Oman’s ‘Vision 2040’ aims at diversifying its economic activities from oil and gas sector to tourism sector. The vision and mission statement aims at developing tourism as a sustainable economic sector. The objective of the study is to analyze the various factors affecting the students’ perceptions towards choosing Tourism studies as their main stream. The study was conducted with 223 students of tourism studies who were selected on the basis on random sampling and were contacted through a well-defined questionnaire. The primary data was collected, compiled and thoroughly analyzed to arrive at conclusions. A critical analysis was carried out using null hypothesis, chi-square and ranking tests. The study reveals that the factors like non-discrimination of gender, promotion opportunities, and physical working conditions play a crucial role in motivating most of the students in choosing tourism studies. Further this paper critically analyzes the discouraging factors for their aversion towards tourism industry. Our empirical results reveal that the high risk of accidents, non-tourism spouse preferences, Omani traditional values discourage the attitude towards choosing tourism as their future job and hence the tourism studies. The study further demonstrates that there is a strong association between the motivating factors and the reasons for students choosing tourism as their studies. There exists necessity for the Government and the related sponsoring institutions to look into these factors and encourage our young tourism students who will in return render their full support towards diversifying Oman’s future economy towards tourism.
{"title":"Future of Oman Tourism: Perception of the Students in Tourism Studies","authors":"Firdouse R Khan, J. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.18510/IJTHR.2016.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18510/IJTHR.2016.311","url":null,"abstract":"Oman’s ‘Vision 2040’ aims at diversifying its economic activities from oil and gas sector to tourism sector. The vision and mission statement aims at developing tourism as a sustainable economic sector. The objective of the study is to analyze the various factors affecting the students’ perceptions towards choosing Tourism studies as their main stream. The study was conducted with 223 students of tourism studies who were selected on the basis on random sampling and were contacted through a well-defined questionnaire. The primary data was collected, compiled and thoroughly analyzed to arrive at conclusions. A critical analysis was carried out using null hypothesis, chi-square and ranking tests. The study reveals that the factors like non-discrimination of gender, promotion opportunities, and physical working conditions play a crucial role in motivating most of the students in choosing tourism studies. Further this paper critically analyzes the discouraging factors for their aversion towards tourism industry. Our empirical results reveal that the high risk of accidents, non-tourism spouse preferences, Omani traditional values discourage the attitude towards choosing tourism as their future job and hence the tourism studies. The study further demonstrates that there is a strong association between the motivating factors and the reasons for students choosing tourism as their studies. There exists necessity for the Government and the related sponsoring institutions to look into these factors and encourage our young tourism students who will in return render their full support towards diversifying Oman’s future economy towards tourism.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132517672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unauthorized immigration is on the rise again in the EU. Although precise estimates are hard to come by, proximity to nations in turmoil and the promise of a better life have drawn hundreds of thousands of irregular migrants to the EU in 2014-2015. Further complicating the ongoing challenge is the confounding flow of humanitarian migrants, who are fleeing not for a job but for their lives. Those who flee for better economic conditions are irregular migrants, not humanitarian migrants, but the lines between the two are often blurred. This policy brief surveys the state of irregular immigration to the EU and draws on lessons from the U.S. experience. It focuses on economic aspects of unauthorized immigration. There are economic benefits to receiving countries as well as to unauthorized migrants themselves, but those benefits require that migrants are able to access the labor market and that prices and wages are flexible. Meanwhile, mitigating fiscal costs requires limiting access to public assistance programs for newcomers. Successfully addressing irregular migration is likely to require considerable coordination and cost-sharing among EU member states.
{"title":"Irregular Immigration in the European Union","authors":"Pia M. Orrenius, M. Zavodny","doi":"10.24149/wp1603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24149/wp1603","url":null,"abstract":"Unauthorized immigration is on the rise again in the EU. Although precise estimates are hard to come by, proximity to nations in turmoil and the promise of a better life have drawn hundreds of thousands of irregular migrants to the EU in 2014-2015. Further complicating the ongoing challenge is the confounding flow of humanitarian migrants, who are fleeing not for a job but for their lives. Those who flee for better economic conditions are irregular migrants, not humanitarian migrants, but the lines between the two are often blurred. This policy brief surveys the state of irregular immigration to the EU and draws on lessons from the U.S. experience. It focuses on economic aspects of unauthorized immigration. There are economic benefits to receiving countries as well as to unauthorized migrants themselves, but those benefits require that migrants are able to access the labor market and that prices and wages are flexible. Meanwhile, mitigating fiscal costs requires limiting access to public assistance programs for newcomers. Successfully addressing irregular migration is likely to require considerable coordination and cost-sharing among EU member states.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129258932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the effects of state borders on the performance of metropolitan areas in Europe. A multi-dimensional conceptualization of border effects is elaborated and empirically tested with the help of statistical modelling. The results suggest that Swiss cases and metropolitan areas recently integrated into the EU benefit the most from their border setting. When considering specific effects, a recent opening of the border as a new contact factor and significant differentiation factors have positive impacts on metropolitan functions. Alternatively, the spatial proximity of the border and its long-standing opening have negative impacts.
{"title":"From Barrier to Resource? Modelling the Border Effects on Metropolitan Functions in Europe","authors":"C. Sohn, Julien Licheron","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2717493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2717493","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effects of state borders on the performance of metropolitan areas in Europe. A multi-dimensional conceptualization of border effects is elaborated and empirically tested with the help of statistical modelling. The results suggest that Swiss cases and metropolitan areas recently integrated into the EU benefit the most from their border setting. When considering specific effects, a recent opening of the border as a new contact factor and significant differentiation factors have positive impacts on metropolitan functions. Alternatively, the spatial proximity of the border and its long-standing opening have negative impacts.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130579311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objectives of this research report is to highlight the implication in the social development of Pakistan the conditions and level of progress of social institutions in the present system in sufficient budgetary financial resources and its misuse and wrong allocation deprive the masses from their basic human rights granted under the constitution of Pakistan. Education is the key element of social progress besides many educations policies projects and five to six five years plans has been implemented but couldn’t bring positive results due to inefficient political reasons or corruption.
{"title":"Social Development in Pakistan: An Analytical Study of Shaping Public Policy","authors":"A. Rizvi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2700593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2700593","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this research report is to highlight the implication in the social development of Pakistan the conditions and level of progress of social institutions in the present system in sufficient budgetary financial resources and its misuse and wrong allocation deprive the masses from their basic human rights granted under the constitution of Pakistan. Education is the key element of social progress besides many educations policies projects and five to six five years plans has been implemented but couldn’t bring positive results due to inefficient political reasons or corruption.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133836527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today business environment in Sri Lanka is growing in a rapid manner and it is functioning as a backbone of the economic development. Contribution by the employees to organizational performance differs from one to another based on number of factors. Therefore this study focuses on the impact of cross culture on the employee performance in multinational companies in Sri Lanka. Currently multinational companies in Sri Lanka are facing cultural issues as many employees are from different cultural background. Thus this particular study would help to identify the cultural gaps and also to rectify in a way that will increase the performance level. As the study objectives, the study aims to explore the impact of cross-cultural issues on employee performance through employee productivity. Moving towards the research methodology, the study has used survey method through the structured questionnaire as the research strategy. Quantitative methods are used as the research methods and cross sectional data is used as the time horizon of the study. Further the study has gathered the needed data from 260 employees of multinational companies operating in Sri Lanka. The sample was selected using simple random sampling method and convenient sampling method. Multivariate Probit Model and structural equation method were used as the data analytical and estimation tool. The study concluded that the impact of cross culture issues on organizational performance is in two folds of ethnicity and religion. Muslim and Islam employees are motivated from extrinsic factors while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are motivated through intrinsic factors. However in the case of Tamils and Christian employees have no major difference. Regarding the case of attitude, Muslim and Islam employees are more flexible in job engagement and job involvement while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are more flexible in attitudes for Perceived Organizational Support (POS). Further the employees in Christianity and Tamil are balanced in attitude for job engagement, involvement and perceived organizational support. In case of culture and employee commitment, Muslim and Islam employees are more in affective commitment while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are more in normative commitment. Tamil and Christian employees are more towards continuance commitment. Finally Muslim and Islam employees are more productive than other two while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are having the lowest labor productivity. This indicates culture has an influenced on labor productivity through motivation and employee commitment which is fostered by the employee attitudes.
{"title":"The Impact of Cross Culture on Employee Performance in Multinational Companies in Sri Lanka","authors":"U. Rajapaksha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2699790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2699790","url":null,"abstract":"Today business environment in Sri Lanka is growing in a rapid manner and it is functioning as a backbone of the economic development. Contribution by the employees to organizational performance differs from one to another based on number of factors. Therefore this study focuses on the impact of cross culture on the employee performance in multinational companies in Sri Lanka. Currently multinational companies in Sri Lanka are facing cultural issues as many employees are from different cultural background. Thus this particular study would help to identify the cultural gaps and also to rectify in a way that will increase the performance level. As the study objectives, the study aims to explore the impact of cross-cultural issues on employee performance through employee productivity. Moving towards the research methodology, the study has used survey method through the structured questionnaire as the research strategy. Quantitative methods are used as the research methods and cross sectional data is used as the time horizon of the study. Further the study has gathered the needed data from 260 employees of multinational companies operating in Sri Lanka. The sample was selected using simple random sampling method and convenient sampling method. Multivariate Probit Model and structural equation method were used as the data analytical and estimation tool. The study concluded that the impact of cross culture issues on organizational performance is in two folds of ethnicity and religion. Muslim and Islam employees are motivated from extrinsic factors while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are motivated through intrinsic factors. However in the case of Tamils and Christian employees have no major difference. Regarding the case of attitude, Muslim and Islam employees are more flexible in job engagement and job involvement while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are more flexible in attitudes for Perceived Organizational Support (POS). Further the employees in Christianity and Tamil are balanced in attitude for job engagement, involvement and perceived organizational support. In case of culture and employee commitment, Muslim and Islam employees are more in affective commitment while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are more in normative commitment. Tamil and Christian employees are more towards continuance commitment. Finally Muslim and Islam employees are more productive than other two while Sinhala and Buddhist employees are having the lowest labor productivity. This indicates culture has an influenced on labor productivity through motivation and employee commitment which is fostered by the employee attitudes.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124654647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large gap in incarceration rates between black and white men has been evident since the early 20th century. This paper examines the effect of access to primary schooling on black incarceration in this period. I use the construction of 5,000 schools in the US South, funded by philanthropist Julius Rosenwald, as a quasi-natural experiment that increased the educational attainment of southern black students. I link individuals across Census waves in order to assign exposure to a Rosenwald school during childhood and to measure adult incarceration. I find that one year of access to a Rosenwald school decreased the probability of being a prisoner by 0.1 percentage points (seven percent of the mean). Using other data from archival and government sources, I find that Rosenwald schools affected juvenile crime and all categories of adult crime. I argue that most of the reduction in incarceration comes from increased opportunity costs of crime through higher educational attainment but also investigate school quality and migration responses. Effects are largest in counties which have less racist attitudes and which have a more literate population. These results contribute to a broader literature on racial gaps in social outcomes in the US throughout the 20th century.
{"title":"Access to Schooling and the Black-White Incarceration Gap in the Early 20th Century Us South: Evidence from Rosenwald Schools","authors":"K. Eriksson","doi":"10.3386/W21727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W21727","url":null,"abstract":"A large gap in incarceration rates between black and white men has been evident since the early 20th century. This paper examines the effect of access to primary schooling on black incarceration in this period. I use the construction of 5,000 schools in the US South, funded by philanthropist Julius Rosenwald, as a quasi-natural experiment that increased the educational attainment of southern black students. I link individuals across Census waves in order to assign exposure to a Rosenwald school during childhood and to measure adult incarceration. I find that one year of access to a Rosenwald school decreased the probability of being a prisoner by 0.1 percentage points (seven percent of the mean). Using other data from archival and government sources, I find that Rosenwald schools affected juvenile crime and all categories of adult crime. I argue that most of the reduction in incarceration comes from increased opportunity costs of crime through higher educational attainment but also investigate school quality and migration responses. Effects are largest in counties which have less racist attitudes and which have a more literate population. These results contribute to a broader literature on racial gaps in social outcomes in the US throughout the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125183929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the contextual and community-level determinants of multidimensional women’s empowerment in Egypt, while accounting for the usual individual and household level factors typically included in studies of women’s empowerment. The paper analyzes two dimensions of women’s empowerment: the decision-making and the mobility dimensions by means of two indices constructed from various survey questions relating to these dimensions. We use data from the Population Census of 2006 and the Demographic Health Survey of 2008 to construct community and governorate-level contextual variables to complement the individual-level data we obtain from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey of 2012 (ELMPS 2012). In line with the literature, the determinants that are relevant to the decision-making and mobility dimensions of women’s empowerment turned out to be quite different, confirming that “empowerment” is a multi- dimensional phenomenon, with women relatively empowered in some aspects of their lives but not in others. Moreover, our results show that context plays an important role in determining women’s empowerment in Egypt after controlling for a variety of individual and household-level characteristics. These results highlight the importance of viewing women’s empowerment, and hence development as social and normative transformations rather than as just resulting from shifts in individual conditions, attitudes and behaviors. Thus, empowering Egyptian women will require changing community norms and values about gender relations rather than simply providing greater educational and employment opportunities for women.
{"title":"Empowerment is a Community Affair: Community Level Determinants of Married Women’s Empowerment in Egypt","authors":"R. Assaad, Hanan Nazier, Racha Ramadan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3058298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3058298","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the contextual and community-level determinants of multidimensional women’s empowerment in Egypt, while accounting for the usual individual and household level factors typically included in studies of women’s empowerment. The paper analyzes two dimensions of women’s empowerment: the decision-making and the mobility dimensions by means of two indices constructed from various survey questions relating to these dimensions. We use data from the Population Census of 2006 and the Demographic Health Survey of 2008 to construct community and governorate-level contextual variables to complement the individual-level data we obtain from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey of 2012 (ELMPS 2012). In line with the literature, the determinants that are relevant to the decision-making and mobility dimensions of women’s empowerment turned out to be quite different, confirming that “empowerment” is a multi- dimensional phenomenon, with women relatively empowered in some aspects of their lives but not in others. Moreover, our results show that context plays an important role in determining women’s empowerment in Egypt after controlling for a variety of individual and household-level characteristics. These results highlight the importance of viewing women’s empowerment, and hence development as social and normative transformations rather than as just resulting from shifts in individual conditions, attitudes and behaviors. Thus, empowering Egyptian women will require changing community norms and values about gender relations rather than simply providing greater educational and employment opportunities for women.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127100384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The place of human rights in evaluating the level of civilization of a society cannot be overstated. Modern constitutional-making processes endeavor to entrench progressive bills of rights in their architecture. General recognition of human rights in constitutional documents has become the bromide of constitutional law since after WWII. Constitutional designs have therefore shifted from giving prominence to civil and political rights, to the global recognition of social, economic and cultural rights ("SER's") as well. Undoubtedly, recognition of SERs has given rise to the debate whether SERs are legally binding constitutional provisions or mere political aspirations to be achieved overtime. As a result, the question of whether they are justiciable has emerged. This paper tries to answer this philosophical hypothesis by exploring judicial enforcement of SERs in Kenya and the effect entrenched SERs have in a constitutional dispensation they obtain.
{"title":"Judicial Enforcement of Social Economic and Cultural Rights in Kenya: Health and Housing","authors":"Silas Aluku","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2660810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2660810","url":null,"abstract":"The place of human rights in evaluating the level of civilization of a society cannot be overstated. Modern constitutional-making processes endeavor to entrench progressive bills of rights in their architecture. General recognition of human rights in constitutional documents has become the bromide of constitutional law since after WWII. Constitutional designs have therefore shifted from giving prominence to civil and political rights, to the global recognition of social, economic and cultural rights (\"SER's\") as well. Undoubtedly, recognition of SERs has given rise to the debate whether SERs are legally binding constitutional provisions or mere political aspirations to be achieved overtime. As a result, the question of whether they are justiciable has emerged. This paper tries to answer this philosophical hypothesis by exploring judicial enforcement of SERs in Kenya and the effect entrenched SERs have in a constitutional dispensation they obtain.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134151961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nigeria faces a paradox of having Africa’s biggest economy but not Africa’s biggest government revenue. While Nigerian economy is about 155.4 percent of South Africa’s economy, the revenue generated by Nigerian government is only about 79.5 percent of the revenue generated by South African government. The total revenue in the Nigerian federation account has been 12 percent of GDP, compared to minimum government revenue of 25 percent of GDP in Africa’s next five largest economies: South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Angola, and Morocco.The stark fiscal reality is that Nigerian government currently has less than half of the revenue required to deliver quality governance. Little wonder that health, education, security and basic infrastructure services provided by Nigerian government are very poor. However, revenue leakages through crude oil ‘theft’, spurious petroleum ‘subsidy’ payouts, abuses of tax/import-duty waivers and too much ‘autonomy’ for revenue collecting agencies is the bane of Nigeria’s revenue inadequacy.Nigeria needs to put an end to crude oil theft, stop all petroleum subsidy payments, streamline tax/import-duty waivers, amend existing laws to abolish the autonomy granted revenue collecting agencies and create a single-treasury-account for all types of government revenue, with all government ministries, departments and agencies included in a single appropriation process to ensure adequate resources for good quality governance. In addition government should rely on self-funding mechanisms for developing nationwide rail network and related infrastructure systems.Financial intermediaries and markets are contributing their bits in mobilizing the financial assets required for Nigeria’s growth and stability, but Nigerian government has to pull its weight as an independent attractor of foreign capital, and also court investors more actively by liberalizing growth enabling sectors, getting out of the way, making necessary arrangements to provide concrete assurances of stability, and being more conscious of the sensitivity of inward investment to realities of, especially government’s pronouncements about, the fiscal situation.
{"title":"Nigeria's Post-Election Financial Realities","authors":"Ayo Teriba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2636730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2636730","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria faces a paradox of having Africa’s biggest economy but not Africa’s biggest government revenue. While Nigerian economy is about 155.4 percent of South Africa’s economy, the revenue generated by Nigerian government is only about 79.5 percent of the revenue generated by South African government. The total revenue in the Nigerian federation account has been 12 percent of GDP, compared to minimum government revenue of 25 percent of GDP in Africa’s next five largest economies: South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Angola, and Morocco.The stark fiscal reality is that Nigerian government currently has less than half of the revenue required to deliver quality governance. Little wonder that health, education, security and basic infrastructure services provided by Nigerian government are very poor. However, revenue leakages through crude oil ‘theft’, spurious petroleum ‘subsidy’ payouts, abuses of tax/import-duty waivers and too much ‘autonomy’ for revenue collecting agencies is the bane of Nigeria’s revenue inadequacy.Nigeria needs to put an end to crude oil theft, stop all petroleum subsidy payments, streamline tax/import-duty waivers, amend existing laws to abolish the autonomy granted revenue collecting agencies and create a single-treasury-account for all types of government revenue, with all government ministries, departments and agencies included in a single appropriation process to ensure adequate resources for good quality governance. In addition government should rely on self-funding mechanisms for developing nationwide rail network and related infrastructure systems.Financial intermediaries and markets are contributing their bits in mobilizing the financial assets required for Nigeria’s growth and stability, but Nigerian government has to pull its weight as an independent attractor of foreign capital, and also court investors more actively by liberalizing growth enabling sectors, getting out of the way, making necessary arrangements to provide concrete assurances of stability, and being more conscious of the sensitivity of inward investment to realities of, especially government’s pronouncements about, the fiscal situation.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125053467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Paper explores the right of non-discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation from the perspective of the European Union. In the first part, it analyses how Member States address the issue and EU citizen’s perception on the topic. Then, using a ECJ case law, the paper analyses EU legislation and how it interacts with national systems, highlighting the means by which EU citizens can act in order to see their rights respected. The paper also explores the gaps present in EU legislation and how these gaps could affect the fruition of the rights bound to EU citizenship. The paper concludes that despite the presence of important gaps and limitations deriving from the Treaties, the European Union’s institutions and in particular, the European Court of Justice play a fundamental role in the expansion and the respect of these rights.
{"title":"The Right to Non-Discrimination on the Ground of Sexual Orientation: An Analysis of the EU Legislation and the ECJ's Jurisprudence","authors":"M. Cellini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2652739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2652739","url":null,"abstract":"The Paper explores the right of non-discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation from the perspective of the European Union. In the first part, it analyses how Member States address the issue and EU citizen’s perception on the topic. Then, using a ECJ case law, the paper analyses EU legislation and how it interacts with national systems, highlighting the means by which EU citizens can act in order to see their rights respected. The paper also explores the gaps present in EU legislation and how these gaps could affect the fruition of the rights bound to EU citizenship. The paper concludes that despite the presence of important gaps and limitations deriving from the Treaties, the European Union’s institutions and in particular, the European Court of Justice play a fundamental role in the expansion and the respect of these rights.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129627634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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