J. Anzano, Beatriz Bonilla, Beatriz Montull-Ibor, Justiniano Casas
Quick online classification allows the installation of the equipment in the line of work. In this sense, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique offers all the possible advantages: speed, possibility of online analysis, nondestructive, and so on. For the present work, a 350 mJ laser and Mechelle spectrograph were used. Analysis of the data with principal component analysis (PCA) allows an automatic classification of the aromatic herbal products like tea and camomile in a nondestructive and fast way.
{"title":"Aromatic Herbal Products Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","authors":"J. Anzano, Beatriz Bonilla, Beatriz Montull-Ibor, Justiniano Casas","doi":"10.3814/2008/152607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/152607","url":null,"abstract":"Quick online classification allows the installation of the equipment in the line of work. In this sense, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique offers all the possible advantages: speed, possibility of online analysis, nondestructive, and so on. For the present work, a 350 mJ laser and Mechelle spectrograph were used. Analysis of the data with principal component analysis (PCA) allows an automatic classification of the aromatic herbal products like tea and camomile in a nondestructive and fast way.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132035188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We deal with a Yukawa-like long-range modified model of gravity (MOG) which recently allowed to successfully accommodate many astrophysical and cosmological features without resorting to dark matter. On Solar System scales, MOG predicts anomalous retrograde secular precessions of the planetary longitudes of the perihelia ϖ . Their existence has been put on the test here by taking the ratios of the observationally estimated Pitjeva's corrections to the standard Newtonian/ Einsteinian perihelion precessions for different pairs of planets. It turns out that MOG, in the present form which turned out to be phenomenologically successful on astrophysical scales, is ruled out at more than 3 σ level in the Solar System. If and when other teams of astronomers will independently estimate their own corrections to the usual precessions of the perihelia, it will be possible to repeat such a test.
{"title":"Putting Yukawa-Like Modified Gravity (MOG) on the Test in the Solar System","authors":"L. Iorio","doi":"10.3814/2008/238385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/238385","url":null,"abstract":"We deal with a Yukawa-like long-range modified model of gravity (MOG) \u0000which recently allowed to successfully accommodate many astrophysical and \u0000cosmological features without resorting to dark matter. On Solar System scales, \u0000MOG predicts anomalous retrograde secular precessions of the planetary longitudes of the \u0000perihelia ϖ . Their existence has been put on the test here by taking the ratios \u0000of the observationally estimated Pitjeva's corrections to the standard Newtonian/ \u0000Einsteinian perihelion precessions for different pairs of planets. It turns \u0000out that MOG, in the present form which turned out to be phenomenologically \u0000successful on astrophysical scales, is ruled out at more than 3 σ level in the Solar \u0000System. If and when other teams of astronomers will independently estimate \u0000their own corrections to the usual precessions of the perihelia, it will be possible \u0000to repeat such a test.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127572368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Toche, Bhausaheb K. Ghotekar, M. A. Kazi, Shivaraj P. Patil, M. Jachak
A novel method was successfully demonstrated towards the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines having chloroethyl as an intractable side chain, through dihydrofuranone intermediates. The dihydrofuranone intermediates were synthesized by condensation of 2-aminopyridines with α -acetyl- γ -butyrolactone, which upon cyclization using phosphorus oxychloride or ethanol in sodium ethoxide furnished the pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines in good yield.
{"title":"New Approach for the Synthesis of Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines","authors":"R. Toche, Bhausaheb K. Ghotekar, M. A. Kazi, Shivaraj P. Patil, M. Jachak","doi":"10.3814/2008/434329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/434329","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method was successfully demonstrated towards the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines having chloroethyl as an intractable side chain, through dihydrofuranone intermediates. The dihydrofuranone intermediates were synthesized by condensation of 2-aminopyridines with α -acetyl- γ -butyrolactone, which upon cyclization using phosphorus \u0000 oxychloride or ethanol in sodium ethoxide furnished the pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines in good yield.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127695281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3D-QSAR of peptides is a daunting task. The difficulty in peptide QSAR arises due to the sheer number of conformational degrees of freedom for peptides that makes alignment in a 3D grid an overwhelming task. In this paper, we propose a method of QSAR where the alignment of peptides is shifted from 3D space to 1D space, making the alignment of peptides a very simple proposition. The method called HomoSAR, is based on an integrated approach that uses the principles of homology modeling in conjunction with the QSAR formalism to predict and design new peptide sequences. The peptides to be studied are subjected to a multiple sequence alignment which is followed by scoring every position in the peptide sequence against a reference peptide in the alignment, through calculation of similarity indices. The similarity indices obtained for each position (amino acid residue) in the peptide form the “descriptor” values (independent variables) which are then correlated to the biological activity of the peptide by G/PLS techniques. As an application, the methodology has been illustrated for the dataset of nonamer peptides that bind to the Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule HLA- A ∗ 0201 as this dataset has been extensively studied. The models generated have statistically significant correlation coefficients and predictive r 2 . The cross validated coefficients ( q 2 ) are in an acceptable range. The HomoSAR approach identifies amino acids and properties that are preferred or detrimental at every position in the peptide sequence. The approach is simple to use and is able to extract all information contained in the dataset to explain the underlying structure activity relationships. The approach is applicable to peptide sequences which are not all of uniform length.
肽的3D-QSAR是一项艰巨的任务。多肽QSAR的困难是由于多肽的大量构象自由度使得在3D网格中对齐成为一项压倒性的任务。在本文中，我们提出了一种QSAR方法，其中肽的排列从3D空间转移到1D空间，使肽的排列成为一个非常简单的命题。该方法称为HomoSAR，是基于一种综合方法，该方法使用同源性建模原理与QSAR形式化相结合来预测和设计新的肽序列。待研究的肽受到多序列比对，然后通过计算相似性指数，对比对中的参考肽序列中的每个位置进行评分。为肽中每个位置(氨基酸残基)获得的相似性指数形成“描述符”值(自变量)，然后通过G/PLS技术将其与肽的生物活性相关联。作为一项应用，该方法已用于与I类主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)分子HLA- A * 0201结合的非聚合肽数据集，因为该数据集已被广泛研究。所生成的模型具有统计学上显著的相关系数和预测r2。交叉验证系数(q2)在可接受范围内。HomoSAR方法在肽序列的每个位置识别优选或有害的氨基酸和特性。该方法使用简单，并且能够提取数据集中包含的所有信息来解释底层结构活动关系。该方法适用于长度不均匀的肽序列。
{"title":"HomoSAR: An Integrated Approach Using Homology Modeling and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship for Activity Prediction of Peptides","authors":"Raghuvir R. S. Pissurlenkar, E. Coutinho","doi":"10.3814/2008/360572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/360572","url":null,"abstract":"3D-QSAR of peptides is a daunting task. The difficulty in peptide QSAR arises due to the sheer number of conformational degrees of freedom for peptides that makes alignment in a 3D grid an overwhelming task. In this paper, we propose a method of QSAR where the alignment of peptides is shifted from 3D space to 1D space, making the alignment of peptides a very simple proposition. The method called HomoSAR, is based on an integrated approach that uses the principles of homology modeling in conjunction with the QSAR formalism to predict and design new peptide sequences. The peptides to be studied are subjected to a multiple sequence alignment which is followed by scoring every position in the peptide sequence against a reference peptide in the alignment, through calculation of similarity indices. The similarity indices obtained for each position (amino acid residue) in the peptide form the “descriptor” values (independent variables) which are then correlated to the biological activity of the peptide by G/PLS techniques. As an application, the methodology has been illustrated for the dataset of nonamer peptides that bind to the Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule HLA- A ∗ 0201 as this dataset has been extensively studied. The models generated have statistically significant correlation coefficients and predictive r 2 . The cross validated coefficients ( q 2 ) are in an acceptable range. The HomoSAR approach identifies amino acids and properties that are preferred or detrimental at every position in the peptide sequence. The approach is simple to use and is able to extract all information contained in the dataset to explain the underlying structure activity relationships. The approach is applicable to peptide sequences which are not all of uniform length.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"29 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129713608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Satyanarayana, M. Chandrasekhar, O. Gouda, K. E. Kumar
The present study is planned to evaluate the safety of gliclazide (antidiabetic) therapy in the presence of pravastatin (antihyperlipidemic) in rats and rabbits. Studies in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of gliclazide, pravastatin, and their combination. Similarly, studies in normal rabbits were conducted with oral doses of gliclazide, pravastatin, and their combination with adequate washout periods in between the treatments. Blood samples were collected from rats and rabbits at different time intervals and were analyzed for blood serum gliclazide levels. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antihyperglycaemic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity after 2 hours and 8 hours and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits with peak activity after 3 hours. Pravastatin alone produced minor reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats/diabetic rats/normal rabbits. Pravastatin increased the hypoglycaemic effect of gliclazide in normal rats/diabetic rats/normal rabbits when administered together. The serum insulin levels were increased with pravastatin treatment in rabbits. The serum gliclazide levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of gliclazide were altered significantly in presence of pravastatin in rabbits. The interaction observed appears to be pharmacokinetic interaction at metabolic and excretion levels.
{"title":"Drug-Drug Interaction between Pravastatin and Gliclazide in Animal Models","authors":"S. Satyanarayana, M. Chandrasekhar, O. Gouda, K. E. Kumar","doi":"10.3814/2008/620489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/620489","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is planned to evaluate the safety of gliclazide (antidiabetic) therapy in the presence of pravastatin (antihyperlipidemic) in rats and rabbits. Studies in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of gliclazide, pravastatin, and their combination. Similarly, studies in normal rabbits were conducted with oral doses of gliclazide, pravastatin, and their combination with adequate washout periods in between the treatments. Blood samples were collected from rats and rabbits at different time intervals and were analyzed for blood serum gliclazide levels. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antihyperglycaemic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity after 2 hours and 8 hours and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits with peak activity after 3 hours. Pravastatin alone produced minor reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats/diabetic rats/normal rabbits. Pravastatin increased the hypoglycaemic effect of gliclazide in normal rats/diabetic rats/normal rabbits when administered together. The serum insulin levels were increased with pravastatin treatment in rabbits. The serum gliclazide levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of gliclazide were altered significantly in presence of pravastatin in rabbits. The interaction observed appears to be pharmacokinetic interaction at metabolic and excretion levels.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128345345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resveratrol and quercetin are polyphenols abundant in frequently consumed fruits, vegetables, and red wine. They have many biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation effects. This study evaluates the chemopreventive potential of resveratrol and quercetin against pancreatic cancer and investigates some of the underlying mechanisms. We report that resveratrol and quercetin suppress pancreatic tumor growth and that resveratrol extends life expectancy in a tumor bearing mouse model. Further, these two polyphenols inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc02, in vitro. Results suggest that mechanisms may include induction of expression of caspase 3/8, causing DNA fragmentation, and arresting cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell invasion data reveals that both resveratrol and quercetin are able to decrease tumor cell invasion through an endothelial barrier. These data suggest that resveratrol and quercetin may be beneficial in pancreatic cancer treatment and metastasis prevention.
{"title":"Pancreatic Cancer Suppression by Natural Polyphenols","authors":"Guoliang Cui, Yuebo Zhang, Cindy Liu, Sheri Skinner, Ying Qin","doi":"10.3814/2008/540872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/540872","url":null,"abstract":"Resveratrol and quercetin are polyphenols abundant in frequently consumed fruits, vegetables, and red wine. They have many biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation effects. This study evaluates the chemopreventive potential of resveratrol and quercetin against pancreatic cancer and investigates some of the underlying mechanisms. We report that resveratrol and quercetin suppress pancreatic tumor growth and that resveratrol extends life expectancy in a tumor bearing mouse model. Further, these two polyphenols inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc02, in vitro. Results suggest that mechanisms may include induction of expression of caspase 3/8, causing DNA fragmentation, and arresting cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell invasion data reveals that both resveratrol and quercetin are able to decrease tumor cell invasion through an endothelial barrier. These data suggest that resveratrol and quercetin may be beneficial in pancreatic cancer treatment and metastasis prevention.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133575280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To introduce a new technique and to choose the process parameters, ZrB2-SiC ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) were prepared by mixing and explosive compaction. The explosive kinds or explosive mass was variable so as to change the explosive impact energy. We have studied the relationships of the explosive impact energy, the tube deformation energy, the powder compaction energy and the ratio of the explosive mass to the tube mass (R), the relationships of the tube deformation energy, the tube equivalent strain and the mass ratio R, and the relationships of the densities of the ZrB2 composites and the powder compact energy. The results show that the densities of the ZrB2 composites reach 93.37% of theory density. For any kind of explosive, the reduction of the outer diameter and the equivalent strain of the steel tubes raises gradually with the rise of the mass ratio R. Generally speaking, the higher the explosion speed of the explosive is, the larger the deformation degree and the equivalent strain of the steel tubes are. The explosive impact energy can be divided into two parts: the tube deformation energy and the powder compact energy; with the rise of the mass ratio R, the tube deformation energy hardly changes, while the explosive impact energy and powder compact energy increase synchronously, and the densities of the ZrB2 composites also increase gradually. The density of the ZrB2 composites produced by different explosives orders from big to small as RDX, Ammonium Nitrate, TNT, and Urea Nitrate.
{"title":"Energy and Deformation during Explosive Compaction of ZrB2-SiC Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics","authors":"Jinping Li, S. Meng, Jiecai Han, Baolin Wang","doi":"10.3814/2008/754838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/754838","url":null,"abstract":"To introduce a new technique and to choose the process parameters, ZrB2-SiC ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) were prepared by mixing and explosive compaction. The explosive kinds or explosive mass was variable so as to change the explosive impact energy. We have studied the relationships of the explosive impact energy, the tube deformation energy, the powder compaction energy and the ratio of the explosive mass to the tube mass (R), the relationships of the tube deformation energy, the tube equivalent strain and the mass ratio R, and the relationships of the densities of the ZrB2 composites and the powder compact energy. The results show that the densities of the ZrB2 composites reach 93.37% of theory density. For any kind of explosive, the reduction of the outer diameter and the equivalent strain of the steel tubes raises gradually with the rise of the mass ratio R. Generally speaking, the higher the explosion speed of the explosive is, the larger the deformation degree and the equivalent strain of the steel tubes are. The explosive impact energy can be divided into two parts: the tube deformation energy and the powder compact energy; with the rise of the mass ratio R, the tube deformation energy hardly changes, while the explosive impact energy and powder compact energy increase synchronously, and the densities of the ZrB2 composites also increase gradually. The density of the ZrB2 composites produced by different explosives orders from big to small as RDX, Ammonium Nitrate, TNT, and Urea Nitrate.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"352 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113989623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between 1995 and 2003, otter surveys were conducted on 11 islands off the north west coast of Scotland. These located holts in a 100-metre-wide strip along the coasts of these islands. The information was then used to calculate the total number of holts for each island, and from that the adult otter population for each island was calculated using the models based on studies in Skye and Shetland. The diet of marine-foraging otters was assessed from five of these islands using spraint analysis, and was compared with the diet of otters from other coastal areas in Scotland. With the exception of the free-swimming saithe, the diet was dominated by small benthic fish, with the five key prey species being viviparous blenny, five-bearded rockling, butterfish, sea scorpion, and saithe.
{"title":"Otter Surveys of the North West Scottish Islands","authors":"P. Yoxon","doi":"10.3814/2008/735403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/735403","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1995 and 2003, otter surveys were conducted on 11 islands off the north west coast of Scotland. These located holts in a 100-metre-wide strip along the coasts of these islands. The information was then used to calculate the total number of holts for each island, and from that the adult otter population for each island was calculated using the models based on studies in Skye and Shetland. The diet of marine-foraging otters was assessed from five of these islands using spraint analysis, and was compared with the diet of otters from other coastal areas in Scotland. With the exception of the free-swimming saithe, the diet was dominated by small benthic fish, with the five key prey species being viviparous blenny, five-bearded rockling, butterfish, sea scorpion, and saithe.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"2008 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130182859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been suggested that probabilistic approaches would provide more realistic estimates for human intake dose from exposure to soil contaminants than the commonly-used standard deterministic method. The objective of this study was to compare intake dose estimated by these methods for noncarcinogens and carcinogens in soil from 21 contaminated sites in Pennsylvania, USA. Intake doses by the principal human exposure routes for these contaminants were estimated by the standard deterministic method using fixed input parameter values, and by two emergent probabilistic methods. The probabilistic methods were based (a) on distribution functions for all input parameters, or (b) on some combination of these functions and fixed parameter values. Intake doses were then taken as the 90th, 95th, or 99.9th percentile of the generated cumulative output distribution and compared with the commonly-used deterministic estimates over all contaminant/site combinations. For all exposure routes, the 90th and 95th percentile intake dose estimates were not markedly different from the deterministic values or from each other. The opposite was generally the case for the 99.9th percentile estimates. These results did not indicate clear and definitive advantages in using probabilistic methods over the deterministic method for estimating human intake dose from exposure to soil contaminants.
{"title":"Comparison of Methodologies to Estimate Intake Dose for Exposure to Soil Contaminants","authors":"A. Olsen, N. Persaud","doi":"10.3814/2008/341202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/341202","url":null,"abstract":"It has been suggested that probabilistic approaches would provide more \u0000 realistic estimates for human intake dose from exposure to soil contaminants than the commonly-used \u0000 standard deterministic method. The objective of this study was to compare intake dose estimated by \u0000 these methods for noncarcinogens and carcinogens in soil from 21 contaminated sites in \u0000 Pennsylvania, USA. Intake doses by the principal human exposure routes for these contaminants were \u0000 estimated by the standard deterministic method using fixed input parameter values, and by two emergent probabilistic methods. The probabilistic methods were based (a) on distribution functions for \u0000 all input parameters, or (b) on some combination of these functions and fixed parameter \u0000 values. Intake doses were then taken as the 90th, 95th, or 99.9th percentile of the generated cumulative output distribution and compared with the commonly-used deterministic estimates over all contaminant/site combinations. For all exposure routes, the 90th and 95th percentile intake dose estimates were not markedly different from the deterministic values or from each other. The opposite \u0000 was generally the case for the 99.9th percentile estimates. These results did not indicate clear and definitive advantages in using probabilistic methods over the deterministic method for estimating human intake dose from exposure to soil contaminants.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114461912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic approach for the preparation of fexofenadine was developed. The method involves hydrogenation and oxygenation reaction and has good atom utilization, all the starting material is nontoxic.
研究了一种高效、环保的合成非索非那定的方法。该方法涉及氢化和氧化反应，原子利用率好，所有原料无毒。
{"title":"A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of Intermediates for the Preparation of Fexofenadine","authors":"Jiangang Mao, Haining Gu, Pengfei Zhang","doi":"10.3814/2008/137091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3814/2008/137091","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic approach for the preparation of fexofenadine was developed. The method involves hydrogenation and oxygenation reaction and has good atom utilization, all the starting material is nontoxic.","PeriodicalId":169134,"journal":{"name":"Scholarly Research Exchange","volume":"16 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126046802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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