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A strategy of experimentation for researchers 研究人员的实验策略
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1177/87560879231164238
Shari Kraber
A successful research strategy lays out a path with small steps that allows for changes in direction along the way. The “SCO” flowchart for experimenters (Figure 1) is a prime example of such a template for success. Its tried-and-true core is screening (“S”), characterization (“C”) and optimization (“O”). One last, but perhaps most important, step is added: Confirmation. Let’s dive into the SCO strategy for researchers and find out what makes it work so well. The starting point is the Screening design. Screening designs provide a broad, but shallow, search for previously unknown process factors. Use a two-level factorial design to quickly identify variables that affect the responses. TIP – to keep the number of runs lower, don’t bother screening factors that are already known to affect your responses! Newly discovered factors—the “vital few” will carry forward into the next phase of experimentation, with the “trivial many” being set aside. By using medium-resolution (Res IV) designs, you can estimate the main effects cleanly—their effects unbiased by hidden interactions. Moving ahead to Characterization with the vital-few screened factors plus the big one(s) you originally set aside, the identification of two-factor interactions becomes the goal. This necessitates a high-resolution design (Res V or better). Be sure to add center points at this stage so you can check for curvature (non-linearity). If curvature is NOT significant, then your mission is nearly complete—all that remains is Confirmation! If curvature does emerge as being significant and important, then move on to Optimization using response surface methods (RSM). The beauty of RSM is that you can use contour and 3D surface maps to see where each response peaks. Also, via numerical optimization tools, you can pinpoint the setup of factors producing the most desirable outcome for multiple responses. Graphical optimization via overlay plots lays out a compelling visual of the sweet spot—the window where all specifications can be achieved. Last, but not least, comes Confirmation. Decide if you want to confirm one specific “optimal” location in the design space, or if your interest is in verifying a broader area.
一个成功的研究策略是用小步骤规划出一条道路,允许在前进的道路上改变方向。实验人员的“SCO”流程图(图1)是这种成功模板的主要例子。其久经考验的核心是筛选(S)、表征(C)和优化(O)。最后,但也许是最重要的一步是:确认。让我们深入研究研究人员的上海合作组织战略,并找出是什么使它如此有效。首先是筛选设计。筛选设计为以前未知的工艺因素提供了广泛但肤浅的搜索。使用双水平因子设计来快速识别影响响应的变量。提示:为了降低测试次数,不要去筛选那些已知会影响你反应的因素!新发现的因素——“至关重要的少数因素”将继续进行下一阶段的实验,而“微不足道的许多因素”将被搁置一边。通过使用中分辨率(Res IV)设计,你可以清晰地估计主效应——它们的效应不受隐藏相互作用的影响。将筛选的几个重要因素加上您最初搁置的几个重要因素继续进行特性描述,确定两个因素的相互作用成为目标。这就需要高分辨率的设计(分辨率V或更高)。确保在此阶段添加中心点,以便您可以检查曲率(非线性)。如果曲率不重要,那么你的任务就差不多完成了——剩下的就是确认了!如果曲率确实是有意义和重要的,那么继续使用响应面方法(RSM)进行优化。RSM的美妙之处在于,您可以使用等高线和3D表面图来查看每个响应的峰值。此外,通过数值优化工具,您可以精确定位为多个响应产生最理想结果的因素设置。通过叠加图进行的图形优化展示了一个引人注目的最佳点视觉效果——所有规格都可以实现的窗口。最后,但并非最不重要的是坚信礼。决定你是想在设计空间中确认一个特定的“最佳”位置,还是想要验证一个更大的区域。
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引用次数: 0
Epistemiken des Essayistischen
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.14361/9783839465912
Aurel Sieber
Seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wird der Essay nicht nur als textuelles Phänomen gehandelt, sondern auch als »Geisteshaltung« (Musil) und »existenzielle Kategorie« (Bense). In diesem Verständnis macht Aurel Sieber den Essay als metaästhetische Erkenntnisweise greifbar, ohne ihm dafür eine Form aufzwingen zu müssen. Er etabliert eine praxeologische Perspektive, die den Blick nicht nur auf die künstlerischen Erzeugnisse, sondern auf jegliche Aspekte der Produktion richtet. Am Beispiel von Harun Farocki vollzieht er so über vier Jahrzehnte hinweg die Genese einer essayistischen Praxis als genuine Form der Erkenntnis nach.
自20世纪初世纪将文章不仅有textuelles行事,而且比«»心态(Musil)和生存类«»(Bense) .Aurel Sieber根据这种理解,把这篇文章描述成知识的形式化,而不需要强加给他。另外,它也引进了一种炫耀的角度,不仅是针对艺术产品,而且是反映出生产的每个方面。在哈伦·法洛基的例子中,他仿照这一发现,于四十年来,他仿照散文练习成为知识的一种形式。
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引用次数: 0
Blown film stability for low, medium, and high molecular weight polylactic acid and their tensile properties 吹塑膜的稳定性适用于低、中、高分子量聚乳酸及其拉伸性能
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/87560879231153702
Daniel C Licea-Saucedo, D. Rodrigue, E. Cisneros-López, R. González‐Núñez
Three poly (lactic acid) (PLA) resins with molecular weight (Mw) equal to 55 (3251D), 125 (L105) and 163 (LX175) kg/mol were characterized in terms of capillary viscosity, mechanical and thermal properties and used to produce blown films. The effect of temperature, extrusion rate, stretching (TUR) and blow-up (BUR) ratios were evaluated to determine the optimum processing conditions for blown films based on the bubble stability and to determine their final tensile properties. As expected, the processing temperature was the most critical parameter on the film stability. The lower Mw PLA showed limited processing stability. Stable conditions were found at higher temperature (200°C) for higher Mw. These results correlate with the PLA viscosity (melt strength). Finally, the PLA film tensile strength (TS) strongly depended on their processability. For example, 3251D and L105 required high stretching (TUR = 3.4 and 7) for maximum TS (30 and 64 MPa) with a low blow-up ratio (BUR = 1.02–1.15). However, a moderate increase in BUR (10% at TUR = 3) led to a substantial drop in TS (from 29 MPa to 21 MPa for PLA 3251D and 44 MPa–34 MPa for L105). Overall, LX175 was the most interesting resin with 49 MPa TS which was independent of the BUR and TUR used in this investigation.
以分子量(Mw)分别为55 (3251D)、125 (L105)和163 (LX175) kg/mol的三种聚乳酸(PLA)树脂为研究对象,对其毛细管粘度、力学性能和热性能进行了表征。考察了温度、挤出率、拉伸率(TUR)和膨化率(BUR)的影响,以气泡稳定性为基础确定了膨化膜的最佳工艺条件,并确定了膨化膜的最终拉伸性能。正如预期的那样,加工温度是影响薄膜稳定性的最关键参数。低Mw的PLA表现出有限的加工稳定性。在较高的温度(200℃)下,获得了较高的Mw的稳定条件。这些结果与PLA粘度(熔体强度)有关。最后,PLA薄膜的拉伸强度(TS)在很大程度上取决于其可加工性。例如,3251D和L105需要高拉伸(TUR = 3.4和7),以获得最大TS(30和64 MPa),并具有低爆破比(BUR = 1.02-1.15)。然而,适度增加BUR(在TUR = 3时增加10%)导致TS大幅下降(PLA 3251D从29 MPa降至21 MPa, L105从44 MPa降至34 MPa)。总的来说,LX175是最有趣的树脂,其TS值为49 MPa,与本研究中使用的BUR和TUR无关。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of nanoclay and nano-calcium carbonate content on the properties of polybutylene succinate/nanoparticle composites 纳米粘土和纳米碳酸钙含量对聚琥珀酸丁烯/纳米颗粒复合材料性能的影响
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-15 DOI: 10.1177/87560879231151711
K. Chaochanchaikul, Chuntip Sakulkhaemaruethai
How nanoparticle type and content affect polybutylene succinate (PBS) properties were investigated by varying nanoclay and calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nanoCaCO3) from 0 to 15 wt%. PBS/nanoparticle composites were prepared by compounding with a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and forming them with a compression molding machine. Their mechanical properties, filler dispersion, crystallinity, and permeability were evaluated using tensile testing, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and water vapor and gas permeability measurements. The results showed that adding nanoclay and nanoCaCO3 enhanced the PBS stiffness. In comparison to neat PBS, the highest tensile moduli were 46% higher at 15 wt% nanoclay and 30% higher at 15 wt% nanoCaCO3. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for the PBS/nanoclay composites tended to decrease as the nanoclay content increased. Nanoclay dispersion was poor in composites containing more than 5 wt% nanoclay. Surface treating the nanoCaCO3 particles with a fatty acid resulted in similar UTS values and reduced the elongation at break to 15% from 225% for the neat PBS. The decrease in ductility resulted from PBS chain scission. The nanoclay and nanoCaCO3 at low content enhanced the PBS crystallization. The nanoplatelet-shaped nanoclay led to greater agglomeration than the cubic-shaped nanoCaCO3, but the nanoclay was more effective than the nanoCaCO3. The water vapor barrier properties improved with the added nanoclay, with about a 52% reduction in water vapor permeability as compared to neat PBS. The water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of nanoclay were more effective than the nanoCaCO3.
通过改变纳米粘土和碳酸钙纳米颗粒(纳米ocaco3)在0 ~ 15% wt%的比例,研究了纳米颗粒类型和含量对聚琥珀酸丁二烯(PBS)性能的影响。采用同向旋转双螺杆挤出机进行复合,用压缩成型机进行成型,制备了PBS/纳米颗粒复合材料。通过拉伸测试、能量色散x射线分析、透射电子显微镜、差示扫描量热法、x射线衍射以及水蒸气和气体渗透性测量来评估它们的机械性能、填料分散性、结晶度和渗透性。结果表明,纳米粘土和纳米ocaco3的加入增强了PBS的刚度。与纯PBS相比,15 wt%纳米粘土和15 wt%纳米ocaco3的拉伸模量分别高出46%和30%。随着纳米粘土含量的增加,PBS/纳米粘土复合材料的极限抗拉强度呈下降趋势。纳米粘土的分散性较差,复合材料中纳米粘土的含量超过5 wt%。用脂肪酸对纳米ocaco3颗粒进行表面处理,得到了相似的UTS值,并将断裂伸长率从纯PBS的225%降低到15%。PBS断链导致延展性下降。低含量的纳米粘土和纳米ocaco3促进了PBS的结晶。纳米板状纳米粘土比立方状纳米ocaco3的团聚效果更好,但纳米粘土比纳米ocaco3的团聚效果更好。随着纳米粘土的加入,其水蒸气阻隔性能得到改善,与纯PBS相比,其水蒸气渗透性降低了约52%。纳米粘土的阻水阻氧性能优于纳米ocaco3。
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引用次数: 2
LDPE-Nanoclay films for food packaging with improved barrier properties 具有改进阻隔性能的食品包装用ldpe纳米粘土薄膜
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/87560879221151190
C. Barros, Sónia Miranda, Olga Castro, O. Carneiro, AV Machado
This study focuses on the development of low-density polyethylene matrix nanocomposite films for food packaging industry and aims at improving low-density polyethylene oxygen barrier properties while maintaining other relevant characteristics, such as processability, easy post-processing, optical and mechanical properties. low-density polyethylene nanocomposites, with 1 and 2.5 wt.% nanoclay (NC) and also compatibilized with 5 wt.% polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), were prepared and used to produce blown films. The nanocomposites were characterized in terms of their morphology, thermal, rheological, mechanical, barrier and optical properties, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheological measurements, tensile tests, water vapor transmission, oxygen permeability tests and spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated good NC dispersion in the polymer matrix and decreased oxygen permeability in the compatibilized nanocomposite films. All the other properties did not significantly change when compared to neat low-density polyethylene. Overall, the film properties were improved with the added nanoclay and PE-g-MA and, have potential for food packaging.
本研究的重点是开发用于食品包装工业的低密度聚乙烯基纳米复合薄膜,旨在提高低密度聚乙烯的阻氧性能,同时保持其他相关特性,如可加工性、后处理便利性、光学和机械性能。制备了低密度聚乙烯纳米复合材料,分别含有1和2.5 wt.%的纳米粘土(NC)和5 wt.%的聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐(PE-g-MA),并用于制备吹膜。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、x射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、流变学测试、拉伸测试、水蒸气透射率测试、氧渗透性测试和分光光度法对纳米复合材料的形貌、热、流变、力学、势势和光学性能进行了表征。结果表明,纳米复合材料在聚合物基体中具有良好的NC分散性,其氧渗透性降低。与纯低密度聚乙烯相比,所有其他性能没有显著变化。总的来说,添加纳米粘土和PE-g-MA后,薄膜的性能得到了改善,具有食品包装的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Theoretical Analysis of Roll-over-web Coating of a Non-Newtonian Polymer Using Lubrication Approximation Theory 用润滑近似理论分析非牛顿聚合物的滚轧膜
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1177/87560879221150751
H. Atif, Mobeen Akhtar, Muhammad A. Javed
Roll-coating process plays an important role in many industries for its practical applications such as paint, PVC coated fabrics and plastic industries. There are several roll-to-roll coating methods including forward and reverse roll-coating. However, the roll-over-web coating study of the Rabinowitsch model is presented in this paper. The flow equations for the problem are developed and converted into dimensionless form with the help of dimensionless variables and then finally simplified by a well-known lubrication approximation theory. We employ the regular perturbation technique to get analytical expressions for velocity, pressure, and pressure gradient. Engineering quantities such as power input function and roll-separating force are calculated by Runge-Kutta method. The dimensionless Rabinowitsch parameter effect on velocity, pressure, pressure gradient, load-carrying force, and power input are shown graphically. It is interesting to note that for the shear thickening case, the Rabinowitsch model predicts 35% higher pressure, while in the shear thinning case it predicts 29% less pressure in the nip region when compared to the Newtonian model. The force and power show a decreasing trend on increasing the dimensionless Rabinowitsch parameter a. Moreover, the separation point shifts right of its Newtonian value when fluid behaves like shear thickening and volumetric flow rate increases which causes the coating thickness to increase.
滚涂工艺在许多行业中发挥着重要的作用,如油漆、PVC涂层织物和塑料行业。有几种卷对卷涂布方法,包括正向涂布和反向涂布。然而,本文提出了Rabinowitsch模型的滚轧涂层研究。利用无量纲变量建立了该问题的流动方程,并将其转化为无量纲形式,最后利用著名的润滑近似理论进行了简化。我们采用正则摄动技术得到了速度、压力和压力梯度的解析表达式。采用龙格-库塔法计算了动力输入函数和分辊力等工程量。无因次Rabinowitsch参数对速度、压力、压力梯度、承载力和功率输入的影响用图形表示。有趣的是,在剪切增厚的情况下,Rabinowitsch模型预测的压力比牛顿模型高35%,而在剪切变薄的情况下,与牛顿模型相比,它预测的压痕区域压力比牛顿模型低29%。随着无量纲Rabinowitsch参数a的增大,力和功率均呈减小趋势。当流体表现为剪切增稠,体积流量增大时,分离点向牛顿值右移,导致涂层厚度增大。
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引用次数: 2
A rheology and processing study on controlling material and process defects in polymer melt extrusion film casting using polymer blends 用聚合物共混物控制聚合物熔体挤出膜铸造材料和工艺缺陷的流变学及工艺研究
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1177/87560879221150764
D. Rokade, P. Patil, Sheetal Nandimath, H. Pol
The primary objective of this research paper is to control the material and process defects in polymer melt extrusion film casting (EFC) process for linear chain architecture polyethylene (PE) resins through polymer blending methodology. Extrusion film casting is a well-known industrially important manufacturing process that is used to manufacture thousands of tons of polymer/plastic films/sheets and coated products. In this research, the necking defect in an EFC process has been studied experimentally for a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resin and attempts have been made to control its necking by blending in a long chain branched (LCB) low density polyethylene (LDPE) resin. The blending methodology is based on the understanding that a LDPE resin displays enhanced resistance to necking as compared to the LLDPE resin. It is found that added LDPE resin enhances necking resistance for the primary LLDPE resin. Further, as the LDPE concentration increases in the blend formulation, the necking is further reduced as compared to pure LLDPE. Analogous to past studies on EFC of linear and long chain branched architecture containing PEs, it is observed that as the LDPE is increased in the blend formulations, the formulations displayed enhanced melt elasticity and extensional strain hardening in rheological studies. It is concluded from this study that polyethylene resins having linear chain architecture can be made amenable to enhanced resistance to necking using appropriate amount of a long chain branched resins. Finally, process defects such as the draw resonance onset could be shifted to higher draw ratios as the LDPE level is increased in the LLDPE-LDPE blend formulation.
本文的主要目的是通过聚合物共混的方法来控制线性链结构聚乙烯(PE)树脂熔体挤出薄膜铸造(EFC)过程中的材料和工艺缺陷。挤出薄膜铸造是一种众所周知的工业重要制造工艺,用于制造数千吨聚合物/塑料薄膜/片材和涂层产品。在本研究中,实验研究了线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)树脂在EFC过程中的缩颈缺陷,并试图通过与长链支链(LCB)低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)树脂共混来控制其缩颈。混合方法是基于这样一种认识,即与LLDPE树脂相比,LDPE树脂具有更强的抗颈缩性。结果表明,LDPE树脂的加入提高了原LLDPE树脂的抗颈缩性能。此外,随着共混配方中LDPE浓度的增加,与纯LLDPE相比,颈缩进一步减少。与过去对含聚乙烯的线性和长链支链结构的EFC研究类似,我们观察到,随着共混配方中LDPE含量的增加,在流变学研究中,该配方表现出增强的熔体弹性和拉伸应变硬化。研究结果表明,采用适量的长链支化树脂可以使具有线性链结构的聚乙烯树脂具有增强的抗缩性。最后,随着LLDPE-LDPE共混配方中LDPE含量的增加,拉伸共振发作等工艺缺陷可以转移到更高的拉伸比。
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引用次数: 2
Populismus und Kino 民粹主义和电影
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.14361/9783839465400
J. Pause
Die 1930er-Jahre gelten als das populistische Jahrzehnt Hollywoods. Regisseure wie Frank Capra, Leo McCarey und John Ford entwerfen in ihren Werken Szenarien geglückter oder gescheiterter politischer Repräsentation, in denen sich demokratische Ideale mit politischer Theologie und amerikanischem Exzeptionalismus verbinden. Die Szenographie dieser Filme hat sich tief in das kulturelle Gedächtnis der USA eingeschrieben und prägt die politische Inszenierung von Repräsentation bis heute. Johannes Pause liest die damals entstandene Bildsprache als eine Typologie populistischer Repräsentation neu und nutzt sie als Folie, um aktuelle politische Tendenzen zu analysieren.
20世纪30年代是好莱坞民粹主义的十年。这样的导演包括弗兰克·卡普拉,李奥·麦卡锡和约翰·福特,他们的作品描绘着获得成功或失败的政治代表,将民主理想与政治神学和美国例外论结合起来。这些电影的封面已经深深地植根于美国的文化记忆,直到今天,它还在见证政治集会的过程。约翰·图恩(john plan)最近的画法表现得很好,将其作为分析近期政治趋势的幻灯片。
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引用次数: 0
From the Editor 来自编辑
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/87560879221147989
G. Crossley
No This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
不这篇文章受版权保护。版权所有。
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引用次数: 0
Augmenting one-factor-at-a-time data to build a DOE 增加一次一个因素的数据来构建一个DOE
IF 3.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/87560879221147984
Shari Kraber
from
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting
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