZnS-pigmented PEA covers enable higher subambient cooling powers (up to 53.8  W  /  m2 higher) and lower stagnation temperatures than conventional PEA under direct solar radiation (1000  W  /  m2). Finally, we investigate spatial distribution of ZnS within the cover and show that confining the ZnS near the air–cover boundary can reduce the total ZnS mass required by 59% or can enable 4% higher cooling power. Our findings promise to improve the performance of subambient radiative coolers and enable their application in passive cooling of buildings and refrigeration of food produce.
摘要光学选择性和隔热(OSTI)覆盖物,如聚乙烯气凝胶(PEA),最近被提出通过最小化发射器处的寄生太阳能吸收和热增益来改善亚环境日间辐射冷却性能。我们研究了在PEA中添加硫化锌(ZnS)纳米颗粒以提高其光学选择性。利用辐射传输方程和Mie理论求解多重散射效应,我们对不同ZnS浓度和粒径的PEA覆盖层的光学性质进行了建模。我们的理论和实验结果表明,PEA中的ZnS颗粒可以显著降低太阳透过率(0.8)。我们的模型还表明,ZnS着色的PEA覆盖物可以实现更高的亚环境冷却功率(高达53.8  W  /  m2更高)和比直接太阳辐射下的传统PEA更低的停滞温度(1000  W  /  m2)。最后,我们研究了ZnS在覆盖层内的空间分布,并表明将ZnS限制在空气-覆盖层边界附近可以将所需的总ZnS质量减少59%,或者可以使冷却功率提高4%。我们的发现有望提高亚环境辐射冷却器的性能,并使其能够应用于建筑物的被动冷却和食品冷藏。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Journal of Photonics for Energy
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