F. Lopez Boo, Mayaris Cubides Mateus, Rita Sorio, Giorgina Garibotto, Christian Berón
Uruguay is one of very few countries in Latin America that has a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of early childhood development. In 2015–2016, during the second wave of the survey, an observational module on the home environment was administered at scale for the first time. The module included items from two subscales (responsiveness and acceptance) of a widely used instrument that measures the quality of the physical and emotional environment: the HOME inventory. We find that the set of items administered from the HOME has very good concurrent validity with child development and maternal personality traits, as well as with other relevant socioeconomic variables. In line with the literature, our analysis shows that children from the most vulnerable families are exposed to a lower-quality home environment—that is, less responsive and more punitive. Interestingly, Uruguayan children are exposed to better environments as compared to children in predominantly rural samples from the Latin America and Caribbean region; however, they present comparable environments when compared to similar samples from countries such as Brazil and Chile.
{"title":"Measuring the Quality of the Home Environment of Young Children in Uruguay: Socioeconomic Gradients in the Home Inventory","authors":"F. Lopez Boo, Mayaris Cubides Mateus, Rita Sorio, Giorgina Garibotto, Christian Berón","doi":"10.18235/0001368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18235/0001368","url":null,"abstract":"Uruguay is one of very few countries in Latin America that has a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of early childhood development. In 2015–2016, during the second wave of the survey, an observational module on the home environment was administered at scale for the first time. The module included items from two subscales (responsiveness and acceptance) of a widely used instrument that measures the quality of the physical and emotional environment: the HOME inventory. We find that the set of items administered from the HOME has very good concurrent validity with child development and maternal personality traits, as well as with other relevant socioeconomic variables. In line with the literature, our analysis shows that children from the most vulnerable families are exposed to a lower-quality home environment—that is, less responsive and more punitive. Interestingly, Uruguayan children are exposed to better environments as compared to children in predominantly rural samples from the Latin America and Caribbean region; however, they present comparable environments when compared to similar samples from countries such as Brazil and Chile.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124984617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-13DOI: 10.33002/NR2581.6853.01015
G. Poyyamoli
Although there is a National Ecotourism Policy for India, it has serious flaws that permit “green washing” resulting in the degradation of nature and culture in highly sensitive ecotourism destination areas. National Ecotourism Policy is critically reviewed in this article, indicating the lacuna and shortcomings that throw some light on the gap between rhetoric and reality. Remedial policy interventions for promoting authentic ecotourism in India are suggested in this article based on best practice case studies from Asia that will ensure sustainable management of precious natural and cultural resources through community cooperation and collective action at the local and regional level.
{"title":"Ecotourism Policy in India: Rhetoric and Reality","authors":"G. Poyyamoli","doi":"10.33002/NR2581.6853.01015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33002/NR2581.6853.01015","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is a National Ecotourism Policy for India, it has serious flaws that permit “green washing” resulting in the degradation of nature and culture in highly sensitive ecotourism destination areas. National Ecotourism Policy is critically reviewed in this article, indicating the lacuna and shortcomings that throw some light on the gap between rhetoric and reality. Remedial policy interventions for promoting authentic ecotourism in India are suggested in this article based on best practice case studies from Asia that will ensure sustainable management of precious natural and cultural resources through community cooperation and collective action at the local and regional level.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"417 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126700501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rivers are one of the main sources of water. Today everyone recognize the value of public access to the riverfront but these projects driven more by investment need than by community or environmental needs. In addition, inadequate regulations and guidelines relating to riverfront development, is having negative impact on environment. In Lucknow there is also a proposal of riverfront development, in three different stretches along river Gomti. Vilayati bagh stretch is one of them. This stretch consist one very old garden name vilayati bagh. For the development of vilayati bagh stretch it is important to understand the typology of gardens of that era. This paper is focusing on the gardens of Lucknow in between1700 to 1850, their typology, planning style and use. This paper also talk about contemporary riverfront development practices in India, its impact on environment and the development strategies for Vilayati bagh stretch along river Gomti.
{"title":"Contemporary Riverfront Development Practices in India: Strategies for the Development of Vilayati bagh Stretch Along River Gomti, Lucknow","authors":"Supriya Sinha, Madhur Varshney","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3334417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3334417","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers are one of the main sources of water. Today everyone recognize the value of public access to the riverfront but these projects driven more by investment need than by community or environmental needs. In addition, inadequate regulations and guidelines relating to riverfront development, is having negative impact on environment. In Lucknow there is also a proposal of riverfront development, in three different stretches along river Gomti. Vilayati bagh stretch is one of them. This stretch consist one very old garden name vilayati bagh. For the development of vilayati bagh stretch it is important to understand the typology of gardens of that era. This paper is focusing on the gardens of Lucknow in between1700 to 1850, their typology, planning style and use. This paper also talk about contemporary riverfront development practices in India, its impact on environment and the development strategies for Vilayati bagh stretch along river Gomti.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126954725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The climate change will affect various crops during the entire growing period owing to extreme weather events. The adaptability of crops to climate variability would acquire significant dimension as frequent occurrence of extreme whether conditions may dictate as to how to cope up with the situation. The climate change will include extreme heat as well as cold waves, increased variability with respect to rabi and kharif crop production, increased extreme whether events in general, erratic onset as well as advances of monsoon, etc. Since farm production is likely to be adversely affected, the climate change will result in increased water management practices, improving land, soil and nutrition management practices, reduction in inefficiency in water use, preservation and enhancement of plant and animal genetic resources, adjustment to the pattern of food consumption, promotion of eco-friendly use adaptation, adaptation to ecosystem based approaches of risk management, shift in cropping pattern, adaptation to integrated farming system and integrated agro forestry systems, etc. There are areas where adaptation programme have already been developed and these include crop improvement, risk financing, drought proofing, disaster management, etc. Adapting agricultural systems to climate change is urgent because its impact is already evident and the trends will continue even if emissions of GHG emissions are stabilized at current levels.
{"title":"Climate Change and Indian Agricultural Sector: Adaptation, Mitigation and Impact Assessment","authors":"D. Shah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3155071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3155071","url":null,"abstract":"The climate change will affect various crops during the entire growing period owing to extreme weather events. The adaptability of crops to climate variability would acquire significant dimension as frequent occurrence of extreme whether conditions may dictate as to how to cope up with the situation. The climate change will include extreme heat as well as cold waves, increased variability with respect to rabi and kharif crop production, increased extreme whether events in general, erratic onset as well as advances of monsoon, etc. Since farm production is likely to be adversely affected, the climate change will result in increased water management practices, improving land, soil and nutrition management practices, reduction in inefficiency in water use, preservation and enhancement of plant and animal genetic resources, adjustment to the pattern of food consumption, promotion of eco-friendly use adaptation, adaptation to ecosystem based approaches of risk management, shift in cropping pattern, adaptation to integrated farming system and integrated agro forestry systems, etc. There are areas where adaptation programme have already been developed and these include crop improvement, risk financing, drought proofing, disaster management, etc. Adapting agricultural systems to climate change is urgent because its impact is already evident and the trends will continue even if emissions of GHG emissions are stabilized at current levels.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132137722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through this text I announce the importance of the development of the tourism sector as a new axis of accumulation of the current economy and as one of its most important segments is alternative tourism. We visualize the most important definitions that are being built on this topic and, as in the case of Mexico, Alternative Tourism faces several conflicts and few results regarding public policy. Data are given on the consequences of the Program of Alternative Tourism in Indigenous Areas (PTAZI) of the CDI and the scarce results of this program to achieve the improvement of the living conditions of the population.
{"title":"The Public Policy of the Alternative Tourism in Mexico: The Case of the Program of Alternative Tourism in Indigenous Areas (PTAZI) of the Commission for the Development of the Indian Peoples (CDI).","authors":"Agustín Ávila Romero","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3152616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3152616","url":null,"abstract":"Through this text I announce the importance of the development of the tourism sector as a new axis of accumulation of the current economy and as one of its most important segments is alternative tourism. We visualize the most important definitions that are being built on this topic and, as in the case of Mexico, Alternative Tourism faces several conflicts and few results regarding public policy. Data are given on the consequences of the Program of Alternative Tourism in Indigenous Areas (PTAZI) of the CDI and the scarce results of this program to achieve the improvement of the living conditions of the population.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124751135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand of philosophising in Africa has faced a history of criticism that has been particularly Eurocentric and strongly biased. However, that trend is changing with the emergence of core philosophical thinking in Africa. This paper is an attempt to articulate a singular issue in this evolution—the originality of African philosophy, through Ancient Egypt and its influence on Greek philosophy. The paper sets about this task by first exposing the historical debate on the early beginnings of the philosophical enterprise, with a view to establishing the possibility of philosophical influences in Africa. It then goes ahead to posit the three hypotheses that link Greek philosophy to have developed from the cultural materiality of Ancient Egypt, and the Eurocentric travesty of history in recognising influences of philosophy as from Europe alone, apart from Egypt.
{"title":"The African Origins of Greek Philosophy: Ancient Egypt in Retrospect","authors":"N. Anakwue","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3134513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3134513","url":null,"abstract":"The demand of philosophising in Africa has faced a history of criticism that has been particularly Eurocentric and strongly biased. However, that trend is changing with the emergence of core philosophical thinking in Africa. This paper is an attempt to articulate a singular issue in this evolution—the originality of African philosophy, through Ancient Egypt and its influence on Greek philosophy. The paper sets about this task by first exposing the historical debate on the early beginnings of the philosophical enterprise, with a view to establishing the possibility of philosophical influences in Africa. It then goes ahead to posit the three hypotheses that link Greek philosophy to have developed from the cultural materiality of Ancient Egypt, and the Eurocentric travesty of history in recognising influences of philosophy as from Europe alone, apart from Egypt.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126294438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-12DOI: 10.4172/2162-6359.1000478
B. Pandow, Salma Shabir Ashai, Gousiya Hussain
The entrepreneurship growth is being recognized as a serviceable means of tackling Jammu and Kashmir’s (J&K) socioeconomic challenges of high unemployment, and unbalanced distribution of income. The unemployment rates revealed by National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the state presents a depressed image of the condition of women in the state. According to the NSSO employment position of females in urban areas are worse than that of men. The indicators were analyzed and found that the females in urban areas are unemployed and the rate is at 11.7%. And the same pointer for the unemployment rate for male population is hovering at 6.7% and the figure at all-India level for the female (urban) unemployment rate is at 7.9%. It is observed that existing policies overlook the gender as a potential input for addressing the grave issue. Despite this females have proven their mettle using their peculiar gender nature effectively and efficiently in small and micro business which calls for an immediate attention by the government towards promotion of women in entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Gender, Entrepreneurship and Socioeconomic Reparation in Jammu & Kashmir","authors":"B. Pandow, Salma Shabir Ashai, Gousiya Hussain","doi":"10.4172/2162-6359.1000478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000478","url":null,"abstract":"The entrepreneurship growth is being recognized as a serviceable means of tackling Jammu and Kashmir’s (J&K) socioeconomic challenges of high unemployment, and unbalanced distribution of income. The unemployment rates revealed by National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the state presents a depressed image of the condition of women in the state. According to the NSSO employment position of females in urban areas are worse than that of men. The indicators were analyzed and found that the females in urban areas are unemployed and the rate is at 11.7%. And the same pointer for the unemployment rate for male population is hovering at 6.7% and the figure at all-India level for the female (urban) unemployment rate is at 7.9%. It is observed that existing policies overlook the gender as a potential input for addressing the grave issue. Despite this females have proven their mettle using their peculiar gender nature effectively and efficiently in small and micro business which calls for an immediate attention by the government towards promotion of women in entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115339141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This working paper is concerned with the informal institutionalization of contacts between European institutions and religious organizations launched by Jacques Delors and its aftermath: the formal institutionalization of these contacts started by Jose Manuel Barroso. It was with Jacques Delors that the relationship between religion and the European project gained in importance. As president of the European Commission he recognised the social role of European religions by inviting them to the project “A Soul for Europe,” which aimed to find a more robust source of legitimacy for the European project. Subsequently, I describe the incorporation of Art. 17 in to the Lisbon Treaty obliging dialogue with churches, religious and philosophical organizations, which is in my opinion a direct aftermath of the “Soul for Europe.” It is my argument in this paper that the “religious” project of Jacques Delors in many respects failed, as he did not find a meaningful role for religion in European integration in the way he was hoping for, nor did he find the robust source of legitimacy for the European project.
本工作论文关注的是雅克·德洛尔发起的欧洲机构与宗教组织之间非正式制度化的接触及其后果:这些接触的正式制度化始于若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐。正是与雅克·德洛尔一起，宗教与欧洲计划之间的关系变得重要起来。作为欧盟委员会(European Commission)主席，他认识到欧洲宗教的社会角色，邀请他们参加旨在为欧洲计划寻找更有力的合法性来源的“欧洲灵魂”(A Soul for Europe)项目。随后，我描述了将第17条纳入《里斯本条约》，要求与教会、宗教和哲学组织进行对话，在我看来，这是“欧洲之魂”的直接后果。我在本文中的论点是，雅克·德洛尔的“宗教”计划在许多方面都失败了，因为他没有像他所希望的那样，为宗教在欧洲一体化中找到有意义的角色，也没有为欧洲计划找到强有力的合法性来源。
{"title":"Jacques Delors, the Single Market and the Failed Attempt to Give a Soul to Europe","authors":"M. Matlak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3157116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157116","url":null,"abstract":"This working paper is concerned with the informal institutionalization of contacts between European institutions and religious organizations launched by Jacques Delors and its aftermath: the formal institutionalization of these contacts started by Jose Manuel Barroso. It was with Jacques Delors that the relationship between religion and the European project gained in importance. As president of the European Commission he recognised the social role of European religions by inviting them to the project “A Soul for Europe,” which aimed to find a more robust source of legitimacy for the European project. Subsequently, I describe the incorporation of Art. 17 in to the Lisbon Treaty obliging dialogue with churches, religious and philosophical organizations, which is in my opinion a direct aftermath of the “Soul for Europe.” It is my argument in this paper that the “religious” project of Jacques Delors in many respects failed, as he did not find a meaningful role for religion in European integration in the way he was hoping for, nor did he find the robust source of legitimacy for the European project.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133219226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the present research is to compared gendered work attitudes held by Russian speakers in Estonia and Latvia to the attitudes of ethnic majorities in these countries. The empirical research is based on the European Value Study data from the wave of 2008. The results demonstrate that ethnolinguistic identity may have, as in the Baltic case, an important effect on attitudes apparently unrelated to ethnonational issues. Yet this effect differentiating an ethnolinguistic minority from an ethic majority is counteracted with the impact of objective factors shared to a large extent by a minority and a majority within a given country and working in the opposite direction to the ethnolinguistic identity – by bringing the two groups’ attitudes closer to each other. The relative liberalism or conservatism of the expressed attitudes, as we discovered, strongly depend on priming. Ethnolinguistic identities (in the Baltic case, shifting Russian speakers’ views towards the more conservative Russia) have relatively stronger effect when dealing with subjective phenomena such as feelings and norms, while economic situation comes to the forefront for attitude towards objective, directly observable factors with direct and obvious consequences for an individual’s material well-being.
{"title":"Gendered Work Attitudes in Baltic Russian Speakers","authors":"Marharyta Fabrykant, V. Magun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3091384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3091384","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present research is to compared gendered work attitudes held by Russian speakers in Estonia and Latvia to the attitudes of ethnic majorities in these countries. The empirical research is based on the European Value Study data from the wave of 2008. The results demonstrate that ethnolinguistic identity may have, as in the Baltic case, an important effect on attitudes apparently unrelated to ethnonational issues. Yet this effect differentiating an ethnolinguistic minority from an ethic majority is counteracted with the impact of objective factors shared to a large extent by a minority and a majority within a given country and working in the opposite direction to the ethnolinguistic identity – by bringing the two groups’ attitudes closer to each other. The relative liberalism or conservatism of the expressed attitudes, as we discovered, strongly depend on priming. Ethnolinguistic identities (in the Baltic case, shifting Russian speakers’ views towards the more conservative Russia) have relatively stronger effect when dealing with subjective phenomena such as feelings and norms, while economic situation comes to the forefront for attitude towards objective, directly observable factors with direct and obvious consequences for an individual’s material well-being.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115839044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: El sueño de Integración Latinoamericano se inicia en 1815 con el manifiesto al continente conocido como “La Carta de Jamaica”, continuaría con el congreso anfictiónico de Panamá en 1826; pero solo en la cumbre de la CELAC en 2014 fue posible reunir a todos los países latinoamericanos y del caribe. Por diferentes razones Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Paraguay estuvieron ausentes de los intentos en el siglo XIX y parte del siglo XX. Desde la carta de Chapultepec en 1945 los procesos de integración toman forma a partir de la década de los 50, con experiencias que se inspiraron en la teoría pura del Comercio Internacional y específicamente en la experiencia de Europa Occidental. En el Siglo XXI con la caída del muro de Berlín y el afianzamiento del aperturismo económico se inicia un proceso nuevo de integración que modificó el mapa del poder político del continente, condicionado por la política exterior de Estados Unidos y con el surgimiento de los BRICS como una alternativa hacia el multilateralismo. English Abstract: The dream of Latin American Integration began in 1815 with the manifesto to the continent known as "The Letter of Jamaica", it would continue with the Congreso Anfictiónico de Panamá in 1826; but only at the CELAC summit in 2014 was possible to join together all the Latin American and Caribbean countries. For different reasons Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay were absent from the attempts in the 19th century and part of the 20th century. From the Carta de Chapultepec in 1945 the integration processes take shape from the 50s, with experiences that were inspired by the pure theory of International Trade and specifically the Western European experience. In the 21st century, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the consolidation of economic openness, a new process of integration began and modified the map of the political power of the continent, conditioned by the foreign policy of the United States and with the emergence of the BRICS as an alternative towards multilateralism.
西班牙摘要:拉丁美洲一体化的梦想始于1815年被称为“牙买加宪章”的《大陆宣言》，并将继续于1826年的巴拿马大会;但只有在2014年的拉共体峰会上，所有拉美和加勒比国家才有可能聚集在一起。由于不同的原因，阿根廷、巴西、智利和巴拉圭没有参加19世纪和20世纪部分时间的尝试。自1945年《查普尔特佩克宪章》以来，一体化进程从50年代开始形成，其经验受到纯国际贸易理论的启发，特别是西欧的经验。在21世纪与柏林围墙倒塌和加强经济自由化而开始一个新的一体化工艺,改进了地图的非洲大陆的政治权力,美国外交政策的多寡与金砖国家作为一种替代对多边主义的兴起。英文摘要:拉丁美洲一体化的梦想始于1815年的《致大陆的宣言》，即“牙买加信”，并将在1826年的巴拿马大会上继续进行;但只有在2014年拉共体峰会上，所有拉丁美洲和加勒比国家才有可能聚集在一起。由于不同的原因，阿根廷、巴西、智利和巴拉圭没有参加19世纪和20世纪部分地区的尝试。从1945年《查普尔特佩克宪章》开始，一体化进程从50年代开始形成，其经验受到纯国际贸易理论的启发，特别是西欧的经验。21世纪,柏林with the fall of the Wall and the consolidation of economic openness, a new process of integration开始修改and the map of the political power of the continent, conditioned by the foreign policy of the United States and with the emergence of the金砖. towards主义。
{"title":"Integración latinoamericana y del Caribe: 200 años de la carta de Jamaica a la Celac (Latin American and Caribbean Integration: 200 Years of the 'Carta De Jamaica' to Celac)","authors":"Carlos Julio Martínez-Becerra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3229410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3229410","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> El sueño de Integración Latinoamericano se inicia en 1815 con el manifiesto al continente conocido como “La Carta de Jamaica”, continuaría con el congreso anfictiónico de Panamá en 1826; pero solo en la cumbre de la CELAC en 2014 fue posible reunir a todos los países latinoamericanos y del caribe. Por diferentes razones Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Paraguay estuvieron ausentes de los intentos en el siglo XIX y parte del siglo XX. Desde la carta de Chapultepec en 1945 los procesos de integración toman forma a partir de la década de los 50, con experiencias que se inspiraron en la teoría pura del Comercio Internacional y específicamente en la experiencia de Europa Occidental. En el Siglo XXI con la caída del muro de Berlín y el afianzamiento del aperturismo económico se inicia un proceso nuevo de integración que modificó el mapa del poder político del continente, condicionado por la política exterior de Estados Unidos y con el surgimiento de los BRICS como una alternativa hacia el multilateralismo. <b>English Abstract:</b> The dream of Latin American Integration began in 1815 with the manifesto to the continent known as \"The Letter of Jamaica\", it would continue with the Congreso Anfictiónico de Panamá in 1826; but only at the CELAC summit in 2014 was possible to join together all the Latin American and Caribbean countries. For different reasons Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay were absent from the attempts in the 19th century and part of the 20th century. From the Carta de Chapultepec in 1945 the integration processes take shape from the 50s, with experiences that were inspired by the pure theory of International Trade and specifically the Western European experience. In the 21st century, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the consolidation of economic openness, a new process of integration began and modified the map of the political power of the continent, conditioned by the foreign policy of the United States and with the emergence of the BRICS as an alternative towards multilateralism.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114992435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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