M. Sumitra, P. Manikandan, V. S. Gayathri, L. Suguna
The aim of this study is to find out how honey influences the activities of the enzymes involved in energy metabolism during wound healing. Carbohydrate metabolism is the main source of energy for skin cells during wound healing. Since honey is full of sugars, and hence a rich source of energy, we have investigated the efficacy of honey on energy metabolism during wound healing in rats. A total number of 48 animals were used. From these, 24 animals were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Full thickness excision wounds were made on the back of rats. The control rats were left untreated. The experimental rats received 500 μL of honey topically, once daily, for 12 days. Six animals from each group were sacrificed on different time point intervals like 4, 8, and 12 days. The remaining 12 animals were used to evaluate the contraction and epithelialization. The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogense, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured in the granulation tissue. A marked increase in the activities of all the glycolytic enzymes in the experimental wounds when compared to control suggests that honey could provide sufficient energy for cellular activity needed for the repair process.
{"title":"Influence of Honey on Energy Metabolism during Wound Healing in Rats","authors":"M. Sumitra, P. Manikandan, V. S. Gayathri, L. Suguna","doi":"10.3814/2009/715320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/715320","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to find out how honey influences the activities of the enzymes involved in energy metabolism during wound healing. Carbohydrate metabolism is the main source of energy for skin cells during wound healing. Since honey is full of sugars, and hence a rich source of energy, we have investigated the efficacy of honey on energy metabolism during wound healing in rats. A total number of 48 animals were used. From these, 24 animals were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Full thickness excision wounds were made on the back of rats. The control rats were left untreated. The experimental rats received 500 μL of honey topically, once daily, for 12 days. Six animals from each group were sacrificed on different time point intervals like 4, 8, and 12 days. The remaining 12 animals were used to evaluate the contraction and epithelialization. The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogense, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured in the granulation tissue. A marked increase in the activities of all the glycolytic enzymes in the experimental wounds when compared to control suggests that honey could provide sufficient energy for cellular activity needed for the repair process.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132700518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stanislav Volynchik, M. Plotkin, D. Bergman, J. Ishay
The present study describes the daily activities of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) workers older than 48 hours as observed in an Artificial Breeding Box (ABB) in our laboratory at the peak of the active season. These workers were picked randomly from a population of a single nest that was enabled to free egress into the field. The study points to the existence of polyethism in the nest of V. orientalis with the adult worker hornets, separating them into three groups in accordance with the frequency and nature of their exits from the nest, and the tasks which they perform. This polyethism was not age-dependent. Recordings were made of the following vespine activities: the frequency of exits to the field during various hours of the day and the various roles undertaken by the hornets. Also investigated was the assignment of tasks among the hornets and the preference given to some tasks over others. The general organization of traffic and other movements in the colony is discussed.
{"title":"Polyethism in an Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis) Colony","authors":"Stanislav Volynchik, M. Plotkin, D. Bergman, J. Ishay","doi":"10.3814/2009/243436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/243436","url":null,"abstract":"The present study describes the daily activities of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) workers older than 48 hours as observed in an Artificial Breeding Box (ABB) in our laboratory at the peak of the active season. These workers were picked randomly from a population of a single nest that was enabled to free egress into the field. The study points to the existence of polyethism in the nest of V. orientalis with the adult worker hornets, separating them into three groups in accordance with the frequency and nature of their exits from the nest, and the tasks which they perform. This polyethism was not age-dependent. Recordings were made of the following vespine activities: the frequency of exits to the field during various hours of the day and the various roles undertaken by the hornets. Also investigated was the assignment of tasks among the hornets and the preference given to some tasks over others. The general organization of traffic and other movements in the colony is discussed.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132547533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report two cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in immunocompetent patients without nasal cavity involvement. In the two cases, the initial presumptive diagnosis was tuberculosis and there was a rapid dissemination of the tumor with short survival after the hospital admittance. An autopsy was performed showing infiltration in several organs including lymph nodes and mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat. Histological sections showed an angiocentric and angiodestructive growth pattern and the immunophenotype was CD45
{"title":"Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma without Nasal Cavity Involvement Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus: A Multimodality-Based Diagnosis of Two Cases","authors":"F. Cobo, Clara Chamorro, F. Ramos, A. Concha","doi":"10.3814/2009/963781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/963781","url":null,"abstract":"We report two cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in immunocompetent patients without nasal cavity involvement. In the two cases, the initial presumptive diagnosis was tuberculosis and there was a rapid dissemination of the tumor with short survival after the hospital admittance. An autopsy was performed showing infiltration in several organs including lymph nodes and mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat. Histological sections showed an angiocentric and angiodestructive growth pattern and the immunophenotype was CD45","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134600679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ichiro Akagi, M. Miyashita, M. Hashimoto, H. Makino, T. Nomura, N. Hagiwara, Ken Takahashi, T. Tajiri
We herein report on the successful surgical treatment of Crohn's disease with enteroliths formed in the ileum. A 58-year-old man presented with abdominal colicky pain, and long-standing constipation. He was diagnosed as ileus due to enteroliths and was initially managed conservatively, but improvement was not observed either clinically or on radio imaging. We, therefore, performed a laparotomy, which revealed Crohn's disease with enteroliths in the ileum. Because the enteroliths in the ileum were not mobile and could not be broken manually, we carried out a segmental bowel resection with the removal of the enteroliths. The pathology report revealed Crohn's disease with enteroliths. Intestinal obstruction caused by enteroliths associated with Crohn's disease occurs rarely, and is difficult to be diagnosed and managed.
{"title":"Enterolith Small-Bowel Obstruction Caused by Crohn's Disease","authors":"Ichiro Akagi, M. Miyashita, M. Hashimoto, H. Makino, T. Nomura, N. Hagiwara, Ken Takahashi, T. Tajiri","doi":"10.3814/2009/653965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/653965","url":null,"abstract":"We herein report on the successful surgical treatment of Crohn's disease with enteroliths formed in the ileum. A 58-year-old man presented with abdominal colicky pain, and long-standing constipation. He was diagnosed as ileus due to enteroliths and was initially managed conservatively, but improvement was not observed either clinically or on radio imaging. We, therefore, performed a laparotomy, which revealed Crohn's disease with enteroliths in the ileum. Because the enteroliths in the ileum were not mobile and could not be broken manually, we carried out a segmental bowel resection with the removal of the enteroliths. The pathology report revealed Crohn's disease with enteroliths. Intestinal obstruction caused by enteroliths associated with Crohn's disease occurs rarely, and is difficult to be diagnosed and managed.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121348764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilaria Bernardini, L. Pugliese, E. Pacifico, M. Viola-Magni, E. Albi
Recently the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with cancer has been demonstrated, suggesting an involvement of autoimmune response in neoplastic conditions. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in tumor disease is highly correlated with the risk of developing thrombotic complications, which represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Interestingly, it has been highlighted that high levels of IgM and IgG anticardiolipin antibodies are more often produced in patients with gastroenteric tumor than in patients with either ovarian or breast tumor. Thus far, there are no data looking into the role or measurements of IgA in patients with solid cancer. Our preliminary results, in this study, demonstrate that testing only for IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies may increase the incidence of false positive because 44% who were IgA positive and IgG and IgM negative had high titres of CA19.9 and CEA. We suggest that taking into account the role of IgA could substantially improve the detection of antiphospholipids antibodies in subjects with solid cancer, and this detection may allow us for better prevention and management of thrombotic complications in these patients.
{"title":"IgA Anticardiolipin in Patients with Gastroenteric Tumor","authors":"Ilaria Bernardini, L. Pugliese, E. Pacifico, M. Viola-Magni, E. Albi","doi":"10.3814/2009/641360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/641360","url":null,"abstract":"Recently the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with cancer has been demonstrated, suggesting an involvement of autoimmune response in neoplastic conditions. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in tumor disease is highly correlated with the risk of developing thrombotic complications, which represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Interestingly, it has been highlighted that high levels of IgM and IgG anticardiolipin antibodies are more often produced in patients with gastroenteric tumor than in patients with either ovarian or breast tumor. Thus far, there are no data looking into the role or measurements of IgA in patients with solid cancer. Our preliminary results, in this study, demonstrate that testing only for IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies may increase the incidence of false positive because 44% who were IgA positive and IgG and IgM negative had high titres of CA19.9 and CEA. We suggest that taking into account the role of IgA could substantially improve the detection of antiphospholipids antibodies in subjects with solid cancer, and this detection may allow us for better prevention and management of thrombotic complications in these patients.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131497390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Gheraat, N. Naghdi, B. Jalaei, P. Mokhtari, F. Moghadam, E. Soleimannejad, Leila. Eidi Abarghani
We examined the effects of noise on acquisition and retention of the spatial memory task in equal and unequal context in adult male rats. The natural noise in Azadi football stadium was recorded and measured by sound level meter instrument and set in high (HI), moderate (MI), and low (LI) intensities, 86, 64, and 47 decibels A (dbA), respectively. Rats were trained in Morris water maze (MWM) for 3-consecutive-day program and at day 4 visible and probe tests were done under one of the above noise intensities. The retention was evaluated at day 7 on the basis of equal and unequal noise exposure situation. Escape latency, traveled distance, and swimming speed were recorded and used for subsequent analysis. Our results showed significant increases in the escape latency and traveled distance by increasing the noise intensity during acquisition period, and also retention test in equal noise situation. Furthermore, retention test in the group that was under HI noise during both training period and retention test escape latency and traveled distance compared to the groups which was under HI noise during training period and LI or MI noise during retention test (HI-LI or HI-MI).
{"title":"Impairment of Spatial Performance by Environmental Noise","authors":"M. Gheraat, N. Naghdi, B. Jalaei, P. Mokhtari, F. Moghadam, E. Soleimannejad, Leila. Eidi Abarghani","doi":"10.3814/2009/840620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/840620","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the effects of noise on acquisition and retention of the spatial memory task in equal and unequal context in adult male rats. The natural noise in Azadi football stadium was recorded and measured by sound level meter instrument and set in high (HI), moderate (MI), and low (LI) intensities, 86, 64, and 47 decibels A (dbA), respectively. Rats were trained in Morris water maze (MWM) for 3-consecutive-day program and at day 4 visible and probe tests were done under one of the above noise intensities. The retention was evaluated at day 7 on the basis of equal and unequal noise exposure situation. Escape latency, traveled distance, and swimming speed were recorded and used for subsequent analysis. Our results showed significant increases in the escape latency and traveled distance by increasing the noise intensity during acquisition period, and also retention test in equal noise situation. Furthermore, retention test in the group that was under HI noise during both training period and retention test escape latency and traveled distance compared to the groups which was under HI noise during training period and LI or MI noise during retention test (HI-LI or HI-MI).","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126086182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wide-beam area X-ray source has been proposed as a practical replacement for synchrotron sources in clinical DEI applications. Due to a wide X-ray illumination area, a decrease in X-ray flux is expected and thus high electron beam currents up to 3A are considered. To ensure the target performance without deterioration, melting, cracking, or even evaporation, an active cooling system is required for the target block in order to remove the heat and allow for sufficient scanning time. In this study, jet cooling of the target back is investigated for a prototype proof-of-principle target. The prototype target was simulated with the transient k- ɛ turbulence multiphysics model in ANSYS CFX. The simulations were conducted at a heat flux of 1.8 × 10 7 W/ m 2 , consistent with values anticipated for a full scale target. The simulation results show that the target temperature exceeds the copper melting point in 2 seconds at inlet velocities below 2 m/s. Also, critical heat flux calculations show that a 1.5 m/s inlet velocity at atmospheric pressure is a lower limit for prevention of target burnout using water as a coolant. Inlet velocities in excess of 2 m/s allows for steady-state operation while satisfying all thermal design constraints.
{"title":"Wide-Beam X-Ray Source Target Thermal Management Simulation Using Inner Jet Cooling","authors":"C. Kim, J. Doster, M. Bourham","doi":"10.3814/2009/797068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/797068","url":null,"abstract":"A wide-beam area X-ray source has been proposed as a practical replacement for synchrotron sources in clinical DEI applications. Due to a wide X-ray illumination area, a decrease in X-ray flux is expected and thus high electron beam currents up to 3A are considered. To ensure the target performance without deterioration, melting, cracking, or even evaporation, an active cooling system is required for the target block in order to remove the heat and allow for sufficient scanning time. In this study, jet cooling of the target back is investigated for a prototype proof-of-principle target. The prototype target was simulated with the transient k- ɛ turbulence multiphysics model in ANSYS CFX. The simulations were conducted at a heat flux of 1.8 × 10 7 W/ m 2 , consistent with values anticipated for a full scale target. The simulation results show that the target temperature exceeds the copper melting point in 2 seconds at inlet velocities below 2 m/s. Also, critical heat flux calculations show that a 1.5 m/s inlet velocity at atmospheric pressure is a lower limit for prevention of target burnout using water as a coolant. Inlet velocities in excess of 2 m/s allows for steady-state operation while satisfying all thermal design constraints.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116972042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intraosseous epidermoid cysts of fingers are uncommon lesions. We reported two cases with intraosseous epidermoid cysts of distal phalanx of fingers. Case 1 was a 61-year-old woman with a swelling of the left middle finger without history of trauma. Case 2 was a 47-year-old male with a crushing injury of his right thumb. On radiographic findings, a well-circumscribed osteolytic lesion in distal phalanges was noted. Unexpectedly, histological examinations showed intraosseous epidermoid cyst.
{"title":"Intraosseous Epidermoid Cyst of Distal Phalanx of Fingers","authors":"C. Hsieh, Y. Tien, S. Chien","doi":"10.3814/2008/963687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/963687","url":null,"abstract":"Intraosseous epidermoid cysts of fingers are uncommon lesions. We reported two cases with intraosseous epidermoid cysts of distal phalanx of fingers. Case 1 was a 61-year-old woman with a swelling of the left middle finger without history of trauma. Case 2 was a 47-year-old male with a crushing injury of his right thumb. On radiographic findings, a well-circumscribed osteolytic lesion in distal phalanges was noted. Unexpectedly, histological examinations showed intraosseous epidermoid cyst.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134372771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One way to explain the present acceleration of the universe is Einstein's cosmological constant. It is quite likely, in view of some recent studies, that a time-dependent equation of state had caused the Universe to evolve from an earlier phantom-energy model. In that case, traversable wormholes could have formed spontaneously. It is shown in this paper that such wormholes would eventually have become black holes. This would provide a possible explanation for the huge number of black holes discovered, while any evidence for the existence of wormholes is entirely missing, even though wormholes are just as good, in terms of being a prediction of general relativity, as black holes.
{"title":"Could Some Black Holes Have Evolved from Wormholes","authors":"P. Kuhfittig","doi":"10.3814/2008/296158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/296158","url":null,"abstract":"One way to explain the present acceleration of the universe is Einstein's cosmological constant. It is quite likely, in view of some recent studies, that a time-dependent equation of state had caused the Universe to evolve from an earlier phantom-energy model. In that case, traversable wormholes could have formed spontaneously. It is shown in this paper that such wormholes would eventually \u0000have become black holes. This would provide a possible explanation for the huge number of black holes discovered, while any evidence for the existence of wormholes is entirely missing, even though wormholes are just as good, in terms of being a prediction of general relativity, as black holes.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123555247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of high frequencies limits the penetration of the radar energy; this low penetration depends, at a parity of used frequencies, on the electromagnetic properties of the investigated material. The principal drawback is the elevated sensibility of the system to the variations of the EM properties of the environment immediately surrounds the antennas. The radar signals that arrive at the receiving antenna are attenuated and modified because of the selective absorption of the pulses by the ground, because of geometrical spreading, and because of an alteration of the actual amplitude due to the instrument amplification. In this paper, the absorption of the radar signal is taken into consideration and we determine, respectively, (i) the radar signal attenuation in the ground, (ii) the electrical conductivity (σ) and the relative dielectric permettivity (RDP) of the ground, and (iii) the maximum penetration depth of GPR in the ground.
{"title":"Ground Penetrating Radar: The Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation and Maximum Penetration Depth","authors":"G. Leucci","doi":"10.3814/2008/926091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/926091","url":null,"abstract":"The use of high frequencies limits the penetration of the radar energy; this low penetration depends, at a parity of used frequencies, on the electromagnetic properties of the investigated material. The principal drawback is the elevated sensibility of the system to the variations of the EM properties of the environment immediately surrounds the antennas. The radar signals that arrive at the receiving antenna are attenuated and modified because of the selective absorption of the pulses by the ground, because of geometrical spreading, and because of an alteration of the actual amplitude due to the instrument amplification. In this paper, the absorption of the radar signal is taken into consideration and we determine, respectively, (i) the radar signal attenuation in the ground, (ii) the electrical conductivity (σ) and the relative dielectric permettivity (RDP) of the ground, and (iii) the maximum penetration depth of GPR in the ground.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"2008 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129921601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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