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Global Trends in Psychedelic Microdosing: Demographics, Substance Testing Behavior, and Patterns of Use. 全球迷幻药微剂量使用趋势:人口统计、药物测试行为和使用模式。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2424284
Omer A Syed, Rotem Petranker, Emily C Fewster, Valentyn Sobolenko, Zeina Beidas, M Ishrat Husain, Stephanie Lake, Philippe Lucas

Despite psychedelic microdosing being a growing practice, the research on the topic is still in its infancy. While several studies have described the characteristics, motivations and practices of microdosers, the differences between individuals that only microdose and those that use both micro and macrodoses of psychedelics remain unexplored. In an online survey, we collected data of 6193 psychedelic consumers of which 2488 were microdosers of up to 11 different classical and atypical psychedelics. In comparison to respondents that use both microdoses and macrodoses, exclusive microdosers were older in age (46.4 vs. 42.0 years), had a larger proportion of females (68.4% vs. 44.7%), were non-Caucasian (25.4% vs. 14.7%), urban residents (43.9% vs. 38.5%), and had a lower average lifetime use of non-psychedelic substances (3.8 vs. 4.7 substances). Most consumers (52.5%) microdosed psychedelics multiple times a month, commonly using psilocybin (74.5%), LSD (34.4%), and ketamine (15.8%), with most users (64.6%) not testing their substances. The most common reason for microdosing was improving general wellbeing (73.0%), and psychedelics were used for treating several physical and mental health conditions. Additional analyses examined spending habits of consumers. This study adds to the growing literature on the naturalistic use of psychedelic microdosers.

尽管迷幻药微剂量使用的情况越来越多,但有关这一主题的研究仍处于起步阶段。虽然有几项研究描述了微量服用者的特征、动机和做法,但只服用微量迷幻药的人与同时服用微量和大量迷幻药的人之间的差异仍未得到探讨。在一项在线调查中,我们收集了 6193 名迷幻药消费者的数据,其中 2488 人是多达 11 种经典和非典型迷幻药的微剂量使用者。与同时使用微量和大量迷幻剂的受访者相比,只使用微量迷幻剂的人年龄较大(46.4 岁对 42.0 岁),女性比例较高(68.4% 对 44.7%),非白种人(25.4% 对 14.7%),城市居民(43.9% 对 38.5%),一生中使用非迷幻剂的平均次数较少(3.8 次对 4.7 次)。大多数消费者(52.5%)每月多次使用迷幻药,通常使用的迷幻药有:迷幻药(74.5%)、迷幻剂(34.4%)和氯胺酮(15.8%),大多数使用者(64.6%)不对其药物进行检测。服用迷幻药最常见的原因是为了改善一般健康状况(73.0%),迷幻药被用于治疗多种身体和精神疾病。其他分析还研究了消费者的消费习惯。这项研究为越来越多的关于迷幻药微剂量自然使用的文献增添了新的内容。
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引用次数: 0
Aggression in a Cohort of Male Methamphetamine (METH) Users With and Without Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Use History in Malaysia. 马来西亚有和无 Kratom(Mitragyna speciosa Korth.)使用史的甲基苯丙胺(METH)男性使用者群体中的攻击行为。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2424277
Yuting Yang, Christian P Müller, Darshan Singh

Methamphetamine (METH) consumption is associated with aggression. Decoction derived from the kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) leaf has been used as a METH substitute in Southeast Asia. Given its perceived benefit, we investigated the relationship between kratom use and aggression in a treatment sample of METH users with and without kratom use history. Four hundred and three male METH users participated in this cross-sectional study. A semi-structured questionnaire and several objective clinical measures were administered. Results indicate that there were no significant differences in aggression and its dimensions between METH users with and without kratom use history. However, two distinct Clusters (1 and 2) of METH users with kratom use history were studied. Users in Cluster 1 were characterized by a higher quantity and frequency of daily kratom use, longer duration of kratom use, and use of kratom at a younger age. Users in Cluster 2 exhibited the opposite characteristics. Kratom dependence and the first age of kratom use were identified as risk factors for aggression in Cluster 1. The frequency of daily kratom use appeared as a protective factor against aggression in Cluster 2. The results offer partial support to the instrumental kratom use concept; lower frequency (1 to 3 times) of kratom use may potentially minimize aggression in METH users presenting with mild to moderate kratom dependence.

甲基苯丙胺(METH)的消费与攻击性有关。在东南亚,从桔梗(Mitragyna speciosa Korth.)叶中提取的煎剂被用作甲基苯丙胺的替代品。鉴于其被认为具有的益处,我们在有和没有使用过 kratom 的 METH 使用者的治疗样本中调查了使用 kratom 与攻击性之间的关系。四百零三名男性 METH 使用者参与了这项横断面研究。研究人员进行了半结构化问卷调查和多项客观临床测量。结果表明,有和没有使用桔梗史的 METH 使用者在攻击性及其维度上没有明显差异。不过,研究人员对有使用 kratom 史的 METH 使用者进行了两个不同的分组(1 组和 2 组)研究。第 1 组使用者的特点是每天使用 kratom 的数量和频率较高,使用 kratom 的时间较长,使用 kratom 的年龄较小。第 2 组的使用者则表现出相反的特征。在第 1 组中,Kratom 依赖性和首次使用 Kratom 的年龄被认为是导致攻击行为的风险因素。在第 2 组中,每天使用 kratom 的频率似乎是防止攻击行为的保护因素。研究结果部分支持了工具性使用 kratom 的概念;较低频率(1 至 3 次)使用 kratom 有可能将轻度至中度 kratom 依赖的 METH 使用者的攻击性降到最低。
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引用次数: 0
Masking Influences: A Systematic Review of Placebo Control and Masking in Psychedelic Studies. 掩蔽的影响:关于迷幻药研究中安慰剂控制和掩蔽的系统回顾。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2424272
Aleksandra Barstowe, Petri J Kajonius

Psychedelic-assisted therapy is becoming increasingly acknowledged as an effective therapeutic intervention for various psychiatric illnesses. However, the evaluation of masking success is rarely reported in trials. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate placebo-control and masking in studies exploring psychedelic-assisted therapy. Nine (k = 9) studies dating between January 2010 and March 2023 were retrieved using six databases, following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results show that almost 78% of the studies had, at best, "poor" masking success. At the same time, 60% of active placebo and 75% of inactive placebo studies showed large effect sizes. In other words, masking influences, including benign unmasking, cannot be excluded. We therefore conclude that efficacy of psilocybin, Ayahuasca, or LSD is only one of the possible interpretations of large, positive changes in symptomatology for patients suffering from, for example, alcohol use disorder, anxiety with or without life-threatening disease, anxiety and/or depression with life-threatening cancer, treatment-resistant depression or major depressive disorder. We recommend care be taken to increase successful masking procedures and discuss alternative treatment designs to better control for potential masking influences.

迷幻药辅助疗法越来越被认为是治疗各种精神疾病的有效干预手段。然而,在试验中很少有关于掩蔽成功率的评估报告。本系统综述的目的是评估迷幻辅助疗法研究中的安慰剂对照和遮蔽。按照严格的纳入和排除标准,我们使用六个数据库检索了 2010 年 1 月至 2023 年 3 月期间的九项研究(k = 9)。结果显示,近 78% 的研究最多只能达到 "较差 "的掩蔽成功率。同时,60%的活性安慰剂研究和 75% 的非活性安慰剂研究显示出较大的效应大小。换句话说,不能排除掩蔽的影响,包括良性未掩蔽。因此,我们得出结论,对于酗酒障碍、焦虑并伴有或不伴有危及生命的疾病、焦虑和/或抑郁并伴有危及生命的癌症、治疗耐受性抑郁或重度抑郁障碍等患者来说,西洛滨、死藤水或迷幻剂的疗效只是症状发生巨大、积极变化的可能解释之一。我们建议注意增加成功的掩蔽程序,并讨论替代治疗设计,以更好地控制潜在的掩蔽影响。
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引用次数: 0
Safety and Efficacy of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognition, Energy and Mood Problems in Adults: Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. 芦根提取物对成人认知、能量和情绪问题的安全性和有效性:前瞻性、随机、安慰剂对照研究。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2424279
Sanjiv Kale, Adrian Lopresti, Ravleen Suri, Neha Garg, Deepak Langade

This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study assessed the effects of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) on cognition, energy, and mood in adults with self-reported cognitive and energy problems. Healthy subjects aged 30-75 years were randomized to receive ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract (ARE) 600 mg/day (n = 60)/identical placebo (n = 60) orally for 8 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and week 8 using a Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS). Secondary outcomes were Profile of Mood States Abbreviated Version (POMS-A), Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A) for effects on mood, mental fatigue and executive function, respectively, assessed at baseline, week 4 and 8. Greater improvement (p < .05) from baseline scores were seen with ARE as against placebo for COMPASS items episodic memory, working memory and accuracy of attention. ARE also improved the POMS-A, MFS and BRIEF-A scores from baseline suggesting an improvement in mood, vigor, and an increase in the executive functioning respectively with ARE. The herb was well tolerated and had a good patient compliance with no serious adverse events reported in either of the groups. This study suggests that a dose of 600 mg a day can improve cognition, energy, and mood in adults with self-reported cognitive and energy problems.

这项前瞻性、随机、安慰剂对照研究评估了芦根提取物(ARE)对自我报告有认知和精力问题的成年人的认知、精力和情绪的影响。年龄在 30-75 岁之间的健康受试者随机接受芦根提取物(ARE)600 毫克/天(n = 60)/同种安慰剂(n = 60)口服,为期 8 周。认知功能在基线和第 8 周使用计算机化智力表现评估系统 (COMPASS) 进行评估。次要结果为情绪状态简易版(POMS-A)、精神疲劳量表(MFS)和执行功能行为评定量表-成人(BRIEF-A),分别用于评估在基线、第 4 周和第 8 周对情绪、精神疲劳和执行功能的影响。改善幅度更大(p
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引用次数: 0
Does the Perception of Risk Associated with Psychedelics Use Differ in Physicians According to Their Belief of Effectiveness? 医生对使用迷幻药相关风险的认识是否因其疗效信念而异?
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2424263
A Bezo, B Roméo, Y Le Strat, L Strika-Bruneau, A Benyamina, M Hermand

The aim of this study was to explore the perception of psychedelics within the medical population. Participants were asked by questionnaire about the potential of abuse, the somatic and psychiatric complications, and the risks of self-harm and aggression associated with the use of psychedelics using Likert Scales. A total of 407 participants were included. In our sample, the following means were found: 3.05 for general risk (<.001), 2.68 for self-harm risk (<.001), 2.47 for aggression (<.001), 2.71 for addictive risk (< .001), 2.76 for psychiatric disorder risk (<.001), and 2.11 for somatic disorder(< .001). Physicians from the lower mean of age were significantly more supportive of therapeutic potential, while general practitioners were significantly less likely to consider psychedelics as a treatment than specialists (<.001). By the term therapeutic potential, we meant the therapeutic value attributable to psychedelics and the risks expressed the possibility of damage caused by the use of the drug. Clinicians who considered psychedelics as a potential treatment were less likely to associate these with risks than their counterparts (<.001). The results of this study show that the perception of the danger of psychedelic use was important in the medical community in France.

本研究旨在探讨医学界对迷幻药的看法。研究人员使用李克特量表对参与者进行了问卷调查,询问他们使用迷幻药的潜在滥用可能性、躯体和精神并发症以及自残和攻击风险。共有 407 人参与了调查。在我们的样本中,发现了以下平均值:一般风险为 3.05 (
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引用次数: 0
Kratom Consumption - The Tales of Three Patients. 食用 Kratom - 三位患者的故事。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2424278
Samantha A Gnanasegaram, Lauren Sexton, Corneliu N Stanciu

The rising prevalence of kratom use in the United States has led to increased encounters with individuals who consume kratom and those who develop Kratom Use Disorder (KUD) among healthcare professionals. This case series highlights the need for diverse treatment approaches tailored to the individual motivations for kratom consumption. Three cases are presented: one involving the progression from kratom use for energy to opioid-driven use with subsequent challenges in detoxification and transition to naltrexone necessitating buprenorphine low-dose induction for maintenance; another detailing successful inpatient detoxification using methadone and symptom-driven clonidine, followed by successful maintenance treatment with naltrexone; and a final case involving kratom consumption for pain and anxiety self-management by an individual without a history of addictive disorders, without meeting KUD criteria. These cases underscore the complexity of managing individuals who consume kratom as well as those who develop dependence, emphasizing the need for individualized treatment approaches considering various factors such as motivation for use, psychiatric comorbidities, and response to interventions.

在美国,使用 kratom 的流行率不断上升,这导致医疗保健专业人员接触到越来越多的 kratom 消费者和 Kratom 使用障碍(KUD)患者。本系列病例强调了根据个人服用 kratom 的动机采取不同治疗方法的必要性。文中介绍了三个病例:一个病例涉及从为补充能量而使用克瑞托姆发展到以阿片类药物为驱动力的使用,并在随后的戒毒和过渡到纳曲酮治疗过程中面临挑战,因此必须使用丁丙诺啡低剂量诱导疗法进行维持治疗;另一个病例详细介绍了使用美沙酮和症状驱动型氯硝西泮进行成功的住院戒毒,随后使用纳曲酮进行成功的维持治疗;最后一个病例涉及无成瘾性疾病史的患者为自我管理疼痛和焦虑而使用克瑞托姆,但未达到 KUD 标准。这些病例凸显了对服用克来托姆和产生依赖的患者进行管理的复杂性,强调了考虑使用动机、精神并发症和对干预措施的反应等各种因素的个体化治疗方法的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Review and Call for Improved Cannabis Measurement and the Potential for Leveraging Cannabis Seed-To-Sale Systems. 审查并呼吁改进大麻测量和利用大麻种子销售系统的潜力。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2420042
Meme Wang-Schweig, Sara Zimmer, Ari Kirshenbaum, Lydia Mudd, Mackenzie Slade

International consensus has emerged, which proposes that the measurement and standardization of the quantity of THC potency, or dose (mgTHC), is a requisite for identifying consistent relationships between patterns of cannabis use and the risk for negative health outcomes, especially critical given the increasing number of U.S. states and European countries considering legalizing cannabis for recreational use. Despite the lack of measurement approaches that provide accurate, real-time data on THC dosage, the number of states that have implemented legal adult use cannabis markets has coincided with the use of regulatory seed-to-sale or track-and-trace systems. Seed-to-sale tracking systems are designed to track the amount of cannabis cultivated, and typically leverage biochemical testing contractors to label the THC potencies and amounts on a diverse array of cannabis products. We propose leveraging seed-to-sale tracking systems to facilitate a more objective measure of THC potency. In the current review, we will: 1) summarize the complexities of accurately measuring the multidimensional aspects of cannabis use patterns; 2) review recent advancements in quantifying THC and the importance of standardizing THC dose in measuring cannabis use; and 3) discuss the potential value of future research efforts examining how state-level seed-to-sale tracking data can inform the standard THC dose.

国际社会已达成共识,认为四氢大麻酚效力或剂量(毫克四氢大麻酚)的测量和标准化是确定大麻使用模式与负面健康后果风险之间的一致关系的必要条件,鉴于越来越多的美国州和欧洲国家考虑将大麻合法化用于娱乐用途,这一点尤为重要。尽管缺乏能提供四氢大麻酚剂量准确实时数据的测量方法,但实施成人使用大麻合法市场的州数量与使用监管种子到销售或跟踪系统的数量相吻合。种子到销售跟踪系统旨在跟踪大麻种植量,通常利用生化检测承包商在各种大麻产品上标注四氢大麻酚的效力和含量。我们建议利用种子到销售的跟踪系统来促进更客观地衡量四氢大麻酚的效力。在本综述中,我们将1)总结准确测量大麻使用模式的多维方面的复杂性;2)回顾量化四氢大麻酚的最新进展以及在测量大麻使用情况时标准化四氢大麻酚剂量的重要性;3)讨论未来研究工作的潜在价值,即研究州一级的种子到销售跟踪数据如何为标准四氢大麻酚剂量提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Mystical and Affective Aspects of Psychedelic Use in a Naturalistic Setting: A Linguistic Analysis of Online Experience Reports. 在自然主义环境中使用迷幻药的神秘和情感方面:在线体验报告的语言学分析。
IF 4.6 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2274382
Marija Franka Žuljević, Antonija Mijatović, Stjepan Ljudevit Marušić, Gunnar Kudrjavets, Ivan Buljan, Darko Hren

Analyzing online retrospective experience reports of psychedelic use can provide valuable insight into their acute subjective effects. Such reports are unexplored in relation to mystical states, which are thought to be a therapeutic mechanism within psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We created a set of words that, when encountered in an experience report, indicate the occurrence of mystical elements within the experience. We used the Shroomery.org website to retrieve 7317 publicly available retrospective psychedelic experience reports of psychedelic use, primarily of psilocybin, and have a designated experience intensity level self-assessed by the text authors during submission of the report. We counted the mystical language words using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software and additionally performed sentiment analysis of all reports. We found that the occurrence of mystical language grew with increased self-reported experience intensity. We also found that negative sentiment increased, and positive sentiment decreased as self-reported psychedelic experience intensity increased. These two findings raise the question of whether mystical experiences can co-exist with challenging elements within the psychedelic experience, a consideration for future qualitative studies. We present a new mystical language dictionary measure for further use and expansion, with some suggestions on how it can be used in future studies.

分析迷幻药使用的在线回顾性经验报告可以对其急性主观影响提供有价值的见解。这些报告与神秘状态有关,尚未被探索,神秘状态被认为是迷幻辅助心理治疗中的一种治疗机制。我们创建了一组单词,当在体验报告中遇到时,这些单词表示体验中神秘元素的出现。我们使用Shroomery.org网站检索了7317份公开的迷幻药使用回顾性迷幻体验报告,主要是裸盖菇素,并在报告提交期间由文本作者自我评估了指定的体验强度水平。我们使用语言查询和单词计数(LIWC)软件对神秘语言单词进行了计数,并对所有报告进行了情绪分析。我们发现神秘语言的出现随着自我报告的体验强度的增加而增加。我们还发现,随着自我报告的迷幻体验强度的增加,消极情绪增加,积极情绪减少。这两个发现提出了一个问题,即神秘体验是否可以与迷幻体验中具有挑战性的元素共存,这是未来定性研究的一个考虑因素。我们提出了一种新的神秘语言词典测量方法,以供进一步使用和扩展,并对如何在未来的研究中使用提出了一些建议。
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引用次数: 0
Three Decades of Research on the Development of Ibogaine Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Scientometric Analysis. Ibogaine治疗药物使用障碍的三十年研究进展:科学分析。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2276230
Maria Helha Fernandes-Nascimento, André Brooking Negrão, Karine Viana-Ferreira, Bruno Daniel Rasmussen Chaves, Yuan-Pang Wang

Ibogaine is a natural psychoactive drug that has been investigated for its potential role in the treatment of substance use disorders since the mid-1960s. To evaluate the interest in ibogaine's use as a therapeutic agent, we performed a scientometric analysis covering the last three decades (1993-2002, 2003-2012, and 2013-2022). A complementary analysis was performed to select and describe published clinical trials and meta-analyses. A total of 1523 references were found. Linear growth of publications in the first and third decades were identified, and the average number of publications from 1993 to 2002 was lower than that in the other two decades. Researchers from five continents were identified. Globally, academic research centers in the United States and Canada were the most productive. Cocaine, tobacco, morphine, and alcohol prevailed as major keywords in the first two decades and opioids and psychedelics were included in the third decade. A few key authors were the most co-referenced. One preclinical meta-analysis and no meta-analysis in humans were found. Research trends for ibogaine are widespread, growing, and consonant with current attentiveness in drug abuse. Our findings support the pressing need for rigorous clinical research on ibogaine to evaluate its efficacy and safety.

Ibogaine是一种天然的精神活性药物,自20世纪60年代中期以来,人们一直在研究其在治疗药物使用障碍中的潜在作用。为了评估人们对伊波加因作为治疗剂的兴趣,我们对过去三十年(1993-2002年、2003-2012年和2013-2022年)进行了科学计量分析。进行了补充分析,以选择和描述已发表的临床试验和荟萃分析。共发现1523篇参考文献。确定了第一和第三十年出版物的线性增长,1993年至2002年的平均出版物数量低于其他二十年。来自五大洲的研究人员被确认身份。在全球范围内,美国和加拿大的学术研究中心的生产力最高。可卡因、烟草、吗啡和酒精在前二十年成为主要关键词,阿片类药物和迷幻药在第三个十年被纳入。一些主要作者被引用最多。一项临床前荟萃分析未在人类中发现。伊博加因的研究趋势是广泛的、不断增长的,并与当前对药物滥用的关注相一致。我们的研究结果支持迫切需要对伊博gaine进行严格的临床研究,以评估其疗效和安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Resilience Through Harm Reduction? Protective Behavioral Strategies as a Factor of Resilience Among Polish Young Adults Using Various Psychoactive Substances. 通过减少伤害恢复能力?使用各种精神活性物质的波兰年轻人的保护行为策略是恢复力的一个因素。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2268626
Jakub Greń, Krzysztof Ostaszewski, Matthew R Pearson

Resiliency theory might provide a conceptual framework for understanding why adverse substance-related consequences vary considerably among young adults using psychoactive substances. Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are behaviors that reduce substance use and related consequences. Despite such suggestions, to date no research has explicitly treated PBS as resilience factors. The purpose of this study was to examine compensatory and protective models of resilience among young adults using various substances. Data were obtained from an online questionnaire distributed through online social networks. Participants were Polish young adults (18-30 years old; M = 22, SD = 3.6; about 30% female and 1.3% non-binary; N = 7253), who reported using substances, other than alcohol or nicotine, in the last 12 months. After controlling for sociodemographics, hierarchical regression analyses of both substance-related harms and SUDs indicated the main effects of risk and protective factors, and the interaction between substance use and PBS. The models explained about 50% and 52% of the dependent variables variance, respectively. The results of this cross-sectional study provide support for both compensatory and protective models of resilience. This presents a rationale for recognizing PBS use as resilience factors that help young adults reduce substance-related harms. Theoretical discussion and practical implications are provided.

复原力理论可能为理解为什么使用精神活性物质的年轻人的不良物质相关后果差异很大提供了一个概念框架。保护性行为策略(PBS)是指减少物质使用和相关后果的行为。尽管有这些建议,但迄今为止,没有任何研究明确将PBS视为恢复力因素。本研究的目的是检验使用各种物质的年轻人的恢复力的补偿和保护模型。数据来自通过在线社交网络分发的在线问卷。参与者为波兰年轻人(18-30岁) 岁M = 22,标准差 = 3.6;约30%为雌性,1.3%为非二进制;N = 7253),报告在过去12年中使用了除酒精或尼古丁以外的物质 月。在控制了社会人口统计学后,对物质相关危害和SUD的分层回归分析表明了风险和保护因素的主要影响,以及物质使用与PBS之间的相互作用。模型分别解释了约50%和52%的因变量方差。这项横断面研究的结果为恢复力的补偿和保护模型提供了支持。这为认识到PBS的使用是帮助年轻人减少物质相关危害的恢复因素提供了理由。提供了理论讨论和实践启示。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of psychoactive drugs
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