Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.490
H. Yparraguirre, Claudia Luciana Galliani-Pinillos
Currently, in the face of attacks by pests and diseases in agricultural crops, new biological control strategies have been developed through the use of antagonistic fungi, of which the genus Trichoderma stands out. The objective of this research was to select the best organic substrate for the production of the species Trichoderma viride. Eight solid substrates were evaluated for the production of conidia of T. viride, with incubation at 20°C or 25°C and photoperiod 12 h light / 12 h dark for 13 days. The variables evaluated were density (number of conidia/g of substrate), percentage of germination, and purity of conidia. The best substrate, in which the highest number of conidia was obtained, was the dried lima bean shell at 5, 9 and 13 days of evaluation, under production at 20°C. There was no statistically significant difference in the germination percentage and purity among the substrates evaluated. The best substrate regarding cost/benefit was the dried lima bean shell. It is concluded that this substrate is a new candidate for use in the production of T. viride by allowing a yield of 2 × 109 conidia/g at 20°C on day 5 and for being of lower economic value compared to whole rice.
目前，面对农作物病虫害的侵袭，利用拮抗真菌开发了新的生物防治策略，其中以木霉属最为突出。本研究的目的是为绿木霉的生产选择最佳的有机底物。在20℃或25℃条件下，光周期12 h / 12 h，共13天，对8种固体基质进行了产生绿毛霉分生孢子的研究。评估的变量是密度(分生孢子数/g底物)、发芽率和分生孢子纯度。在20°C的条件下，培养5、9和13 d的干燥利马豆壳是获得分生孢子数量最多的最佳培养基。不同培养基的发芽率和纯度差异无统计学意义。在成本/效益方面，干燥的利马豆壳是最好的基质。结果表明，该底物在20℃条件下第5天的产量为2 × 109个分生孢子/g，与全稻相比具有较低的经济价值，是一种新的候选物。
{"title":"Production of Trichoderma viride in Local Organic Substrates of the Ica Region, Peru","authors":"H. Yparraguirre, Claudia Luciana Galliani-Pinillos","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.490","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, in the face of attacks by pests and diseases in agricultural crops, new biological control strategies have been developed through the use of antagonistic fungi, of which the genus Trichoderma stands out. The objective of this research was to select the best organic substrate for the production of the species Trichoderma viride. Eight solid substrates were evaluated for the production of conidia of T. viride, with incubation at 20°C or 25°C and photoperiod 12 h light / 12 h dark for 13 days. The variables evaluated were density (number of conidia/g of substrate), percentage of germination, and purity of conidia. The best substrate, in which the highest number of conidia was obtained, was the dried lima bean shell at 5, 9 and 13 days of evaluation, under production at 20°C. There was no statistically significant difference in the germination percentage and purity among the substrates evaluated. The best substrate regarding cost/benefit was the dried lima bean shell. It is concluded that this substrate is a new candidate for use in the production of T. viride by allowing a yield of 2 × 109 conidia/g at 20°C on day 5 and for being of lower economic value compared to whole rice.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83331870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.488
Endriyas Gabrekiristos
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important fruit crop which is cultivated widely for consumption as a fresh fruit and for use in drinks, jams, candies and as dried and crystallized fruit. It has high nutritive and medicinal value. Papaya is also used as a source of cash-income. Production of papaya in Ethiopia is increasing through time; yet the average production and export is very low due to various abiotic and biotic factors. Among which, diseases cause much of the damage. Papaya is attacked by several diseases like, anthracnose, powdery mildew, black spot and papaya ring spot. Among the emerging diseases of papaya in Ethiopia, black spot disease caused by Asperisporium caricae is the most lethal by causing disease on photosynthetic and economic (fruit) plant parts. The fruits are affected on the surface, reducing the fresh-market value. In Ethiopia, Asperisporium caricae has been observed in most papaya producing areas. However, the severity of the pathogen has not been well profiled. The pathogen was not also characterized, which is the base to device management options. Currently, the use of fungicides and resistant cultivars are the preferred management options. This disease is found to be serious in the recent past few years by causing substantial economic loss. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the newly emerging black spot disease of papaya, its distribution and management options.
{"title":"A Newly Emerging Disease of Papaya in Ethiopia: Black Spot (Asperisporium caricae) Disease and Management Options","authors":"Endriyas Gabrekiristos","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.488","url":null,"abstract":"Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important fruit crop which is cultivated widely for consumption as a fresh fruit and for use in drinks, jams, candies and as dried and crystallized fruit. It has high nutritive and medicinal value. Papaya is also used as a source of cash-income. Production of papaya in Ethiopia is increasing through time; yet the average production and export is very low due to various abiotic and biotic factors. Among which, diseases cause much of the damage. Papaya is attacked by several diseases like, anthracnose, powdery mildew, black spot and papaya ring spot. Among the emerging diseases of papaya in Ethiopia, black spot disease caused by Asperisporium caricae is the most lethal by causing disease on photosynthetic and economic (fruit) plant parts. The fruits are affected on the surface, reducing the fresh-market value. In Ethiopia, Asperisporium caricae has been observed in most papaya producing areas. However, the severity of the pathogen has not been well profiled. The pathogen was not also characterized, which is the base to device management options. Currently, the use of fungicides and resistant cultivars are the preferred management options. This disease is found to be serious in the recent past few years by causing substantial economic loss. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the newly emerging black spot disease of papaya, its distribution and management options.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76694520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.519
A. Rasool, M. Jahan, Umbreen Shazad, Arsia Tariq, Phoebe Nemenzo
Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is one of the most economically important citrus crops in the world and is the most commonly grown citrus fruit in the world. Nonetheless, its production is constantly threatened by pathogens that cause considerable economic losses and severe social impacts including phytoplasma. Phytoplasma is an emerging threat to sweet orange production which leads to severe yield losses worldwide. Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited pleomorphic bacteria, mainly transmitted through leafhoppers but also by plant propagation materials and seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical alterations in sweet orange plant as a response to phytoplasma infection. Phytoplasma-infected plants in this study, showed symptoms, such as yellowing of leaves, stunted and rolled foliage, unripened shoots and fruits, stunted roots or plant and “witches' broom”. Nested PCR confirmed the presence of phytoplasma in all the infected plants. Primary metabolites including chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, carotenoid, proline and soluble protein were increased while soluble sugar, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were decreased in phytoplasma-infected plants. The secondary metabolites including phenolics, glycine betaine and anthocyanin were increased while ascorbic acid was decreased in the phytoplasma-infected plants. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes: ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities were increased in phytoplasma-infected plants. On the basis of comparing our findings with previous reports, it is clear that the responses of host plants to phytoplasma infection are complex and may vary among plants.
{"title":"Effect of Phytoplasma Infection on Primary and Secondary Metabolites andAntioxidative Enzyme Activities of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinenses L.)","authors":"A. Rasool, M. Jahan, Umbreen Shazad, Arsia Tariq, Phoebe Nemenzo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.519","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is one of the most economically important citrus crops in the world and is the most commonly grown citrus fruit in the world. Nonetheless, its production is constantly threatened by pathogens that cause considerable economic losses and severe social impacts including phytoplasma. Phytoplasma is an emerging threat to sweet orange production which leads to severe yield losses worldwide. Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited pleomorphic bacteria, mainly transmitted through leafhoppers but also by plant propagation materials and seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical alterations in sweet orange plant as a response to phytoplasma infection. Phytoplasma-infected plants in this study, showed symptoms, such as yellowing of leaves, stunted and rolled foliage, unripened shoots and fruits, stunted roots or plant and “witches' broom”. Nested PCR confirmed the presence of phytoplasma in all the infected plants. Primary metabolites including chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, carotenoid, proline and soluble protein were increased while soluble sugar, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were decreased in phytoplasma-infected plants. The secondary metabolites including phenolics, glycine betaine and anthocyanin were increased while ascorbic acid was decreased in the phytoplasma-infected plants. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes: ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities were increased in phytoplasma-infected plants. On the basis of comparing our findings with previous reports, it is clear that the responses of host plants to phytoplasma infection are complex and may vary among plants.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87223650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.495
N. Kaur, S. Sehgal, K. Glover, Emmanuel Byamukam, Shaukat Ali
Fusarium graminearum causes crown rot in wheat affecting seed germination, seedling establishment hence impacting crop productivity. Integrated disease management approaches includes cultural practices, use of good quality seed, resistant varieties, seed treatment. In this study, we surveyed wheat plant samples from South Dakota to determinethe prevalence and distribution of root rot pathogens. F. graminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were recovered from 100% and 48% of the root samples (n=39) collected, respectively. Further, we studied the effect of F. graminearum on the seed germination and seedling blight on spring wheat cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions. F. graminearum significantly affected the seed germination and seedling blight in 11 spring wheat cultivars, ranging from 75-96% and 0-9%, respectively in infested seed as compared to uninfested seed (control). The cultivars ‘Forefront’ and ‘Select’ were least impacted by the pathogen; whereas, ‘Russ’ and ‘Oxen’ showed a significant reduction in germination and higher seedling blight. Field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of source of inoculum, fungicide seed treatment and varieties on seed germination and seedling survival at two locations in 2015 and 2016. Cultivars Russ and Oxen showed poor seed germination and high seedling blight; whereas, Forefront, Selectand Briggs had higher germination and seedling survival. Fungicide treatment significantly increased seed germination. The source of inoculum was significant in 2015, however, it was not significant in 2016 due to less disease pressure. Our results showed that F. graminearum lowers seed germination and causes seedling blight in wheat cultivars and genetic variability exists incultivars. Hence the use of fungicide seed treatment can reduce the germination losses caused by the pathogen for fields likely to have high inoculum pressure or likely infested seed and use of tolerant cultivars like Forefront can further reduce the losses due to crown and root rot diseasent.
{"title":"Impact of Fusarium graminearum on Seed Germination and Seedling Blight in Hard Red Spring Cultivars in South Dakota","authors":"N. Kaur, S. Sehgal, K. Glover, Emmanuel Byamukam, Shaukat Ali","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.495","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium graminearum causes crown rot in wheat affecting seed germination, seedling establishment hence impacting crop productivity. Integrated disease management approaches includes cultural practices, use of good quality seed, resistant varieties, seed treatment. In this study, we surveyed wheat plant samples from South Dakota to determinethe prevalence and distribution of root rot pathogens. F. graminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were recovered from 100% and 48% of the root samples (n=39) collected, respectively. Further, we studied the effect of F. graminearum on the seed germination and seedling blight on spring wheat cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions. F. graminearum significantly affected the seed germination and seedling blight in 11 spring wheat cultivars, ranging from 75-96% and 0-9%, respectively in infested seed as compared to uninfested seed (control). The cultivars ‘Forefront’ and ‘Select’ were least impacted by the pathogen; whereas, ‘Russ’ and ‘Oxen’ showed a significant reduction in germination and higher seedling blight. Field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of source of inoculum, fungicide seed treatment and varieties on seed germination and seedling survival at two locations in 2015 and 2016. Cultivars Russ and Oxen showed poor seed germination and high seedling blight; whereas, Forefront, Selectand Briggs had higher germination and seedling survival. Fungicide treatment significantly increased seed germination. The source of inoculum was significant in 2015, however, it was not significant in 2016 due to less disease pressure. Our results showed that F. graminearum lowers seed germination and causes seedling blight in wheat cultivars and genetic variability exists incultivars. Hence the use of fungicide seed treatment can reduce the germination losses caused by the pathogen for fields likely to have high inoculum pressure or likely infested seed and use of tolerant cultivars like Forefront can further reduce the losses due to crown and root rot diseasent.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91059285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.10.478
Dagnachew Bekele, K. Tesfaye, A. Fikre
To speed up the development of improved crop varieties, genomics assisted plant breeding is becoming an important tool. With traditional breeding and marker assisted selection, there have been several achievements in breeding for diseases resistance. Most research for disease resistance has been focused on major disease resistance genes which are highly effective although very vulnerable to breakdown with rapid changes in pathogenic races. In contrast, breeding for minor gene quantitative resistance can produce more durable plant varieties although it is very slow and challenging breeding. As the genetic architecture of the plant disease resistance shifts from single major R genes to many minor quantitative genes, the most appropriate approach for molecular plant breeding is genomic selection (GS) than marker assisted selection or conventional breeding. With the advent of new genomic tools, GS has emerged as one of the most important approaches for predicting genotype performance to improve genetically complex quantitative traits. Consequently, GS helps to accelerate the rate of genetic gain in breeding by using whole genome sequence data to predict the breeding value of offspring. GS breeding for quantitative resistance will therefore necessitate whole genome prediction models and selection methodology as implemented for classical complex traits. With the implementation of GS for yield and other economically important traits, whole genome marker profiles are available for the entire set of breeding lines, enabling genomic selection for disease resistance with no additional direct cost. Therefore, recent developments in GS including a two stream GS + de novo GWAS models (GS+) and GS for combined highest level of quantitative resistance with R genes (QR +R gene) individuals are expected to further advance disease resistance plant breeding and briefly discussed.
为了加快作物改良品种的开发，基因组学辅助植物育种正在成为一种重要的工具。在传统育种和标记辅助选择的基础上，抗病育种取得了一些成果。大多数抗病研究都集中在主要抗病基因上，这些基因虽然很容易因致病种的快速变化而被破坏，但却非常有效。相比之下，培育小基因的数量抗性可以产生更持久的植物品种，尽管它是非常缓慢和具有挑战性的育种。随着植物抗病遗传结构从单一的主R基因向多个次要的定量基因转变，基因组选择(GS)是植物分子育种最合适的方法，而不是标记辅助选择或传统育种。随着新的基因组工具的出现，GS已成为预测基因型性能以改善遗传复杂数量性状的最重要方法之一。因此，GS通过使用全基因组序列数据来预测后代的育种价值，有助于加快育种中遗传增益的速度。因此，GS的数量抗性育种将需要全基因组预测模型和选择方法，就像对经典复杂性状实施的那样。随着对产量和其他经济上重要性状的GS的实施，全基因组标记谱可用于整套育种品系，使抗病基因组选择成为可能，而不需要额外的直接成本。因此，最近的研究进展，包括GS+ de novo GWAS模型(GS+)和最高水平定量抗性与R基因组合的GS (QR +R基因)个体，有望进一步推进植物的抗病育种，并简要讨论。
{"title":"Recent Developments in Genomic Selection for Minor Gene Quantitative Disease Resistance Plant Breeding","authors":"Dagnachew Bekele, K. Tesfaye, A. Fikre","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.10.478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.10.478","url":null,"abstract":"To speed up the development of improved crop varieties, genomics assisted plant breeding is becoming an important tool. With traditional breeding and marker assisted selection, there have been several achievements in breeding for diseases resistance. Most research for disease resistance has been focused on major disease resistance genes which are highly effective although very vulnerable to breakdown with rapid changes in pathogenic races. In contrast, breeding for minor gene quantitative resistance can produce more durable plant varieties although it is very slow and challenging breeding. As the genetic architecture of the plant disease resistance shifts from single major R genes to many minor quantitative genes, the most appropriate approach for molecular plant breeding is genomic selection (GS) than marker assisted selection or conventional breeding. With the advent of new genomic tools, GS has emerged as one of the most important approaches for predicting genotype performance to improve genetically complex quantitative traits. Consequently, GS helps to accelerate the rate of genetic gain in breeding by using whole genome sequence data to predict the breeding value of offspring. GS breeding for quantitative resistance will therefore necessitate whole genome prediction models and selection methodology as implemented for classical complex traits. With the implementation of GS for yield and other economically important traits, whole genome marker profiles are available for the entire set of breeding lines, enabling genomic selection for disease resistance with no additional direct cost. Therefore, recent developments in GS including a two stream GS + de novo GWAS models (GS+) and GS for combined highest level of quantitative resistance with R genes (QR +R gene) individuals are expected to further advance disease resistance plant breeding and briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88836063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.484
A. Worku
Ethiopia solitary one of the six center of biodiversity in the globe numerous topography, climatic circumstances, and different tribal culture. The country has rich flora with different plant species having medical importance in health care system based on local indigenous knowledge. Review ethno botanical lessons is a real and give confidence able in rich natural as well as biological reserve area for medical deposit recognition, credentials, position, protection and sustainable usage. In Ethiopia, investigation and documentations on medical plants have in progress in current period even if plants worn conventionally as a foundation of medication in view of the fact that time immemorial. Traditional medicine plays an important role in the daily lives of people living in rural parts of the country. Even though the detail that Ethiopia has an elongate times past by means of long established medicinal plants as a substitute medicine source. Traditional medicinal use their associated indigenous knowledge. Identifying and scaling up traditional medicinal plant very important practices and key to significantly augment in contributions to local livelihoods, the national economy, and the environment. In accumulation to selection the organically vigorous component and pharmacological behavior of these plant resources, prospect study are considered necessary to give emphasis to the management and farming of significant medical flora of the countryside.
{"title":"A Review on Significant of Traditional Medicinal Plants for Human Use in Case of Ethiopia","authors":"A. Worku","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.484","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia solitary one of the six center of biodiversity in the globe numerous topography, climatic circumstances, and different tribal culture. The country has rich flora with different plant species having medical importance in health care system based on local indigenous knowledge. Review ethno botanical lessons is a real and give confidence able in rich natural as well as biological reserve area for medical deposit recognition, credentials, position, protection and sustainable usage. In Ethiopia, investigation and documentations on medical plants have in progress in current period even if plants worn conventionally as a foundation of medication in view of the fact that time immemorial. Traditional medicine plays an important role in the daily lives of people living in rural parts of the country. Even though the detail that Ethiopia has an elongate times past by means of long established medicinal plants as a substitute medicine source. Traditional medicinal use their associated indigenous knowledge. Identifying and scaling up traditional medicinal plant very important practices and key to significantly augment in contributions to local livelihoods, the national economy, and the environment. In accumulation to selection the organically vigorous component and pharmacological behavior of these plant resources, prospect study are considered necessary to give emphasis to the management and farming of significant medical flora of the countryside.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81717352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.24105/2157-7471.10.482
L. P. S. Chidichima, A. P. Lopes, A. Miamoto, Mayra Renata CruzSoares, Rosangela A. Silva, C. R. Dias-Arieira
Crotalaria is one of the most widely used plants for the control of phytopathogenic nematodes. The plants act by inhibiting nematode multiplication, fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and improving soil quality. The pathogenicity of nematode populations can vary according to plant species. This study aimed to evaluate the response of different Crotalaria species to seven populations of Meloidogyne javanica. Crotalaria spectabilis, C. ochroleuca, C. juncea, and soybean (control) were inoculated with the nematode. Fresh root weight, root-knot index, total number of nematodes, nematode population density (number of nematodes per gram of fresh root), and reproductive factor (RF) were evaluated 60 days after inoculation. M. javanica populations varied in pathogenicity to all plants studied. Soybean was susceptible to all populations, and C. spectabilis and C. ochroleuca were resistant. C. juncea was susceptible to Mj-7 (RF=1.04). Mj-7 was the most pathogenic population.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Crotalaria Species to Different Populations of Meloidogynejavanica","authors":"L. P. S. Chidichima, A. P. Lopes, A. Miamoto, Mayra Renata CruzSoares, Rosangela A. Silva, C. R. Dias-Arieira","doi":"10.24105/2157-7471.10.482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24105/2157-7471.10.482","url":null,"abstract":"Crotalaria is one of the most widely used plants for the control of phytopathogenic nematodes. The plants act by inhibiting nematode multiplication, fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and improving soil quality. The pathogenicity of nematode populations can vary according to plant species. This study aimed to evaluate the response of different Crotalaria species to seven populations of Meloidogyne javanica. Crotalaria spectabilis, C. ochroleuca, C. juncea, and soybean (control) were inoculated with the nematode. Fresh root weight, root-knot index, total number of nematodes, nematode population density (number of nematodes per gram of fresh root), and reproductive factor (RF) were evaluated 60 days after inoculation. M. javanica populations varied in pathogenicity to all plants studied. Soybean was susceptible to all populations, and C. spectabilis and C. ochroleuca were resistant. C. juncea was susceptible to Mj-7 (RF=1.04). Mj-7 was the most pathogenic population.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82328914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.10.479
L. D. Maldonado-Bonilla, M. A. Calderón-Oropeza, José Luis Villarruel-Ordaz, Ana Claudia Sánchez-Espinosa
A major threat for bananas and plantains production is the Panama Disease or Fusarium Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. In order to characterize the causal agents of Fusarium wilt in Mexico, a sampling was performed in symptomatic plantains growing in fields of Oaxaca, a coastal southern state of Mexico. A phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of TEF 1-α and IGS revealed that three isolates belonged to the Fusarium oxysporum species complex, while two other isolates were identified as members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Furthermore, isolates from the same complex shared the same ITS2 sequence. Inoculation using spores of each isolate on the roots of Musa sp. AAB cv. Manzano produced wilting symptoms of varying severity, suggesting that the Fusarium wilt might not be caused only by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. PCR-based detection of Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes showed that each Fusarium isolate harbored a unique combination of genes typically found in banana pathogens, which might cause the disease.
香蕉和大蕉生产的主要威胁是巴拿马病或枯萎病引起的枯萎病。为了确定墨西哥枯萎病病原的特征，对墨西哥南部沿海州瓦哈卡地区生长的有症状的大蕉进行了抽样。基于TEF 1-α和IGS序列的系统发育分析表明，3株分离菌株属于尖孢镰刀菌种复合体，另外2株分离菌株属于藤黑镰刀菌种复合体。此外，来自同一复合体的分离株具有相同的ITS2序列。用每个分离物的孢子在Musa sp. AAB cv.的根上接种。Manzano产生了不同程度的枯萎症状，这表明枯萎病可能不仅仅是由镰刀菌引起的。基于聚合酶链反应(pcr)的木质部分泌(Secreted in Xylem, SIX)基因检测表明，每个镰刀菌分离物都含有香蕉病原体中常见的独特基因组合，这可能导致该疾病。
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Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.10.480
S. Aa, A. Ao, Aduramigba-Modupe Vo
An experiment was conducted at the experimental site of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria to examine the effect of different combination levels of OBD organic based and 300 kg/ ha NPK fertilizers on viability and fungal incidence of harvested maize (Zea mays) seeds. Six treatment combinations of OBD and NPK fertilizers were applied as a split plot in a randomized complete block design in three replicates. The treatment levels were OBD-plus organic fertilizer at 5t/ha (OBD5), 10t/ha (OBD10) and 15t/ha (OBD15), and in combination with NPK 15-15-15 mineral fertilizer applied at 300 kg/ha: (OBD5NPK, OBD10NPK and OBD15NPK). Fertilizer NPK applied at 300 kg/ha, served as control treatment. Twelve weeks after planting, the seeds were harvested, shelled, dried and stored for 4 weeks at room temperature. They were cultured weekly using the blotter method and scored for viability and fungal incidence; while the data collected were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. Isolated fungi include: Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium notatum, Mucor species and Fusarium verticillioides. Occurrences of F. verticillioides and A. flavus were significantly higher than other fungi in that order (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.66). F values for viability, isolated fungi, treatment, model, week of storage, interactions between treatment and fungi, and between week of storage and fungi were all highly significant (p>0.001). Generally, fungal incidence in seeds treated with OBD only was significantly higher than in control (NPK only). However, F. verticillioides and A. niger in seeds treated with OBD only were significantly lower than in control (p ≤ 0.05). Fungal incidence in seeds treated with OBD only was significantly lower than that in seeds treated with OBD and NPK (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.66). Viability (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.62) and fungal incidence in the seeds (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.66) increased significantly with increase in week of storage. In storage, viabilities of seeds treated with OBD only were significantly higher than those treated with OBD and NPK (p ≤ 0.01). Thus, separate application of OBD fertilizer is strongly associated with lower fungal incidence in maize seeds and higher seed viability. Higher application of OBD fertilizer may be associated with increased viability and lower incidences of certain fungi in maize seeds. Appropriate use of OBD fertilizer only in the field by farmers might sustain viability and appreciably reduce fungal incidence in maize seeds during long storage.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Impact of OBD Organic and NPK Inorganic Fertilizers on Viability and Fungal Incidence in Maize (Zea mays) Seeds","authors":"S. Aa, A. Ao, Aduramigba-Modupe Vo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.10.480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.10.480","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted at the experimental site of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria to examine the effect of different combination levels of OBD organic based and 300 kg/ ha NPK fertilizers on viability and fungal incidence of harvested maize (Zea mays) seeds. Six treatment combinations of OBD and NPK fertilizers were applied as a split plot in a randomized complete block design in three replicates. The treatment levels were OBD-plus organic fertilizer at 5t/ha (OBD5), 10t/ha (OBD10) and 15t/ha (OBD15), and in combination with NPK 15-15-15 mineral fertilizer applied at 300 kg/ha: (OBD5NPK, OBD10NPK and OBD15NPK). Fertilizer NPK applied at 300 kg/ha, served as control treatment. Twelve weeks after planting, the seeds were harvested, shelled, dried and stored for 4 weeks at room temperature. They were cultured weekly using the blotter method and scored for viability and fungal incidence; while the data collected were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. Isolated fungi include: Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium notatum, Mucor species and Fusarium verticillioides. Occurrences of F. verticillioides and A. flavus were significantly higher than other fungi in that order (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.66). F values for viability, isolated fungi, treatment, model, week of storage, interactions between treatment and fungi, and between week of storage and fungi were all highly significant (p>0.001). Generally, fungal incidence in seeds treated with OBD only was significantly higher than in control (NPK only). However, F. verticillioides and A. niger in seeds treated with OBD only were significantly lower than in control (p ≤ 0.05). Fungal incidence in seeds treated with OBD only was significantly lower than that in seeds treated with OBD and NPK (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.66). Viability (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.62) and fungal incidence in the seeds (p ≤ 0.01, R2=0.66) increased significantly with increase in week of storage. In storage, viabilities of seeds treated with OBD only were significantly higher than those treated with OBD and NPK (p ≤ 0.01). Thus, separate application of OBD fertilizer is strongly associated with lower fungal incidence in maize seeds and higher seed viability. Higher application of OBD fertilizer may be associated with increased viability and lower incidences of certain fungi in maize seeds. Appropriate use of OBD fertilizer only in the field by farmers might sustain viability and appreciably reduce fungal incidence in maize seeds during long storage.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"2019 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79482586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.10.476
M. Kebede, Addisie Belay
The poor post-harvest handling of avocado in and around Jimma was contribute its part for Post-harvest decay of avocado fruits and loss in quality of avocado. Besides, Post-harvest disease can limit the storage period for the fruit. The aim of this study was to identify Post-harvest pathogens affecting avocado fruits in Jimma town. A total of 35 avocado fruits categorized as apparently healthy (20), diseased (10) and decayed (5) avocado fruits were sampled from wholesalers, local market and farmers' field during 2017. A total of 30 fungal isolates were recovered and grouped into nine fungal species under eight genera. Botryotinia was the most frequently isolated genus (26.67%) followed by Colletotrichum (23.33%) and Aspergillus (10%). Thus, requests the need of management strategy that targets in reducing factors that facilitates the occurrence of fungal infection such options are avoidance of avocado fruit damaging practices by using locally available cushioning materials during loading to cars, avoiding loading of people and other materials together with avocado fruits on the same car, improving avocado storage houses to allow air circulation and avoiding damping of avocado fruits in the storage house.
{"title":"Fungi Associated With Post-harvest Avocado Fruit Rot at Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"M. Kebede, Addisie Belay","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.10.476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.10.476","url":null,"abstract":"The poor post-harvest handling of avocado in and around Jimma was contribute its part for Post-harvest decay of avocado fruits and loss in quality of avocado. Besides, Post-harvest disease can limit the storage period for the fruit. The aim of this study was to identify Post-harvest pathogens affecting avocado fruits in Jimma town. A total of 35 avocado fruits categorized as apparently healthy (20), diseased (10) and decayed (5) avocado fruits were sampled from wholesalers, local market and farmers' field during 2017. A total of 30 fungal isolates were recovered and grouped into nine fungal species under eight genera. Botryotinia was the most frequently isolated genus (26.67%) followed by Colletotrichum (23.33%) and Aspergillus (10%). Thus, requests the need of management strategy that targets in reducing factors that facilitates the occurrence of fungal infection such options are avoidance of avocado fruit damaging practices by using locally available cushioning materials during loading to cars, avoiding loading of people and other materials together with avocado fruits on the same car, improving avocado storage houses to allow air circulation and avoiding damping of avocado fruits in the storage house.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85722006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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