Victoria F. Ajayi, O. S. Ojerinde, Awase Yatar, Awhobiwom D. Agba, M. O. Uguru
Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant whose leaves are used ethnomedically for the treatment of bacterial infections, wound, injury, diarrhea and dysenteries. The study aims at evaluating the antioxidant and antidiabetic effect of the methanol extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The powdered leaves were extracted with 70% methanol to afford MeOH extract. The acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening were carried out on the extract followed by the determination of antioxidant property of the extract using DPPH assay. Antidiabetic activity of the extract at the doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg was evaluated on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by oral administration. The acute toxicity study showed LD50 of 5000mg/kg while the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids majorly. The three doses exhibited significant reduction in blood glucose levels but was more pronounced in 250mg/kg on 4th day when compared with glibenclamide, a well-known antidiabetic drug. The MeOH extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity at IC50 value of 1.96μg/mL compared to standards used ascorbic acid, gallic acid and rutin (IC50 11.8, 47.4 & 75.4μg/mL, respectively). This study showed that methanolic extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaf possesses antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Therefore, it can be employed as a natural source of antidiabetic agents.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Antioxidant, Streptozotocin, Antidiabetic activity, Piliostigma reticulatum
{"title":"Antidiabetic effect of methanolic extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","authors":"Victoria F. Ajayi, O. S. Ojerinde, Awase Yatar, Awhobiwom D. Agba, M. O. Uguru","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant whose leaves are used ethnomedically for the treatment of bacterial infections, wound, injury, diarrhea and dysenteries. The study aims at evaluating the antioxidant and antidiabetic effect of the methanol extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The powdered leaves were extracted with 70% methanol to afford MeOH extract. The acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening were carried out on the extract followed by the determination of antioxidant property of the extract using DPPH assay. Antidiabetic activity of the extract at the doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg was evaluated on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by oral administration. The acute toxicity study showed LD50 of 5000mg/kg while the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids majorly. The three doses exhibited significant reduction in blood glucose levels but was more pronounced in 250mg/kg on 4th day when compared with glibenclamide, a well-known antidiabetic drug. The MeOH extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity at IC50 value of 1.96μg/mL compared to standards used ascorbic acid, gallic acid and rutin (IC50 11.8, 47.4 & 75.4μg/mL, respectively). This study showed that methanolic extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaf possesses antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Therefore, it can be employed as a natural source of antidiabetic agents.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Antioxidant, Streptozotocin, Antidiabetic activity, Piliostigma reticulatum","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90751635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants have been used as medicines from ancient periods. During the past decades, traditional systems of medicine have become a topic of global importance. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell et Hillc. belongs to Malvaceae family. In Nigeria, Azanza garckeana is found abundantly in Tula, a town in Kaltungo Local Government Area, Gombe State. Ethno-medical uses of the leaf, stem, root decoction or ripe fruits of A. garckeana are taken orally as remedy for infertility, cough and liver problems in Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, and Nigeria. In the present investigation, detailed pharmacognostic study of Azanza garckeana leaf is carried out to lay down the standards, which could be useful in future experimental studies. The study includes macroscopy, microscopy, chemomicroscopy and physicochemical evaluation. These parameters are used as a diagnostic tool in the identification and standardization of the plant Azanza garckeana and also to establish the quality and purity of this valuable drug. It can also be added as enrichment of the pharmacopoeia of the plant.Keywords: Pharmacognostic evaluation; Leaves, Azanza garckeana
从古代开始，植物就被用作药物。在过去的几十年里，传统医学系统已经成为一个具有全球重要性的话题。阿扎扎·加基纳(f·霍夫曼)Exell et Hillc。属于锦葵科。在尼日利亚，Azanza garckeana在贡贝州Kaltungo地方政府区的图拉镇被大量发现。在博茨瓦纳、肯尼亚、马拉维和尼日利亚，garckeana的叶、茎、根煎液或成熟果实的民族医学用途是口服治疗不孕症、咳嗽和肝脏问题。本研究对刺扎叶进行了详细的生药学研究，为今后的实验研究奠定基础。研究包括宏观、显微、化学显微和理化评价。这些参数可作为植物Azanza garckeana鉴别和标准化的诊断工具，也可用于确定该有价药物的质量和纯度。它也可以作为植物药典的富集物添加。关键词:生药学评价;叶子，Azanza garckeana
{"title":"Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell et Hillc. (Malvaceae)","authors":"P. Ibrahim, E. M. Abdurahman, Mohammed Bisallah","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have been used as medicines from ancient periods. During the past decades, traditional systems of medicine have become a topic of global importance. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell et Hillc. belongs to Malvaceae family. In Nigeria, Azanza garckeana is found abundantly in Tula, a town in Kaltungo Local Government Area, Gombe State. Ethno-medical uses of the leaf, stem, root decoction or ripe fruits of A. garckeana are taken orally as remedy for infertility, cough and liver problems in Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, and Nigeria. In the present investigation, detailed pharmacognostic study of Azanza garckeana leaf is carried out to lay down the standards, which could be useful in future experimental studies. The study includes macroscopy, microscopy, chemomicroscopy and physicochemical evaluation. These parameters are used as a diagnostic tool in the identification and standardization of the plant Azanza garckeana and also to establish the quality and purity of this valuable drug. It can also be added as enrichment of the pharmacopoeia of the plant.Keywords: Pharmacognostic evaluation; Leaves, Azanza garckeana","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85959327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Ibrahim, A. Zezi, Basira Lawal Kankia, Aishatu Nana Ahmed, B. Chedi, S. Mohammed
Appropriate drug utilization has a huge contribution to global reduction in morbidity and mortality with its consequent medical, social and economic benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rational use of antihypertensive drugs in public healthcare facilities in Kano, Nigeria and to administer intervention where necessary. The study was a cross sectional prospective survey involving 600 patients from six public healthcare facilities (100 from each) selected by multistage sampling technique. Using a modified extraction form, data were collected, compiled, audited and analyzed according to the WHO/INRUD Rational Drugs Use indicators. Educational intervention was administered in the areas that needed intervention and the impact measured. A total of 3,044 individual drugs were prescribed for 1,176 patient’s encounters, giving an average of 2.6, and the range of drugs per encounter varied from 1 to 5. The average number of drugs per prescription does not significantly vary after intervention (p < 0.275). Although there was an increased in the percentages of drugs prescribed by generic after intervention (from 65.6% to 70.6%), it was not statistically significant (p = 0.081). All drugs were prescribed from EML/STGs and prescription by generic was high. Average consultation time significantly increase from 5.95 to 6.09 minutes (p = 0.045). Additionally an insignificant increase in dispensing time (1.10 to 1.27 minutes) after intervention (p = 0.182). Educational intervention improved rational use of antihypertensive drugs. Continuous supervision and educating the healthcare team on rational use of drugs must be encouraged. Keywords: Antihypertensive; Hypertension; Drug utilization; Rational drug use
{"title":"Rational use of drugs in hypertensive outpatients of public hospitals in Kano State, Nigeria","authors":"U. Ibrahim, A. Zezi, Basira Lawal Kankia, Aishatu Nana Ahmed, B. Chedi, S. Mohammed","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Appropriate drug utilization has a huge contribution to global reduction in morbidity and mortality with its consequent medical, social and economic benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rational use of antihypertensive drugs in public healthcare facilities in Kano, Nigeria and to administer intervention where necessary. The study was a cross sectional prospective survey involving 600 patients from six public healthcare facilities (100 from each) selected by multistage sampling technique. Using a modified extraction form, data were collected, compiled, audited and analyzed according to the WHO/INRUD Rational Drugs Use indicators. Educational intervention was administered in the areas that needed intervention and the impact measured. A total of 3,044 individual drugs were prescribed for 1,176 patient’s encounters, giving an average of 2.6, and the range of drugs per encounter varied from 1 to 5. The average number of drugs per prescription does not significantly vary after intervention (p < 0.275). Although there was an increased in the percentages of drugs prescribed by generic after intervention (from 65.6% to 70.6%), it was not statistically significant (p = 0.081). All drugs were prescribed from EML/STGs and prescription by generic was high. Average consultation time significantly increase from 5.95 to 6.09 minutes (p = 0.045). Additionally an insignificant increase in dispensing time (1.10 to 1.27 minutes) after intervention (p = 0.182). Educational intervention improved rational use of antihypertensive drugs. Continuous supervision and educating the healthcare team on rational use of drugs must be encouraged. Keywords: Antihypertensive; Hypertension; Drug utilization; Rational drug use","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88252002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Dikwa, U. Abdullahi, S. Sadiq, Sunusi Ado Yahya, Sunday Eghobor, A. Idris, Sa’adatu Abba Yusuf, M. Raji, Lawi Isa Abdullahi, A. Sani
Antibacterial activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus was tested against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . The plant extract Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus were extracted using soxhlet extraction technique and bacterial isolates were collected from Microbiology laboratory of Federal University Dutse. The inocula were standardized using 0.5 Mac-farland standard of turbidity. Mueller Hilton agar was used for sensitivity test and nutrient agar for culture and broth. Both antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated using different concentration 100mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Syzygium aromaticum against gram positive bacteria ( S. aureus ) was 12.5 mg/ml (7mm) while that of E. coli (gram negative) was 25mg/ml (9.5mm) whereas the MIC of Cyperus articulatus was found to be 12.5 mg/ml (8mm) for E. coli and 6.25mg/lm (8mm) for S. aureus . For the mixture of S. aromaticum and C. articulatus , MIC determined was the same (12.5mg/ml) for both S. aureus and E. coli. MBC of Syzygium aromaticum determined against the bacterial isolates for S. aureus 50mg/ml and that of E. coli was 100mg/ml whereas for Cyperus articulatus, both S. aureus and E. coli was the same (50mg/ml) and for the mixture, MBC for S. aureus 25mg/ml and that of E. coli was 100mg/ml. Hence, both Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus possess antibacterial activity against tested isolates responsible for many diseases. Keywords : Syzygium aromaticum; Cyperus articulates; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli .
{"title":"Comparative assessment of antibacterial activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","authors":"M. A. Dikwa, U. Abdullahi, S. Sadiq, Sunusi Ado Yahya, Sunday Eghobor, A. Idris, Sa’adatu Abba Yusuf, M. Raji, Lawi Isa Abdullahi, A. Sani","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Antibacterial activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus was tested against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . The plant extract Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus were extracted using soxhlet extraction technique and bacterial isolates were collected from Microbiology laboratory of Federal University Dutse. The inocula were standardized using 0.5 Mac-farland standard of turbidity. Mueller Hilton agar was used for sensitivity test and nutrient agar for culture and broth. Both antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated using different concentration 100mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Syzygium aromaticum against gram positive bacteria ( S. aureus ) was 12.5 mg/ml (7mm) while that of E. coli (gram negative) was 25mg/ml (9.5mm) whereas the MIC of Cyperus articulatus was found to be 12.5 mg/ml (8mm) for E. coli and 6.25mg/lm (8mm) for S. aureus . For the mixture of S. aromaticum and C. articulatus , MIC determined was the same (12.5mg/ml) for both S. aureus and E. coli. MBC of Syzygium aromaticum determined against the bacterial isolates for S. aureus 50mg/ml and that of E. coli was 100mg/ml whereas for Cyperus articulatus, both S. aureus and E. coli was the same (50mg/ml) and for the mixture, MBC for S. aureus 25mg/ml and that of E. coli was 100mg/ml. Hence, both Syzygium aromaticum and Cyperus articulatus possess antibacterial activity against tested isolates responsible for many diseases. Keywords : Syzygium aromaticum; Cyperus articulates; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli .","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87956281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acacia ataxacantha and its various parts had been documented as herbal remedy for treatment of pain, stomach ailments and dysentery. The major processes occurring in the GI system are: motility, secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. Abnormal motility or abnormal sensitivity in any part of the gastrointestinal tract can cause characteristic symptoms and hence induce disease(s) in the GIT. The study is aimed at investigating the GIT profile of animals treated with the ethanol extract to validate the ethno-botanical use in the treatment of diseases of the stomach. The methods employed include; ethanol/HCl-induced ulcer in rats, gastrointestinal motility and charcoal screening test in rats, and isolated rabbit ileum test. The ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha stem-bark significantly (p ≤ 0.05) and dose dependently reduces the ulcer induced by 40% and 60% at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight respectively, when compared with the normal saline control group. The groups pre-treated with ethanol extract exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the distance travelled by charcoal meal and a considerable increased gastro intestinal transit time, in a dose dependent manner, in the charcoal meal transit test. Administration of ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha stem-bark on rabbit ileum at lower concentrations of (1mg/ml), (10 mg/ml) and (100 mg/ml) produced no observed pharmacologic effect, while at higher concentration of 200 mg/ml, a relaxation was observed on the isolated rabbit ileum test. The ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha stem-bark possess GIT anti-motility and gastro protective effect. Keywords: Acacia ataxacantha; GIT Motility; Ulcer
{"title":"Gastrointestinal tract profile of laboratory animals treated with ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha (Leguminosae) D.C. stem bark","authors":"M. Abbas, M. I. Yakubu, I. Aliyu, R. Yakubu","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Acacia ataxacantha and its various parts had been documented as herbal remedy for treatment of pain, stomach ailments and dysentery. The major processes occurring in the GI system are: motility, secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. Abnormal motility or abnormal sensitivity in any part of the gastrointestinal tract can cause characteristic symptoms and hence induce disease(s) in the GIT. The study is aimed at investigating the GIT profile of animals treated with the ethanol extract to validate the ethno-botanical use in the treatment of diseases of the stomach. The methods employed include; ethanol/HCl-induced ulcer in rats, gastrointestinal motility and charcoal screening test in rats, and isolated rabbit ileum test. The ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha stem-bark significantly (p ≤ 0.05) and dose dependently reduces the ulcer induced by 40% and 60% at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight respectively, when compared with the normal saline control group. The groups pre-treated with ethanol extract exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the distance travelled by charcoal meal and a considerable increased gastro intestinal transit time, in a dose dependent manner, in the charcoal meal transit test. Administration of ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha stem-bark on rabbit ileum at lower concentrations of (1mg/ml), (10 mg/ml) and (100 mg/ml) produced no observed pharmacologic effect, while at higher concentration of 200 mg/ml, a relaxation was observed on the isolated rabbit ileum test. The ethanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha stem-bark possess GIT anti-motility and gastro protective effect. Keywords: Acacia ataxacantha; GIT Motility; Ulcer","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84560405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drugs are important commodities that must be handled differently from other goods. Therefore, supply chain of drugs must be monitored until it gets to the patient to maintain therapeutic efficacy. Drug properties are compromised when stipulated storage conditions are not maintained over time, and this can result in a poor therapeutic outcome. This is more impactful for glibenclamide tablets, which many diabetic patients preferentially use because of its cost-effectiveness and availability. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of supply chain on tablet properties of six glibenclamide tablet brands marketed in Jos metropolis. Glibenclamide tablets obtained from hospital and community pharmacies, and patent medicine outlets, were subjected to quality control tests such as content uniformity, friability, crushing strength, disintegration time, and dissolution test. The results were analyzed using ANOVA, fit factors (f1 and f2 ) and dissolution efficiency (DE). The results showed that all the brands passed weight uniformity, friability and disintegration tests. The ANOVA showed significant difference between the release profiles of the brands. Brands from patent medicine outlet had lower content values compared to brands from pharmacies (A1 /A3 - 102/98%; E1 /E3 - 124/108%). Brands E3 from patent vendor outlet failed f1 and f2 limits (15.3/47.9) while brands E1 and F1 from community pharmacies failed f1 , f2 and DE limits (23.6/39.4/5.91 and 17.2/46.1/8.35) respectively. Brands from hospital pharmacies showed no adverse parameters. In conclusion, private commercial enterprises engaged in drug retail may have to be monitored closely to ensure drug quality and hence public health care.Keywords: Tablet properties; Glibenclamide; Supply chain; Jos ________________________________________________
{"title":"Impact of supply chain on some tablet properties of six brands of glibenclamide marketed in Jos metropolis","authors":"A. Ekoja, J. D. Audu-Peter","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Drugs are important commodities that must be handled differently from other goods. Therefore, supply chain of drugs must be monitored until it gets to the patient to maintain therapeutic efficacy. Drug properties are compromised when stipulated storage conditions are not maintained over time, and this can result in a poor therapeutic outcome. This is more impactful for glibenclamide tablets, which many diabetic patients preferentially use because of its cost-effectiveness and availability. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of supply chain on tablet properties of six glibenclamide tablet brands marketed in Jos metropolis. Glibenclamide tablets obtained from hospital and community pharmacies, and patent medicine outlets, were subjected to quality control tests such as content uniformity, friability, crushing strength, disintegration time, and dissolution test. The results were analyzed using ANOVA, fit factors (f1 and f2 ) and dissolution efficiency (DE). The results showed that all the brands passed weight uniformity, friability and disintegration tests. The ANOVA showed significant difference between the release profiles of the brands. Brands from patent medicine outlet had lower content values compared to brands from pharmacies (A1 /A3 - 102/98%; E1 /E3 - 124/108%). Brands E3 from patent vendor outlet failed f1 and f2 limits (15.3/47.9) while brands E1 and F1 from community pharmacies failed f1 , f2 and DE limits (23.6/39.4/5.91 and 17.2/46.1/8.35) respectively. Brands from hospital pharmacies showed no adverse parameters. In conclusion, private commercial enterprises engaged in drug retail may have to be monitored closely to ensure drug quality and hence public health care.Keywords: Tablet properties; Glibenclamide; Supply chain; Jos ________________________________________________","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80411634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease because of the complexity of their drug regimen and can adversely affect their desired treatment outcome. Often, there are co-morbidities, this imply concomitant use of many drugs, thus making the management of these patients particularly challenging. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study undertaken in the Renal Unit of the Medical Outpatient Department of Central Hospital Warri and the Department of nephrology Delta state University Teaching Hospital Oghara over a period of one year. The prescriptions of the patients were screened for drug therapy problems using the Medscape drug information application version 5.12. The identified drug related problems were documented in the drug therapy problem documentation form. More than half, 120(65.93%) of the respondents had two or more DTPs, 87(47.80%) 1 or 2 and 62(34.07%) no DTPs. Overall, the total number of patients with DTPS were 120(65.93%). Respondents with serious drug interactions were 10(13.51%), 62(83.7%) significant, and 17(22.97%) had minor drug interactions. Of the 120(65.93% DTPs identified, 13(7.4%) was wrong drug, 120(65.90%) inappropriate adherence and 74(40.66%) drug interactions. There is a high occurrence of drug therapy problems (DTP) among the chronic kidney disease patients treated in the surveyed facilities. Keywords : Drug therapy problems; Kidney disease
{"title":"Identification of drug therapy problems in patients with chronic kidney disease","authors":"O. C. Aghoja, V. Odili, E. Akpovwovwo","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease because of the complexity of their drug regimen and can adversely affect their desired treatment outcome. Often, there are co-morbidities, this imply concomitant use of many drugs, thus making the management of these patients particularly challenging. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study undertaken in the Renal Unit of the Medical Outpatient Department of Central Hospital Warri and the Department of nephrology Delta state University Teaching Hospital Oghara over a period of one year. The prescriptions of the patients were screened for drug therapy problems using the Medscape drug information application version 5.12. The identified drug related problems were documented in the drug therapy problem documentation form. More than half, 120(65.93%) of the respondents had two or more DTPs, 87(47.80%) 1 or 2 and 62(34.07%) no DTPs. Overall, the total number of patients with DTPS were 120(65.93%). Respondents with serious drug interactions were 10(13.51%), 62(83.7%) significant, and 17(22.97%) had minor drug interactions. Of the 120(65.93% DTPs identified, 13(7.4%) was wrong drug, 120(65.90%) inappropriate adherence and 74(40.66%) drug interactions. There is a high occurrence of drug therapy problems (DTP) among the chronic kidney disease patients treated in the surveyed facilities. Keywords : Drug therapy problems; Kidney disease","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88626736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. I. Yakubu, J. Anuka, B. Chindo, M. G. Magaji, M. Abbas
The anticonvulsant studies on Cussonia barteri Seeman (Araliaceae) were carried out using maximal electroshock test (MEST), pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced seizures model in chicks and mice. In addition, sedative and anxiolytic effect of the extract was evaluated using diazepam-induced sleeping time, hole-board, beam walk assay and open field test in mice. The extract was also evaluated for acute toxicity. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of the extract was estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg and 2, 154.1 mg/kg body weight respectively. The extract did not protect the chicks against maximal electroshock seizure; neither did it shorten the mean recovery time. The extract produced 66.67% and 83.33% protection against strychnine and pentylenetetrazole induced seizures respectively at the highest dose (400 mg/kg) tested. The extract decreases the number of head dips in hole-board test, suggesting its sedative property, which was confirmed by the ability of extract to prolonged diazepam sleeping time. The extract did not significantly increase the time spent on the beam but at the highest dose tested significantly increased the number of foot slips, an index of motor coordination deficit. The extract insignificantly decreased number of rearing, Total Square and Central Square crossed in an open field test. These results suggest that the extract may contain compound(s) that may be beneficial in the management of absence or myoclonic seizures.Keywords: Cussonia barteri; Epilepsy; Seizure; Sedative; Anxiolytic
{"title":"Neuropharmacological activities of ethanol leaf extract of Cussonia barteri Seeman (Araliaceae) in laboratory animals","authors":"M. I. Yakubu, J. Anuka, B. Chindo, M. G. Magaji, M. Abbas","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The anticonvulsant studies on Cussonia barteri Seeman (Araliaceae) were carried out using maximal electroshock test (MEST), pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced seizures model in chicks and mice. In addition, sedative and anxiolytic effect of the extract was evaluated using diazepam-induced sleeping time, hole-board, beam walk assay and open field test in mice. The extract was also evaluated for acute toxicity. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of the extract was estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg and 2, 154.1 mg/kg body weight respectively. The extract did not protect the chicks against maximal electroshock seizure; neither did it shorten the mean recovery time. The extract produced 66.67% and 83.33% protection against strychnine and pentylenetetrazole induced seizures respectively at the highest dose (400 mg/kg) tested. The extract decreases the number of head dips in hole-board test, suggesting its sedative property, which was confirmed by the ability of extract to prolonged diazepam sleeping time. The extract did not significantly increase the time spent on the beam but at the highest dose tested significantly increased the number of foot slips, an index of motor coordination deficit. The extract insignificantly decreased number of rearing, Total Square and Central Square crossed in an open field test. These results suggest that the extract may contain compound(s) that may be beneficial in the management of absence or myoclonic seizures.Keywords: Cussonia barteri; Epilepsy; Seizure; Sedative; Anxiolytic","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90632527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to investigate neurobehavioral properties and the underlying neural mechanisms of action of the ethanol extract of leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia (EETC) on behavioral models in mice. The acute toxicity test of EETC was assessed using Locke’s method. Thereafter, neurobehavioral property of EETC (4.4, 8.8 and 17.5 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was evaluated on novelty-induced rearing, grooming and locomotor using open-field test; cognitive enhancing effect was evaluated using Y-maze test. The anxiolytic and sedative effects were assessed using elevated-plus maze and hole board tests respectively. Moreover, the potential underlying neural mechanisms of EETC was carried out using neurotransmitter receptor antagonists: haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), propranolol (0.2 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (0.5 mg/kg) and atropine (0.5 mg/kg) on novelty-induced rearing, grooming, locomotor and hole board tests. Acute toxicity test carried out revealed the LD 50 of the extract was estimated to be 282 mg/kg, i.p. EETC significantly (p < 0.05) reduced rearing, grooming and locomotor activity in the open-field test. Moreover, EETC reduced head dipping activity in the hole board test, suggesting sedation. EETC did not exhibit anxiolytic and memory enhancing effects in comparison to controls. Pretreatments with haloperidol, yohimbine, propranolol, cyproheptadine and atropine significantly potentiated the inhibitory effects of EETC on rearing and grooming, but reversed its effect on locomotion in the open-field test respectively. In conclusion, the findings suggest that EETC possesses central nervous system depressant activity and the effect might be related to modulation of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic neurotransmissions. Keywords: Triumfetta cordifolia ; Toxicity; Rearing; Grooming
{"title":"Evaluation of the psychopharmacological properties and neural mechanisms of action of the ethanol extract of leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia in mice","authors":"Valliant Orodeh, A. Aderibigbe, Ben-Azu Benneth","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to investigate neurobehavioral properties and the underlying neural mechanisms of action of the ethanol extract of leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia (EETC) on behavioral models in mice. The acute toxicity test of EETC was assessed using Locke’s method. Thereafter, neurobehavioral property of EETC (4.4, 8.8 and 17.5 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was evaluated on novelty-induced rearing, grooming and locomotor using open-field test; cognitive enhancing effect was evaluated using Y-maze test. The anxiolytic and sedative effects were assessed using elevated-plus maze and hole board tests respectively. Moreover, the potential underlying neural mechanisms of EETC was carried out using neurotransmitter receptor antagonists: haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), propranolol (0.2 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (0.5 mg/kg) and atropine (0.5 mg/kg) on novelty-induced rearing, grooming, locomotor and hole board tests. Acute toxicity test carried out revealed the LD 50 of the extract was estimated to be 282 mg/kg, i.p. EETC significantly (p < 0.05) reduced rearing, grooming and locomotor activity in the open-field test. Moreover, EETC reduced head dipping activity in the hole board test, suggesting sedation. EETC did not exhibit anxiolytic and memory enhancing effects in comparison to controls. Pretreatments with haloperidol, yohimbine, propranolol, cyproheptadine and atropine significantly potentiated the inhibitory effects of EETC on rearing and grooming, but reversed its effect on locomotion in the open-field test respectively. In conclusion, the findings suggest that EETC possesses central nervous system depressant activity and the effect might be related to modulation of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic neurotransmissions. Keywords: Triumfetta cordifolia ; Toxicity; Rearing; Grooming","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82849182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Gbolade, O. Adedokun, Ojadua Ojirhomu Okotie, M. Shuaibu, I. Isah
The cytotoxicity, anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects of leaves of Heliconia psittacorum and Ficus coronata were studied using standard models. Concentration-dependent anti-proliferative activity (P≥0.5) which became maximal at 5mg/ml was observed for the methanol extract, chloroform and aqueous fractions of both plants at every incubation period. Growth inhibition of guinea corn seeds (anti-proliferative activity) at 48 and 72h. was: methanol extract > aqueous fraction > chloroform fraction for H. psittacorum, and chloroform fraction > methanol extract > aqueous fraction for F. coronata. Their chloroform fraction: H. psittacorum (LC50, 5.0 mg/ml) and F. coronata (LC50, 6.5 mg/ml) were more cytotoxic against tadpoles than their aqueous fractions. Ferric reducing power assay at 40-100 μg/ml gave concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, which was higher for H. psittacorum. This was also comparable to that of ascorbic acid. These findings hereby suggest potential of H. psittacorum and F. coronata in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases.Keywords: Heliconia psittacorum, Ficus coronata, anti-proliferative activity, cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity
{"title":"Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activities of Heliconia psittacorum L. f. (Heliconiaceae) and Ficus coronata Spin. (Moraceae) leaves","authors":"A. Gbolade, O. Adedokun, Ojadua Ojirhomu Okotie, M. Shuaibu, I. Isah","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The cytotoxicity, anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects of leaves of Heliconia psittacorum and Ficus coronata were studied using standard models. Concentration-dependent anti-proliferative activity (P≥0.5) which became maximal at 5mg/ml was observed for the methanol extract, chloroform and aqueous fractions of both plants at every incubation period. Growth inhibition of guinea corn seeds (anti-proliferative activity) at 48 and 72h. was: methanol extract > aqueous fraction > chloroform fraction for H. psittacorum, and chloroform fraction > methanol extract > aqueous fraction for F. coronata. Their chloroform fraction: H. psittacorum (LC50, 5.0 mg/ml) and F. coronata (LC50, 6.5 mg/ml) were more cytotoxic against tadpoles than their aqueous fractions. Ferric reducing power assay at 40-100 μg/ml gave concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, which was higher for H. psittacorum. This was also comparable to that of ascorbic acid. These findings hereby suggest potential of H. psittacorum and F. coronata in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases.Keywords: Heliconia psittacorum, Ficus coronata, anti-proliferative activity, cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77891870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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