Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/87560879221093902
M. Ilyas, M. Zahid, M. Mushtaq
Co-extruded multi-layer plastic sheets and polymer structures formed by calendering process or by cold rolling are widely used in the packaging industry and thin-film transistor manufacturing. The different materials are extruded from separate extruders into the single sheet die which delivers a multi-layer sheet with uniform layer thickness at die exit. This multi-layer sheet is then stretched between counter-rotating rolls to obtain final uniform multi-layer sheet. There are many factors which can influence this process. In this article, calendering a single layer Newtonian or Non-Newtonian material has been extended to analyze a two-layer calendering process for an incompressible Viscoplastic and Newtonian fluids as upper and lower layers with different viscosity ratios. To simplify the equations of motion, the lubrication approximation theory is used. The expressions of non-dimensional pressure gradient, pressure and velocity distribution of both layers are obtained analytically by using proper no slip boundary conditions and dimensionless variables. The dimensionless detachment point is approximated by Regula-Falsi (false position) method. The important engineering factors including detachment point, calendered sheet thickness, roll separation force, power input by rolls, torque on each roll, and adiabatic temperature are all computed. In addition, how the viscosity ratios and viscoplastic casson parameter affect these factors have been investigated. Moreover all established results in literature for single layer calendering Newtonian fluids are also validated at casson parameter β tending towards infinity.
{"title":"Numerical analysis of two-layered isothermal calendering of viscoplastic and Newtonian fluids with different viscosity ratios","authors":"M. Ilyas, M. Zahid, M. Mushtaq","doi":"10.1177/87560879221093902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221093902","url":null,"abstract":"Co-extruded multi-layer plastic sheets and polymer structures formed by calendering process or by cold rolling are widely used in the packaging industry and thin-film transistor manufacturing. The different materials are extruded from separate extruders into the single sheet die which delivers a multi-layer sheet with uniform layer thickness at die exit. This multi-layer sheet is then stretched between counter-rotating rolls to obtain final uniform multi-layer sheet. There are many factors which can influence this process. In this article, calendering a single layer Newtonian or Non-Newtonian material has been extended to analyze a two-layer calendering process for an incompressible Viscoplastic and Newtonian fluids as upper and lower layers with different viscosity ratios. To simplify the equations of motion, the lubrication approximation theory is used. The expressions of non-dimensional pressure gradient, pressure and velocity distribution of both layers are obtained analytically by using proper no slip boundary conditions and dimensionless variables. The dimensionless detachment point is approximated by Regula-Falsi (false position) method. The important engineering factors including detachment point, calendered sheet thickness, roll separation force, power input by rolls, torque on each roll, and adiabatic temperature are all computed. In addition, how the viscosity ratios and viscoplastic casson parameter affect these factors have been investigated. Moreover all established results in literature for single layer calendering Newtonian fluids are also validated at casson parameter β tending towards infinity.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"43 1","pages":"416 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81397303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1177/87560879221093977
Lisa-Maria Wittmann, D. Drummer
Different viscous materials were chosen to simulate the behavior of degraded materials in the thermoforming process and to demonstrate the potential of using multilayer sheets for thermoforming non thermoformable materials without losing final part performance. The mechanical properties of thermoformed multilayer sheets with 3, 22, and 50 melt flow index (MFI) polypropylenes (PP) were investigated. Therefore, a thermoformable material (MFI-3) and difficult/non thermoformable (MFI-22 and MFI-50) material was combined in the bilayer sheet. The extruded bilayer sheets had equal layer thicknesses (A/B 50%/50%) and unequal layer thicknesses (A/B 70%/30%), whereby B is always the material difficult to thermoform. As the non thermoformable material can lead to inhomogenity in the wall thickness and therefore can cause different part performance, the investigation focused on how the non thermoformable material influenced the mechanical performance of the final part. This labortory scale thermoformability investigation of the extruded PP sheets with different viscosities showed that the low viscous layer position has only a marginal influence on the general mechanical properties of the thermoformed parts. The mechanical properties can be predicted more precisely by the mechanical properties of the thermoformable material used than by the rule of mixtures. Whereas the Young’s modulus and yield stress change only negligibly, the elongation at break after thermoforming significantly increases with the stable component.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of thermoformed multilayer parts containing non thermoformable materials","authors":"Lisa-Maria Wittmann, D. Drummer","doi":"10.1177/87560879221093977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221093977","url":null,"abstract":"Different viscous materials were chosen to simulate the behavior of degraded materials in the thermoforming process and to demonstrate the potential of using multilayer sheets for thermoforming non thermoformable materials without losing final part performance. The mechanical properties of thermoformed multilayer sheets with 3, 22, and 50 melt flow index (MFI) polypropylenes (PP) were investigated. Therefore, a thermoformable material (MFI-3) and difficult/non thermoformable (MFI-22 and MFI-50) material was combined in the bilayer sheet. The extruded bilayer sheets had equal layer thicknesses (A/B 50%/50%) and unequal layer thicknesses (A/B 70%/30%), whereby B is always the material difficult to thermoform. As the non thermoformable material can lead to inhomogenity in the wall thickness and therefore can cause different part performance, the investigation focused on how the non thermoformable material influenced the mechanical performance of the final part. This labortory scale thermoformability investigation of the extruded PP sheets with different viscosities showed that the low viscous layer position has only a marginal influence on the general mechanical properties of the thermoformed parts. The mechanical properties can be predicted more precisely by the mechanical properties of the thermoformable material used than by the rule of mixtures. Whereas the Young’s modulus and yield stress change only negligibly, the elongation at break after thermoforming significantly increases with the stable component.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"92 1","pages":"608 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85871260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1177/87560879221109861
Shari Kraber
One challenge of running experiments is controlling the variation from process, sampling and measurement. Blocking is a statistical tool used to remove the variation coming from uncontrolled variables that are not part of the experiment. When the noise is reduced, the primary factor effects are estimated more easily, which allows the system to be modeled more precisely. For example, an experiment may contain too many runs to be completed in just 1 day. However, the process may not operate identically from 1 day to the next, causing an unknown amount of variation to be added to the experimental data. By blocking on the days, the day-to-day variation is removed from the data before the factor effects are calculated. Other typical blocking variables are raw material batches (lots), multiple “identical” machines or test equipment, people doing the testing, etc. In each case the blocking variable is simply a resource required to run the experiment-not a factor of interest. Blocking is the process of statistically splitting the runs into smaller groups. The researcher might assume that arranging runs into groups randomly is ideal we all learn that random order is best! However, this is not true when the goal is to statistically assess the variation between groups of runs, and then calculate clean factor effects. DesignExpert® software splits the runs into groups using statistical properties such as orthogonality and aliasing. For example, a two-level factorial design will be split into blocks using the same optimal technique used for creating fractional factorials. The design is broken into parts by using the coded pattern of the high-order interactions. If there are 5 factors, the ABCDE term can be used. All the runs with “-” levels of ABCDE are put in the first block, and the runs with “+” levels of ABCDE are put in the second block. Similarly, response surface designs are also blocked statistically so that the factor effects can be estimated as cleanly as possible. Blocks are not “free”. One degree of freedom (df) is used for each additional block. If there are no replicates in the design, such as a standard factorial design, then a model term may be sacrificed to filter out block-by-block variation. Usually these are high-order interactions, making the “cost” minimal.
{"title":"Blocking: Mowing the grass in your experimental backyard","authors":"Shari Kraber","doi":"10.1177/87560879221109861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221109861","url":null,"abstract":"One challenge of running experiments is controlling the variation from process, sampling and measurement. Blocking is a statistical tool used to remove the variation coming from uncontrolled variables that are not part of the experiment. When the noise is reduced, the primary factor effects are estimated more easily, which allows the system to be modeled more precisely. For example, an experiment may contain too many runs to be completed in just 1 day. However, the process may not operate identically from 1 day to the next, causing an unknown amount of variation to be added to the experimental data. By blocking on the days, the day-to-day variation is removed from the data before the factor effects are calculated. Other typical blocking variables are raw material batches (lots), multiple “identical” machines or test equipment, people doing the testing, etc. In each case the blocking variable is simply a resource required to run the experiment-not a factor of interest. Blocking is the process of statistically splitting the runs into smaller groups. The researcher might assume that arranging runs into groups randomly is ideal we all learn that random order is best! However, this is not true when the goal is to statistically assess the variation between groups of runs, and then calculate clean factor effects. DesignExpert® software splits the runs into groups using statistical properties such as orthogonality and aliasing. For example, a two-level factorial design will be split into blocks using the same optimal technique used for creating fractional factorials. The design is broken into parts by using the coded pattern of the high-order interactions. If there are 5 factors, the ABCDE term can be used. All the runs with “-” levels of ABCDE are put in the first block, and the runs with “+” levels of ABCDE are put in the second block. Similarly, response surface designs are also blocked statistically so that the factor effects can be estimated as cleanly as possible. Blocks are not “free”. One degree of freedom (df) is used for each additional block. If there are no replicates in the design, such as a standard factorial design, then a model term may be sacrificed to filter out block-by-block variation. Usually these are high-order interactions, making the “cost” minimal.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"3 1","pages":"347 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87957811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1177/87560879221088932
Z. Abbas, S. Khaliq, F. Murtaza, M. Rafiq
Blade coating process is widely applied in the industry for its practical applications in photographic films, paint industries, and magnetic storage devices. Also for manufacturing newspaper, metal coating, electronic circuit boards, and textile fibers. The blade coating process passes a fluid into the gap between the moving substrate and blade. This study uses the Rabinowitsch model which represents the Newtonian, shear thickening, and shear thinning effects by changing a non-linear parameter. Lubrication theory is used to simplify the dimensionless governing expressions. Then perturbation technique is used up to second order to solve the resultant system and validated by the numerical shooting technique. The graphs and tables present how the non-linear parameter affects the dimensionless velocity, pressure profile, coating thickness, and blade load. The non-linear model parameter proves to be the controlling parameter for the coating thickness, blade load, and pressure distribution, helping in determining the coating efficiency and improving the substrate life. This paper provides the theoretical framework for engineers to be applied in many industrial applications. In future, further validation of results can be done through experiments.
{"title":"Analytical study of isothermal blade coating process using Rabinowitsch fluid model","authors":"Z. Abbas, S. Khaliq, F. Murtaza, M. Rafiq","doi":"10.1177/87560879221088932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221088932","url":null,"abstract":"Blade coating process is widely applied in the industry for its practical applications in photographic films, paint industries, and magnetic storage devices. Also for manufacturing newspaper, metal coating, electronic circuit boards, and textile fibers. The blade coating process passes a fluid into the gap between the moving substrate and blade. This study uses the Rabinowitsch model which represents the Newtonian, shear thickening, and shear thinning effects by changing a non-linear parameter. Lubrication theory is used to simplify the dimensionless governing expressions. Then perturbation technique is used up to second order to solve the resultant system and validated by the numerical shooting technique. The graphs and tables present how the non-linear parameter affects the dimensionless velocity, pressure profile, coating thickness, and blade load. The non-linear model parameter proves to be the controlling parameter for the coating thickness, blade load, and pressure distribution, helping in determining the coating efficiency and improving the substrate life. This paper provides the theoretical framework for engineers to be applied in many industrial applications. In future, further validation of results can be done through experiments.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"15 1","pages":"562 - 588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72789998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1177/87560879221103302
Yong Zheng, Yiqing Jiao, H. Park, Feizhen Chen, B. Jo
Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) is widely used as tie-layer in multilayer film structures containing aluminum foil. EAA provides adhesion between the foil and rest of the film structure. It can be used alone or as a blend with low density polyethylene (LDPE), ordinarily between 20 and 50%. However, blending EAA and LDPE does not always produce desirable results. From time to time, a clear film becomes hazy as the EAA content is increased. At the same time, the adhesive strength to foil decreases. This study focuses on elucidating the mechanism behind the high haze and poor adhesion associated with EAA/LDPE blends and on determining factors that can optimize blend performance. The results from this study indicate that immiscibility, not viscosity mismatch, is the dominant factor affecting EAA/LDPE blends. In general, EAA with low acid content is more compatible with LDPE than EAA with high acid content. Processing parameters, such as extruder RPM and melt temperature, can also be selectively used to improve the blend haze or layer adhesion.
{"title":"Optimization of ethylene acrylic acid and low density polyethylene blend in tie-layer","authors":"Yong Zheng, Yiqing Jiao, H. Park, Feizhen Chen, B. Jo","doi":"10.1177/87560879221103302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221103302","url":null,"abstract":"Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) is widely used as tie-layer in multilayer film structures containing aluminum foil. EAA provides adhesion between the foil and rest of the film structure. It can be used alone or as a blend with low density polyethylene (LDPE), ordinarily between 20 and 50%. However, blending EAA and LDPE does not always produce desirable results. From time to time, a clear film becomes hazy as the EAA content is increased. At the same time, the adhesive strength to foil decreases. This study focuses on elucidating the mechanism behind the high haze and poor adhesion associated with EAA/LDPE blends and on determining factors that can optimize blend performance. The results from this study indicate that immiscibility, not viscosity mismatch, is the dominant factor affecting EAA/LDPE blends. In general, EAA with low acid content is more compatible with LDPE than EAA with high acid content. Processing parameters, such as extruder RPM and melt temperature, can also be selectively used to improve the blend haze or layer adhesion.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"43 9","pages":"102 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72367247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1177/87560879221097640
B. Demirel, E. Kiliç, Ali Yaraş, F. Akkurt, F. Daver, Derya Gezer
This study is on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) compounded with magnesium borate (MB) (Mg2B2O5) powders between (0.2–3.2% by weight) which were synthesized via sol-gel technique at laboratory-scale. The MB/PET composites were characterized in terms of chemical, thermal degradation, and mechanical properties. Their phases and chemical structures were identified by X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared analyses. The MB added into PET matrix significantly reduced PET degrading to acetaldehyde, carboxylic acids and diethylene glycol. However, while at 0.2 wt.% MB isophthalic acid (IPA) decreased and at higher MB concentrations there were higher IPA levels. The added MB increased the composites intrinsic viscosity (IV) compared to the pure PET. The highest IV (0.701 dL/g) was at the 0.2 wt.% MB/PET composite. Both Tg and Tm temperatures trended down up to 3.2 wt.% MB. Compared to pure PET, glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased to 80.4°C (at 3.2 wt.% MB) from 81°C, whereas melt temperature (Tm) decreased to 248.5°C (at 3.2 wt.% MB) from 249.4°C. The MB/PET composite tensile strength increased by 11.31% to a 60 MPa maximum at 0.2 wt.% MB compared to neat PET (53.9 MPa). However, at 0.4 wt. % and higher MB the dispersion was insufficient causing the MB powders to aggregate in the PET matrix, resulting in reduced tensile strength.
{"title":"Effects of magnesium borate on the mechanical performance, thermal and chemical degradation of polyethylene terephthalate packaging material","authors":"B. Demirel, E. Kiliç, Ali Yaraş, F. Akkurt, F. Daver, Derya Gezer","doi":"10.1177/87560879221097640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221097640","url":null,"abstract":"This study is on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) compounded with magnesium borate (MB) (Mg2B2O5) powders between (0.2–3.2% by weight) which were synthesized via sol-gel technique at laboratory-scale. The MB/PET composites were characterized in terms of chemical, thermal degradation, and mechanical properties. Their phases and chemical structures were identified by X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared analyses. The MB added into PET matrix significantly reduced PET degrading to acetaldehyde, carboxylic acids and diethylene glycol. However, while at 0.2 wt.% MB isophthalic acid (IPA) decreased and at higher MB concentrations there were higher IPA levels. The added MB increased the composites intrinsic viscosity (IV) compared to the pure PET. The highest IV (0.701 dL/g) was at the 0.2 wt.% MB/PET composite. Both Tg and Tm temperatures trended down up to 3.2 wt.% MB. Compared to pure PET, glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased to 80.4°C (at 3.2 wt.% MB) from 81°C, whereas melt temperature (Tm) decreased to 248.5°C (at 3.2 wt.% MB) from 249.4°C. The MB/PET composite tensile strength increased by 11.31% to a 60 MPa maximum at 0.2 wt.% MB compared to neat PET (53.9 MPa). However, at 0.4 wt. % and higher MB the dispersion was insufficient causing the MB powders to aggregate in the PET matrix, resulting in reduced tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"105 1","pages":"589 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78671487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/87560879221088939
Mehdi Gholami, V. Haddadi‐Asl, Iman Sahebi Jouibari
Polyurethanes (PUs) microstructure and characteristics is strongly affected by microphase separation that arises from the thermodynamic immiscibility between the hard and soft segments. The extent of phase separation as well as the morphology and size of the separated phase governs their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and functional properties. This review: (1) provides an insight into how phase separation affects PU properties, (2) explains methods used to study PU phase separation. We review approaches from the simplest one, that is, the transparency measurement, to the more advanced methods including the spectroscopic techniques (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and X-ray scattering), rheological instruments (rheometrics mechanical spectrometer), and thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry). We also discuss the theoretical calculations and the molecular modeling used to study PU phase separation.
{"title":"A review on microphase separation measurement techniques for polyurethanes","authors":"Mehdi Gholami, V. Haddadi‐Asl, Iman Sahebi Jouibari","doi":"10.1177/87560879221088939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221088939","url":null,"abstract":"Polyurethanes (PUs) microstructure and characteristics is strongly affected by microphase separation that arises from the thermodynamic immiscibility between the hard and soft segments. The extent of phase separation as well as the morphology and size of the separated phase governs their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and functional properties. This review: (1) provides an insight into how phase separation affects PU properties, (2) explains methods used to study PU phase separation. We review approaches from the simplest one, that is, the transparency measurement, to the more advanced methods including the spectroscopic techniques (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and X-ray scattering), rheological instruments (rheometrics mechanical spectrometer), and thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry). We also discuss the theoretical calculations and the molecular modeling used to study PU phase separation.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"122 1","pages":"502 - 541"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78445565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-28DOI: 10.1177/87560879221093408
Jiaxing Zhang, Zhongzhen Long, Hui Chen, Z. Shan
High-end leather packaging material safe, environmentally friendly, and has a good market prospect. It is an interesting technology to solve the intrinsic functionalization of skin collagen packaging materials. Nano-Hydroxyapatite (HA) precursors solution with a specific 1.67 calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca/P) were infiltrated into the three-dimensional collagen network matrix (3DCM) in situ growth based on goat skin pretreated with glutaraldehyde and the HAG-3DCM was obtained. After compression, a transparent film HAG-3DCM-was formed. Structural and functional characterization showed that the HAG-3DCM-CM film has good comprehensive performance, such as the tensile strength increased to 67 mPa from 28 mPa, the bending resistance increased from 5 cycles to 50 cycles and the swelling degree from 55% to 12%. HA disperses and fixes the three-dimensional collagen network matrix (3DCM) fibers, improves its stability against humidity and heat, and the thermal conductivity changed from 0.72 W/(K•m) to 0.65 W/(K•m). HAG-3DCM has a relatively high limiting oxygen index of 26.5%. This study demonstrates a new approach for preparing animal skin packaging materials with new application value.
{"title":"Research on preparation technology of animal skin intrinsic multifunctional packaging material","authors":"Jiaxing Zhang, Zhongzhen Long, Hui Chen, Z. Shan","doi":"10.1177/87560879221093408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221093408","url":null,"abstract":"High-end leather packaging material safe, environmentally friendly, and has a good market prospect. It is an interesting technology to solve the intrinsic functionalization of skin collagen packaging materials. Nano-Hydroxyapatite (HA) precursors solution with a specific 1.67 calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca/P) were infiltrated into the three-dimensional collagen network matrix (3DCM) in situ growth based on goat skin pretreated with glutaraldehyde and the HAG-3DCM was obtained. After compression, a transparent film HAG-3DCM-was formed. Structural and functional characterization showed that the HAG-3DCM-CM film has good comprehensive performance, such as the tensile strength increased to 67 mPa from 28 mPa, the bending resistance increased from 5 cycles to 50 cycles and the swelling degree from 55% to 12%. HA disperses and fixes the three-dimensional collagen network matrix (3DCM) fibers, improves its stability against humidity and heat, and the thermal conductivity changed from 0.72 W/(K•m) to 0.65 W/(K•m). HAG-3DCM has a relatively high limiting oxygen index of 26.5%. This study demonstrates a new approach for preparing animal skin packaging materials with new application value.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"50 1","pages":"629 - 650"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73866010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat-sealable isomeric co-polyimide (CPI) films with enhanced atomic oxygen (AO) resistance and mechanical strength were synthesized from 2,3,3′,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (aODPA), 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), and 2,5-bis [(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diphenylphosphine oxide (BADPO). We investigated how the molecular structure and diamine ratio affected the thermal properties, solubility, mechanical properties, AO resistance and heat-sealability. The diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) side group decreased the CPI film mechanical strength and its higher ODA reactivity increased the molecular weight. At 10 mol% ODA in the aODPA-BADPO system, the CPI film exhibited increased tensile strength with no detriment to the AO resistance. Meanwhile, the CPI films demonstrated good heat-sealability indicated by a completely merged interface after heat sealing.
{"title":"Enhancement of atomic oxygen resistance for heat-sealable isomeric co-polyimide films by combining ether linkage with diphenylphosphine oxide","authors":"Hongjiang Ni, Xiaoke Yang, Jun Li, Daijun Zhang, Jingang Liu, Shi-yong Yang, Xiang-bao Chen","doi":"10.1177/87560879221102635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87560879221102635","url":null,"abstract":"Heat-sealable isomeric co-polyimide (CPI) films with enhanced atomic oxygen (AO) resistance and mechanical strength were synthesized from 2,3,3′,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (aODPA), 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), and 2,5-bis [(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diphenylphosphine oxide (BADPO). We investigated how the molecular structure and diamine ratio affected the thermal properties, solubility, mechanical properties, AO resistance and heat-sealability. The diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) side group decreased the CPI film mechanical strength and its higher ODA reactivity increased the molecular weight. At 10 mol% ODA in the aODPA-BADPO system, the CPI film exhibited increased tensile strength with no detriment to the AO resistance. Meanwhile, the CPI films demonstrated good heat-sealability indicated by a completely merged interface after heat sealing.","PeriodicalId":16823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting","volume":"40 1","pages":"80 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75142920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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