Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.36108/JRRSLASU/0202.70.0120
G. Saibu, O. Adu
Introduction: Solanum nigrum is a common herb that grows wild and abundantly in open fields. Solanum nigrum has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Most animal studies have been on the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum nigrum leaf, this study focuses on the whole leaf. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant potential and effect of the whole leaf of S. nigrum on liver function parameters in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 5 rats each. Solanum nigrum leaves rinsed,air-dried, milled and administered orally to the rats at two doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight in 1% CMC) for seven days. The control group received 1ml of 1% CMC orally for seven days. On the eight day, animals were sacrificed and cardiac blood collected into plain bottles. Standard methods were used to determine serum nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, gluthathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. One gram portion of the organs (heart, kidney, liver and spleen) were fixed in formal saline for histopathological examination of 2 animals per group. Results: Solanum nigrum had an LD50 greater than 1000mg/kg body weight without symptoms associated with toxicity. Nitric oxide concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the S. nigrum groups (92.0-118.33mM) compared to the control (238.00mM) whereas gluthathione peroxidase was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The effects on these parameters were not dose dependent. There was no significant change in liver function parameters in all the groups. The histopathological screening of the control and test groups showed normal profile indicating no morphological alterations in the heart, liver, kidney and spleen of the rats. Conclusion: This results indicates the antioxidant effect of Solanum nigrum leaf. It also showed that the consumption of S. nigrum leaves at the chosen doses had no adverse effect on the organs of the rats. Further work will need to be done at higher doses, for longer duration and on both sexes of animals.
{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND TOXICITY OF THE WHOLE LEAF OF SOLANUM NIGRUM IN ALBINO RATS","authors":"G. Saibu, O. Adu","doi":"10.36108/JRRSLASU/0202.70.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/JRRSLASU/0202.70.0120","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Solanum nigrum is a common herb that grows wild and abundantly in open fields. Solanum nigrum has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Most animal studies have been on the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum nigrum leaf, this study focuses on the whole leaf. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant potential and effect of the whole leaf of S. nigrum on liver function parameters in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 5 rats each. Solanum nigrum leaves rinsed,air-dried, milled and administered orally to the rats at two doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight in 1% CMC) for seven days. The control group received 1ml of 1% CMC orally for seven days. On the eight day, animals were sacrificed and cardiac blood collected into plain bottles. Standard methods were used to determine serum nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, gluthathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. One gram portion of the organs (heart, kidney, liver and spleen) were fixed in formal saline for histopathological examination of 2 animals per group. Results: Solanum nigrum had an LD50 greater than 1000mg/kg body weight without symptoms associated with toxicity. Nitric oxide concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the S. nigrum groups (92.0-118.33mM) compared to the control (238.00mM) whereas gluthathione peroxidase was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The effects on these parameters were not dose dependent. There was no significant change in liver function parameters in all the groups. The histopathological screening of the control and test groups showed normal profile indicating no morphological alterations in the heart, liver, kidney and spleen of the rats. Conclusion: This results indicates the antioxidant effect of Solanum nigrum leaf. It also showed that the consumption of S. nigrum leaves at the chosen doses had no adverse effect on the organs of the rats. Further work will need to be done at higher doses, for longer duration and on both sexes of animals.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75821546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-19DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102.60.0101
A. Majolagbe, Ladidi Hudu
Introduction: Beautification of the skin is a global phenomenon with both males and females engaging in the practice of body painting without regards to the toxicology of the art. The presence of toxic heavy metals as part of the chemicals of body painting have been implicated in a number of health conditions including blood borne diseases, keloids and compromise of the immune status. Aims: This study was, therefore, designed to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the chemical materials used in body painting. Materials and Methods: Twenty (20) various samples of body painting chemicals (natural and synthetic) were obtained in four open markets and analysed for heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, and Cu) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results observed ranged 7.09-106, 0.31-0.50, 0.94-4.81, 0.24-0.89, 0.003-0.6 and 0.002- 0.002 (µg/g) for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd respectively in natural (plant based) materials while in synthetic materials, the results ranged 0.31-5.31, 0.31-0.50, 0.29-2.72, 0.11-0.91, 0.003-0.003 and 0.002-0.002 (µg/g) for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd respectively. The decreasing order of metals in all samples investigated was Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. Conclusion: The concentrations of some of the metals investigated were relatively high and bio-accumulations of these metals portend health threats. Therefore, health agencies and other regulatory bodies should enforce control on the public use of these body painting chemicals.
{"title":"Determination of Trace Metals in Chemicals Associated with Body Painting","authors":"A. Majolagbe, Ladidi Hudu","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102.60.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102.60.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Beautification of the skin is a global phenomenon with both males\u0000and females engaging in the practice of body painting without regards to the\u0000toxicology of the art. The presence of toxic heavy metals as part of the chemicals\u0000of body painting have been implicated in a number of health conditions including\u0000blood borne diseases, keloids and compromise of the immune status.\u0000Aims: This study was, therefore, designed to determine the concentration of\u0000heavy metals in the chemical materials used in body painting.\u0000Materials and Methods: Twenty (20) various samples of body painting\u0000chemicals (natural and synthetic) were obtained in four open markets and\u0000analysed for heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, and Cu) using Atomic Absorption\u0000Spectrophotometry (AAS).\u0000Results: The results observed ranged 7.09-106, 0.31-0.50, 0.94-4.81, 0.24-0.89,\u00000.003-0.6 and 0.002- 0.002 (µg/g) for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd respectively in\u0000natural (plant based) materials while in synthetic materials, the results ranged\u00000.31-5.31, 0.31-0.50, 0.29-2.72, 0.11-0.91, 0.003-0.003 and 0.002-0.002 (µg/g) for\u0000Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd respectively. The decreasing order of metals in all\u0000samples investigated was Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd.\u0000Conclusion: The concentrations of some of the metals investigated were\u0000relatively high and bio-accumulations of these metals portend health threats.\u0000Therefore, health agencies and other regulatory bodies should enforce control on\u0000the public use of these body painting chemicals.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82742104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0180)
K. Fakoya, F. G. Owodeinde, G. Mekuleyi, Akeem A. Oyinlola
Knowledge of food composition is crucial in the assessment of nutritional quality and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. Fish plays a major role in ensuring food and nutritional security among the poor, vulnerable and rural fishing communities. However, there is paucity of information on the nutritional value of fish species exploited by the artisanal fisheries in Nigeria. The present study was carried out to evaluate (i) the nutritional value in two locally smoked clupeids (Sardinella maderensis and Pellonula leonensis); (ii) each species in relation to recommended nutrient intakes in pre-school children(< 5 years) and elderly (men and women >70 years) and (iii) linkages between nutrient access and intake. Fresh samples were collected from Badagry Creek, smoked using local smoking kiln and analyzed according to AOAC standard method. Data were collected in duplicates and analyzed using t-test. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition except for crude fibre between the two fish species. The percentage cover of daily recommended intake of phosphorous and calcium from the two species were very low (1. 81-3.7%; 0.023% - 0.0912%) but low to moderate for zinc (2 % - 22.50%) in pre-school children and the elderly. Sequel to the results obtained in this study, the two smoked fish species showed good nutritive qualities for human health despite the low to moderate contents of calcium, zinc and phosphorus contents.
{"title":"PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, MINERAL AND ENERGY CONTENTS IN LOCALLY SMOKED PELLONULA LEONENSIS AND SARDINELLA MADERENSIS FROM BADAGRY CREEK, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"K. Fakoya, F. G. Owodeinde, G. Mekuleyi, Akeem A. Oyinlola","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0180)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0180)","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of food composition is crucial in the assessment of nutritional quality and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. Fish plays a major role in ensuring food and nutritional security among the poor, vulnerable and rural fishing communities. However, there is paucity of information on the nutritional value of fish species exploited by the artisanal fisheries in Nigeria. The present study was carried out to evaluate (i) the nutritional value in two locally smoked clupeids (Sardinella maderensis and Pellonula leonensis); (ii) each species in relation to recommended nutrient intakes in pre-school children(< 5 years) and elderly (men and women >70 years) and (iii) linkages between nutrient access and intake. Fresh samples were collected from Badagry Creek, smoked using local smoking kiln and analyzed according to AOAC standard method. Data were collected in duplicates and analyzed using t-test. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition except for crude fibre between the two fish species. The percentage cover of daily recommended intake of phosphorous and calcium from the two species were very low (1. 81-3.7%; 0.023% - 0.0912%) but low to moderate for zinc (2 % - 22.50%) in pre-school children and the elderly. Sequel to the results obtained in this study, the two smoked fish species showed good nutritive qualities for human health despite the low to moderate contents of calcium, zinc and phosphorus contents.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83952589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0120)
O. Oluwa, Dele Olowokudejo, O. Ogundipe
A comprehensive systematic investigation on diagnostic petiole characters of eighteen species of Tephrosia, from family Fabaceae, tribe Milleteae. It habits the fringes often forests, and abandoned, and wastelands. A total of nine diagnostic polymorphic characters were observed, photographed, assessed,scoredand coded as Data matrix for quantitative statistical treatment. The 9 characters codes include PSY, POL, PVS, PPT, and PTE. others include PTA, PTO, PTC, and PTB. Principal Components Analysis (PC) and Cluster Analysis were carried out. Four PC were identified and Cluster analysis indicates twelve hierarchies.
{"title":"Diagnostic Petiole Anatomical Characters and their Systematc Importance in eighteen (18) species of the genus Tephrosia PERS (fabaceae) found in Nigeria","authors":"O. Oluwa, Dele Olowokudejo, O. Ogundipe","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0120)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0120)","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive systematic investigation on diagnostic petiole characters of eighteen species of Tephrosia, from family Fabaceae, tribe Milleteae. It habits the fringes often forests, and abandoned, and wastelands. A total of nine diagnostic polymorphic characters were observed, photographed, assessed,scoredand coded as Data matrix for quantitative statistical treatment. The 9 characters codes include PSY, POL, PVS, PPT, and PTE. others include PTA, PTO, PTC, and PTB. Principal Components Analysis (PC) and Cluster Analysis were carried out. Four PC were identified and Cluster analysis indicates twelve hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82520502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0130)
A. Anjorin, O. Salu, R. Obi, B. Oke, A. Oyefolu, W. Oyibo, S. Omilabu
Introduction: Early detection of emerging influenza virus variant is a key factor in the WHO influenza Global strategies for prevention and control. Rapid, accurate, inexpensive and portable detection systems are needed for influenza virus diagnosis and surveillance. Such a detection system should easily identify all the subtypes of influenza virus. Degenerate primers and probes designed from evolutionally conserved regions for known influenza A viruses present the best way to identify unknown subtypes of influenza A virus by polymerase chain reaction PCR and array techniques. The isothermal reactions, Nucleic Acid Sequencing Based Amplification (NASBA) and Loop-mediated isothermal Amplification (LAMP) possess great potential for influenza A virus detection especially in developing countries. However, multiplex real-time (rT) or quantitative (q) polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) remains a rapid, accurate and timesaving technique used for influenza virus detection. Aim: This manuscript explained the principles of nucleic acid amplification techniques commonly used in developing countries. Methods: Literature search was done in NCBI PUBMED, PUBMED Central and Google Scholar using words and phrases including “Influenzamolecular diagnosis, NAAT”, Molecular techniques/ methods, PCR, qPCR, NASBA, LAMP, and DNA microarray. Results: The underlining principles and basic processes involved in the application of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection and epidemiological surveillance of influenza virus were identified and grouped under PCR (RT-PCR and qRT-PCR) and Non-PCR (LCR, pyrosequencing, NASBA, LAMP and DNA microarray) amplifications. Conclusion: It is hoped that by understanding the techniques and basic principles of Nucleic acid amplifications, less expensive, and more convenient protocols for influenza virus detection and surveillance can be developed Keywords: Influenza, NAAT, Molecular, PCR, qPCR, Viral diagnosis.
{"title":"Understanding Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques in the Detection of Influenza viruses in Developing Countries","authors":"A. Anjorin, O. Salu, R. Obi, B. Oke, A. Oyefolu, W. Oyibo, S. Omilabu","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0130)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0130)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Early detection of emerging influenza virus variant is a key factor in the WHO influenza Global strategies for prevention and control. Rapid, accurate, inexpensive and portable detection systems are needed for influenza virus diagnosis and surveillance. Such a detection system should easily identify all the subtypes of influenza virus. Degenerate primers and probes designed from evolutionally conserved regions for known influenza A viruses present the best way to identify unknown subtypes of influenza A virus by polymerase chain reaction PCR and array techniques. The isothermal reactions, Nucleic Acid Sequencing Based Amplification (NASBA) and Loop-mediated isothermal Amplification (LAMP) possess great potential for influenza A virus detection especially in developing countries. However, multiplex real-time (rT) or quantitative (q) polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) remains a rapid, accurate and timesaving technique used for influenza virus detection. Aim: This manuscript explained the principles of nucleic acid amplification techniques commonly used in developing countries. Methods: Literature search was done in NCBI PUBMED, PUBMED Central and Google Scholar using words and phrases including “Influenzamolecular diagnosis, NAAT”, Molecular techniques/ methods, PCR, qPCR, NASBA, LAMP, and DNA microarray. Results: The underlining principles and basic processes involved in the application of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection and epidemiological surveillance of influenza virus were identified and grouped under PCR (RT-PCR and qRT-PCR) and Non-PCR (LCR, pyrosequencing, NASBA, LAMP and DNA microarray) amplifications. Conclusion: It is hoped that by understanding the techniques and basic principles of Nucleic acid amplifications, less expensive, and more convenient protocols for influenza virus detection and surveillance can be developed Keywords: Influenza, NAAT, Molecular, PCR, qPCR, Viral diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84234635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0140)
R. B. Adegbola, K. Oyedele, Elizabeth Abidoye
Introduction: Geophysical characterization refers to the collection of information associated with subsurface features. Geotechnical involves engineering structural performance studies which are used to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock around a site to design earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. Aim: The study was aimed at characterizing the subsurface formations for the purpose of determining its capacity to withstand engineering structures. Materials and Methods: Geophysical techniques involving eight (8) vertical electrical sounding (VES) and Wenner array were carried out with two (2) traverses. Geotechnical investigation involving cone penetration test (CPT) was also carried out. Results: The results obtained were presented as 1D resistivity profiles and Pseudo-sections of 2-D. Three (3) geo-electric layers were delineated within the study area and these comprise of topsoil, peat or clay and silty sand. The CPT results were used in the calculation of bearing capacity using Bustamante and Gianeselli equation for pile foundations and Meyehorf equation to determine the maximum load the materials can withstand respectively. Conclusion: The shallow subsurface geology was adjudged to be mechanically unstable with low penetration resistance values up to the depth of 11m. The methods conformed and confirmed that shallow foundation was considered unsuitable for the intended engineering structure. Keywords: Meyehorf, Bustamante and Gianeselli, Subsurface, Geology, Unstable, Foundation.
{"title":"Geophysical and Geotechnical Site Characterization at Lagos Central Area of Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"R. B. Adegbola, K. Oyedele, Elizabeth Abidoye","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0140)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0140)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Geophysical characterization refers to the collection of information associated with subsurface features. Geotechnical involves engineering structural performance studies which are used to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock around a site to design earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. Aim: The study was aimed at characterizing the subsurface formations for the purpose of determining its capacity to withstand engineering structures. Materials and Methods: Geophysical techniques involving eight (8) vertical electrical sounding (VES) and Wenner array were carried out with two (2) traverses. Geotechnical investigation involving cone penetration test (CPT) was also carried out. Results: The results obtained were presented as 1D resistivity profiles and Pseudo-sections of 2-D. Three (3) geo-electric layers were delineated within the study area and these comprise of topsoil, peat or clay and silty sand. The CPT results were used in the calculation of bearing capacity using Bustamante and Gianeselli equation for pile foundations and Meyehorf equation to determine the maximum load the materials can withstand respectively. Conclusion: The shallow subsurface geology was adjudged to be mechanically unstable with low penetration resistance values up to the depth of 11m. The methods conformed and confirmed that shallow foundation was considered unsuitable for the intended engineering structure. Keywords: Meyehorf, Bustamante and Gianeselli, Subsurface, Geology, Unstable, Foundation.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84239303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0150)
P. E. Ndimele, G. Mekuleyi, Emmanuel Fatai Audu, O. Lawal, J. Nweze
Introduction: Heavy metal content of aquatic ecosystems is attracting global attention because of the ecological and human health risks associated with high levels of these metals in the environment. Aim: This study investigated the heavy metal content of various compartments of Ologe Lagoon in order to ascertain the safety of the consumption of fish and other resources from this water body. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected between June and November 2015, from the stations on monthly basis. Some physico-chemical parameters (alkalinity, salinity, pH, turbidity and hardness) and the levels of five heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb) in water, sediment, Eichhornia crassipes and a commercially important fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) were studied using standard procedures. Results: The ranges of values of the metals in sediment were: Fe (431.10±109.75-2560.33±1101.32 mgkg–1), Zn (3.77±2.55-17.29±5.30 mgkg–1), Cu (7.45±6.55-35.21±33.79mgkg–1), Pb (5.98±2.29-12.89±4.22 mgkg–1) and Cd (0.31±0.31-0.88±0.21 mgkg–1). The concentrations of heavy metals (except Cu) in Eichhornia crassipes have exceeded FEPA and WHO maximum permissible limits. The mean concentrations of heavy metals (except Zn) in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were above the limit recommended by FEPA and WHO. Conclusion: The study showed that the metal load in the biota of Ologe Lagoon is increasing and this may be harmful to inhabitance of the community, who depend on the services provided by this aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, efforts should be made by all users of the water bodies especially the industries to treat their wastes before discharging them into these aquatic ecosystems.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Concentrations in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede, 1803) and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) from Ologe Lagoon and its Tributaries in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"P. E. Ndimele, G. Mekuleyi, Emmanuel Fatai Audu, O. Lawal, J. Nweze","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0150)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0150)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Heavy metal content of aquatic ecosystems is attracting global attention because of the ecological and human health risks associated with high levels of these metals in the environment. Aim: This study investigated the heavy metal content of various compartments of Ologe Lagoon in order to ascertain the safety of the consumption of fish and other resources from this water body. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected between June and November 2015, from the stations on monthly basis. Some physico-chemical parameters (alkalinity, salinity, pH, turbidity and hardness) and the levels of five heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb) in water, sediment, Eichhornia crassipes and a commercially important fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) were studied using standard procedures. Results: The ranges of values of the metals in sediment were: Fe (431.10±109.75-2560.33±1101.32 mgkg–1), Zn (3.77±2.55-17.29±5.30 mgkg–1), Cu (7.45±6.55-35.21±33.79mgkg–1), Pb (5.98±2.29-12.89±4.22 mgkg–1) and Cd (0.31±0.31-0.88±0.21 mgkg–1). The concentrations of heavy metals (except Cu) in Eichhornia crassipes have exceeded FEPA and WHO maximum permissible limits. The mean concentrations of heavy metals (except Zn) in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were above the limit recommended by FEPA and WHO. Conclusion: The study showed that the metal load in the biota of Ologe Lagoon is increasing and this may be harmful to inhabitance of the community, who depend on the services provided by this aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, efforts should be made by all users of the water bodies especially the industries to treat their wastes before discharging them into these aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88890739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0160)
A. B. Oyefolu, J. Shaibu, A. Anjorin, K. O. Akinyemi
Background: Zika virus, a flavivirus primarily transmitted through bites of mosquito (Aedes aegypti), blood transfusion, sexual contact and motherto-child was named after Zika forest in Uganda where it was first isolated from a sentinel monkey in 1947. It is a positively sensed single stranded RNA virus (+ssRNA) of approximately 11000Kb in length, encoding three (3) structural and seven (7) non-structural proteins. The virus has spread across several countries of the world between 1947 and today. Between March 2015 and November 2016, about 500,000 to 1.5 million people have been reported infected with Zika virus in Brazil alone, resulting in several cases of microcephaly, severe brain and ocular malformations, abortions, Guillain-Barre syndrome and even deaths. Cases of Zika virus infections have also been documented in some African countries with resulting isolation and sequencing of several strains. In Nigeria however, the first case of Zika virus was reported as far back as 1954 in the Eastern part of the country during a research on Yellow fever. Zika virus mutant strains might have evolved with corresponding effects on man due to continuous environmental changes and human factors worldwide. Aim: This study was aimed at reviewing the state of Zika virus in Nigeria: past and present. Methods: Original research articles and reviews were searched on the NCBI, Research gate, PubMed and Google scholar using queries such as; Zika, epidemiology of Zika, pathogenesis of Zika and molecular characterization of Zika. Results: High points on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management were pooled together and discussed. Conclusion: The knowledge gained from this paper will help understand the current state of Zika virus in Nigeria. Keywords: Nigeria, Zika, flavivirus, RNA, microcephaly, epidemiology, genomics.
{"title":"A REVIEW ON THE STATE OF ZIKA VIRUS IN NIGERIA","authors":"A. B. Oyefolu, J. Shaibu, A. Anjorin, K. O. Akinyemi","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0160)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0160)","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Zika virus, a flavivirus primarily transmitted through bites of mosquito (Aedes aegypti), blood transfusion, sexual contact and motherto-child was named after Zika forest in Uganda where it was first isolated from a sentinel monkey in 1947. It is a positively sensed single stranded RNA virus (+ssRNA) of approximately 11000Kb in length, encoding three (3) structural and seven (7) non-structural proteins. The virus has spread across several countries of the world between 1947 and today. Between March 2015 and November 2016, about 500,000 to 1.5 million people have been reported infected with Zika virus in Brazil alone, resulting in several cases of microcephaly, severe brain and ocular malformations, abortions, Guillain-Barre syndrome and even deaths. Cases of Zika virus infections have also been documented in some African countries with resulting isolation and sequencing of several strains. In Nigeria however, the first case of Zika virus was reported as far back as 1954 in the Eastern part of the country during a research on Yellow fever. Zika virus mutant strains might have evolved with corresponding effects on man due to continuous environmental changes and human factors worldwide. Aim: This study was aimed at reviewing the state of Zika virus in Nigeria: past and present. Methods: Original research articles and reviews were searched on the NCBI, Research gate, PubMed and Google scholar using queries such as; Zika, epidemiology of Zika, pathogenesis of Zika and molecular characterization of Zika. Results: High points on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management were pooled together and discussed. Conclusion: The knowledge gained from this paper will help understand the current state of Zika virus in Nigeria. Keywords: Nigeria, Zika, flavivirus, RNA, microcephaly, epidemiology, genomics.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84227882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0170)
O. K. Yusuff, A. M. Abdulraheem, Omowumi D. Agboola
Introduction: The conversion and utilization of agricultural wastes in environmentally friendly processes have transformed these materials into useful rather than waste materials. Aim: This study investigates the adsorption of indigo blue dye from aqueous solution onto coconut shell, a low cost agricultural waste material in a batch process. Materials and Methods: Pulverized coconut shell was chemically modified and characterized using the Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Adsorption process using the chemically modified coconut shell was studied as a function of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Results: The results revealed that percentage of the indigo dye adsorbed from aqueous solution varied linearly with the adsorbent dose, concentration and time with maximum percentage dye adsorption of 88.4% at 70 mg dosage, 95.8% at 0.05 mg/L concentration and 90% at 1 hr contact time but varies non-linearly with pH with maximum percentage dye adsorption of 92.9% attained at pH of 5. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir isotherm having the best fit to the adsorption process with R2 value of 0.998. The experimental data were best described by the pseudo-second order kinetics model. FTIR analyses reveal that the adsorption process was through a chemical interaction of the dye with some functional groups at the surface of the adsorbent Conclusion: The chemically modified coconut shell is an effective adsorbent for the removal of indigo dye from aqueous solution is by chemisorption process with the adsorbent surface energetically homogeneous (n < 1). Keywords: Adsorption, Indigo blue dye, Coconut Shell, Kinetics, Aqueous solution.
{"title":"Adsorption Isotherms studies of the removal of Indigo Blue dye from aqueous solution using chemically modified coconut shell","authors":"O. K. Yusuff, A. M. Abdulraheem, Omowumi D. Agboola","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0170)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/9102/60(0170)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The conversion and utilization of agricultural wastes in environmentally friendly processes have transformed these materials into useful rather than waste materials. Aim: This study investigates the adsorption of indigo blue dye from aqueous solution onto coconut shell, a low cost agricultural waste material in a batch process. Materials and Methods: Pulverized coconut shell was chemically modified and characterized using the Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Adsorption process using the chemically modified coconut shell was studied as a function of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Results: The results revealed that percentage of the indigo dye adsorbed from aqueous solution varied linearly with the adsorbent dose, concentration and time with maximum percentage dye adsorption of 88.4% at 70 mg dosage, 95.8% at 0.05 mg/L concentration and 90% at 1 hr contact time but varies non-linearly with pH with maximum percentage dye adsorption of 92.9% attained at pH of 5. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir isotherm having the best fit to the adsorption process with R2 value of 0.998. The experimental data were best described by the pseudo-second order kinetics model. FTIR analyses reveal that the adsorption process was through a chemical interaction of the dye with some functional groups at the surface of the adsorbent Conclusion: The chemically modified coconut shell is an effective adsorbent for the removal of indigo dye from aqueous solution is by chemisorption process with the adsorbent surface energetically homogeneous (n < 1). Keywords: Adsorption, Indigo blue dye, Coconut Shell, Kinetics, Aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90880826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.36108/jrrslasu/8102/50(0122)
O. Okwa, C. Mordi, Esther Adefowope
Introduction: Parasitism is a biological interaction between two organisms of different species, the smaller one known as the parasite is metabolically dependent on the bigger one called the host. The parasite inflicts injury and may ultimately kill the host. Open defeacation (OD) is the human practice of emptying the bowels in an open space rather than a properly designed structure built purposely for handling human waste. Statement of the Problem: OD is caused mainly by poverty, cultural misconceptions and lack of suitable toilets and the effect such as parasitism kills about 1.8 million people yearly, many of which are children. Nigeria is the third on the list of the top six countries in the world where OD is practiced with a rate of 27%. OD leads to contamination of soil, water bodies and vegetation with infectious cyst and oocyst stages of intestinal protozoa parasites, eggs of soil transmitted nematodes and larvae stages of various helminthes. Objectives: Drinking water and aquatic environment are polluted by OD and this impact on human health and aquatic life. Educating the populace on personal hygiene, proper wastes disposal and the health implications of OD and other associated problems are essential if Nigeria plans to control and stop OD. Conclusion and Recommendations: Provision of safe water and working public toilets in rural and urban areas are strongly recommended. Enforcement of sanitation laws and proper disposal of human waste is advocated. We conclude that Nigerians must awake and enhance a culture of sanitation and hygiene to bring these diseases of poverty to a drastic reduction. Keywords: Open defeacation, Parasitism, Nigeria, Contamination, Soil transmitted nematodes.
{"title":"Parasitism and the Menace of Open defeacation in Nigeria (A Review).","authors":"O. Okwa, C. Mordi, Esther Adefowope","doi":"10.36108/jrrslasu/8102/50(0122)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jrrslasu/8102/50(0122)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Parasitism is a biological interaction between two organisms of different species, the smaller one known as the parasite is metabolically dependent on the bigger one called the host. The parasite inflicts injury and may ultimately kill the host. Open defeacation (OD) is the human practice of emptying the bowels in an open space rather than a properly designed structure built purposely for handling human waste. Statement of the Problem: OD is caused mainly by poverty, cultural misconceptions and lack of suitable toilets and the effect such as parasitism kills about 1.8 million people yearly, many of which are children. Nigeria is the third on the list of the top six countries in the world where OD is practiced with a rate of 27%. OD leads to contamination of soil, water bodies and vegetation with infectious cyst and oocyst stages of intestinal protozoa parasites, eggs of soil transmitted nematodes and larvae stages of various helminthes. Objectives: Drinking water and aquatic environment are polluted by OD and this impact on human health and aquatic life. Educating the populace on personal hygiene, proper wastes disposal and the health implications of OD and other associated problems are essential if Nigeria plans to control and stop OD. Conclusion and Recommendations: Provision of safe water and working public toilets in rural and urban areas are strongly recommended. Enforcement of sanitation laws and proper disposal of human waste is advocated. We conclude that Nigerians must awake and enhance a culture of sanitation and hygiene to bring these diseases of poverty to a drastic reduction. Keywords: Open defeacation, Parasitism, Nigeria, Contamination, Soil transmitted nematodes.","PeriodicalId":16955,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78597267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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