Sangeeta Mangubhai, Kate M. Barclay, Sarah Lawless, Natalie Makhoul
Attention to human dimensions of capture fisheries involves understanding how harms and benefits are experienced and distributed among different groups or people. Yet, not all harms are well understood or adequately addressed. There is a general (mis)conception that gender-based violence (GBV) is not of relevance for fisheries management or a topic within the remit of practitioners. Through a global review of capture fisheries, we illustrate how five types of GBV—physical, sexual, psychological, economic and cultural—are pervasive and can be reinforced by fisheries policies, practices and institutions. Our synthesis shows a variety of activities associated with these forms of violence, such as labour and human rights abuses, unsafe working and living conditions for children, women and men, and the cultural acceptance of various forms of discrimination. We argue GBV cannot be disentangled from other actions taken to achieve equitable social outcomes through fisheries management. We provide seven recommendations to help practitioners understand and work towards addressing GBV in capture fisheries: (1) removing gender blindness and bias by investing in gender-sensitisation of the sector; (2) forming strategic partnerships; (3) improving policy and coordination between regulatory bodies; (4) increasing investments in labour rights and laws; (5) gender integrative programme design and implementation; (6) investing in specific programs for the empowerment of women; and (7) investing in specific programs for men seeking healthy models of masculinity.
{"title":"Gender-based violence: Relevance for fisheries practitioners","authors":"Sangeeta Mangubhai, Kate M. Barclay, Sarah Lawless, Natalie Makhoul","doi":"10.1111/faf.12747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12747","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Attention to human dimensions of capture fisheries involves understanding how harms and benefits are experienced and distributed among different groups or people. Yet, not all harms are well understood or adequately addressed. There is a general (mis)conception that gender-based violence (GBV) is not of relevance for fisheries management or a topic within the remit of practitioners. Through a global review of capture fisheries, we illustrate how five types of GBV—physical, sexual, psychological, economic and cultural—are pervasive and can be reinforced by fisheries policies, practices and institutions. Our synthesis shows a variety of activities associated with these forms of violence, such as labour and human rights abuses, unsafe working and living conditions for children, women and men, and the cultural acceptance of various forms of discrimination. We argue GBV cannot be disentangled from other actions taken to achieve equitable social outcomes through fisheries management. We provide seven recommendations to help practitioners understand and work towards addressing GBV in capture fisheries: (1) removing gender blindness and bias by investing in gender-sensitisation of the sector; (2) forming strategic partnerships; (3) improving policy and coordination between regulatory bodies; (4) increasing investments in labour rights and laws; (5) gender integrative programme design and implementation; (6) investing in specific programs for the empowerment of women; and (7) investing in specific programs for men seeking healthy models of masculinity.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/faf.12747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5838592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Licandeo, Santiago de la Puente, Villy Christensen, Ray Hilborn, Carl Walters
We present a novel adaptation of the classic discrete delay-difference model, a continuous delay-differential model (cDDM), which can adequately represent population dynamics of stocks that turn over rapidly and continuously over time (e.g., small pelagic fish, small tunas, and shrimps). We used the Northern-Central Peruvian anchoveta stock (Engraulis ringens, Engraulidae) as a case study for implementing the cDDM and conducted a management strategy evaluation (MSE) through stochastic optimization in policy space (SOPS). Our results showed that cDDM integrated with SOPS efficiently searches optimum and near-optimum harvest control rules (HCR) and is an alternative to pre-setting arbitrary HCRs as in traditional MSE. The cDDM showed comparable stock biomass and recruitment estimate reconstructions to more complex stock assessment models described for anchoveta. We concluded that the anchoveta stock is sustainably managed and is an example of adaptive fisheries management under high ocean-climate variability and uncertainty. Contrary to fishery textbooks, the anchoveta's collapse was not entirely due to the 1972 El Niño (EN) but a recruitment failure preceding EN. Our reconstructions revealed that low recruitment (or recruitment failure) could still occur at high stock biomass. Anchoveta's stock biomass is larger than pre-collapse, likely due to favourable environmental conditions (a cooling trend) and management, despite more frequent and stronger EN events. SOPS quickly revealed that harvest strategies with large base biomass (>5 mmt) lead to higher interannual stock variability and would not produce substantial increases in long-term yield. Alternative HCRs with lower base biomass, while adjusting for productivity regimes, have similar long-term yields without affecting the long-term average stock.
{"title":"A delay-differential model for representing small pelagic fish stock dynamics and its application for assessing alternative management strategies under environmental uncertainty","authors":"Roberto Licandeo, Santiago de la Puente, Villy Christensen, Ray Hilborn, Carl Walters","doi":"10.1111/faf.12743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12743","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a novel adaptation of the classic discrete delay-difference model, a continuous delay-differential model (cDDM), which can adequately represent population dynamics of stocks that turn over rapidly and continuously over time (e.g., small pelagic fish, small tunas, and shrimps). We used the Northern-Central Peruvian anchoveta stock (<i>Engraulis ringens</i>, Engraulidae) as a case study for implementing the cDDM and conducted a management strategy evaluation (MSE) through stochastic optimization in policy space (SOPS). Our results showed that cDDM integrated with SOPS efficiently searches optimum and near-optimum harvest control rules (HCR) and is an alternative to pre-setting arbitrary HCRs as in traditional MSE. The cDDM showed comparable stock biomass and recruitment estimate reconstructions to more complex stock assessment models described for anchoveta. We concluded that the anchoveta stock is sustainably managed and is an example of adaptive fisheries management under high ocean-climate variability and uncertainty. Contrary to fishery textbooks, the anchoveta's collapse was not entirely due to the 1972 El Niño (EN) but a recruitment failure preceding EN. Our reconstructions revealed that low recruitment (or recruitment failure) could still occur at high stock biomass. Anchoveta's stock biomass is larger than pre-collapse, likely due to favourable environmental conditions (a cooling trend) and management, despite more frequent and stronger EN events. SOPS quickly revealed that harvest strategies with large base biomass (>5 mmt) lead to higher interannual stock variability and would not produce substantial increases in long-term yield. Alternative HCRs with lower base biomass, while adjusting for productivity regimes, have similar long-term yields without affecting the long-term average stock.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/faf.12743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5767495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gasping Fish and Panting Squids Oxygen, Temperature and the Growth of Aquatic Animals Daniel Pauly.","authors":"David J. McKenzie","doi":"10.1111/faf.12746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12746","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41229845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individual performance defines population dynamics. Condition index – a ratio of weight and some function of length – has been louded as an indicator of individual performance and recommended as a tool in fisheries management and conservation. However, insufficient understanding of the correlation between individual-level processes and population-level responses hinders its adoption. To this end, we use composite modelling to link individual's condition, expressed through the condition index, to population-level status. We start by modelling ontogeny of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus, Clupeidae) as a function of food and constant temperature using Dynamic Energy Budget theory. We then provide a framework to simultaneously track the individual- and population-level statistics by incorporating the dynamic energy budget model into an individual-based model. Lastly, we explore the effects of fishing pressure on the statistics in two constant and food-limited environmental carrying capacity scenarios. Results show that, regardless of the species' environmental carrying capacity, individual condition index will increase with fishing mortality, that is, with reduction of stock size. Same patterns are observed for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, Sparidae), a significantly different species. Condition index can, therefore, in food-limited populations, be used to (i) estimate population size relative to carrying capacity and (ii) distinguish overfished from underfished populations. Our findings promote a practical way to operationally incorporate the condition index into fisheries management and marine conservation, thus providing additional use for the commonly collected biometric data. Some real-world applications, however, may require additional research to account for other variables such as fluctuating environmental conditions and individual variability.
{"title":"Fish condition as an indicator of stock status: Insights from condition index in a food-limiting environment","authors":"Ines Haberle, Lav Bav?evi?, Tin Klanjscek","doi":"10.1111/faf.12744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12744","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Individual performance defines population dynamics. Condition index – a ratio of weight and some function of length – has been louded as an indicator of individual performance and recommended as a tool in fisheries management and conservation. However, insufficient understanding of the correlation between individual-level processes and population-level responses hinders its adoption. To this end, we use composite modelling to link individual's condition, expressed through the condition index, to population-level status. We start by modelling ontogeny of European pilchard (<i>Sardina pilchardus</i>, Clupeidae) as a function of food and constant temperature using Dynamic Energy Budget theory. We then provide a framework to simultaneously track the individual- and population-level statistics by incorporating the dynamic energy budget model into an individual-based model. Lastly, we explore the effects of fishing pressure on the statistics in two constant and food-limited environmental carrying capacity scenarios. Results show that, regardless of the species' environmental carrying capacity, individual condition index will increase with fishing mortality, that is, with reduction of stock size. Same patterns are observed for gilthead seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>, Sparidae), a significantly different species. Condition index can, therefore, in food-limited populations, be used to (i) estimate population size relative to carrying capacity and (ii) distinguish overfished from underfished populations. Our findings promote a practical way to operationally incorporate the condition index into fisheries management and marine conservation, thus providing additional use for the commonly collected biometric data. Some real-world applications, however, may require additional research to account for other variables such as fluctuating environmental conditions and individual variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5673695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alan K. Whitfield, Ian C. Potter, Francisco J. Neira, Edward D. Houde
We review published research on the ingress of larvae and early juveniles of marine fishes into estuaries subjected to different tidal regimes and provide perspectives on the abilities and responses of these early-life stages to the physico-chemical, hydrodynamic and biological drivers that facilitate such ingress. We focus on documenting ingress and the mechanisms employed by early-stage fishes from coastal waters to enter different types of microtidal and macrotidal estuaries but also include information on ingress into mesotidal systems. Spawning localities for estuary-associated marine fishes are assessed with respect to ontogeny of larvae and their ability to ingress estuaries during the preflexion and postflexion stages. The processes and physico-chemical cues employed by larvae and early juveniles to locate estuaries are reviewed, with olfactory cues being recognised as especially important. Particular emphasis is directed to vertical migratory behaviours and selective tidal stream transport (STST) employed by many larvae ingressing macrotidal estuaries, contrasting with mainly passive flood-tide entry and active swimming modes typically used by larvae and early juveniles that enter microtidal estuaries and estuarine lakes and lagoon systems.
{"title":"Modes of ingress by larvae and juveniles of marine fishes into estuaries: From microtidal to macrotidal systems","authors":"Alan K. Whitfield, Ian C. Potter, Francisco J. Neira, Edward D. Houde","doi":"10.1111/faf.12745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12745","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We review published research on the ingress of larvae and early juveniles of marine fishes into estuaries subjected to different tidal regimes and provide perspectives on the abilities and responses of these early-life stages to the physico-chemical, hydrodynamic and biological drivers that facilitate such ingress. We focus on documenting ingress and the mechanisms employed by early-stage fishes from coastal waters to enter different types of microtidal and macrotidal estuaries but also include information on ingress into mesotidal systems. Spawning localities for estuary-associated marine fishes are assessed with respect to ontogeny of larvae and their ability to ingress estuaries during the preflexion and postflexion stages. The processes and physico-chemical cues employed by larvae and early juveniles to locate estuaries are reviewed, with olfactory cues being recognised as especially important. Particular emphasis is directed to vertical migratory behaviours and selective tidal stream transport (STST) employed by many larvae ingressing macrotidal estuaries, contrasting with mainly passive flood-tide entry and active swimming modes typically used by larvae and early juveniles that enter microtidal estuaries and estuarine lakes and lagoon systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6228410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ecosystem-based fisheries management – Progress, importance and impacts in the United States. Jason S. Link and Anthony R. MarshakOxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2021. 712 pp.","authors":"Rachel D. Cavanagh","doi":"10.1111/faf.12739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12739","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5936855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elorri Arevalo, Henrique N. Cabral, Bertrand Villeneuve, Carl Possémé, Mario Lepage
Early life stages of fish (eggs and larvae) are particularly vulnerable with mortality rates of up to 99% recorded for a large number of species. High mortality rates result from the limited swimming ability of larvae preventing them from escaping sub-optimal environmental conditions, predators or low prey density areas. In this context, estuaries are key nursery areas for larval and juvenile fish. Estuarine habitats offer environmental conditions favourable to the survival and growth of early stages, through abundant good-quality prey and protection from predators. A vast literature on larvae occurring in temperate estuaries exists, but an overall perspective is lacking. The occurrence of fish larvae in temperate estuaries depends on several factors. First, the choice of spawning time and location is primordial, as they have evolved to optimise the entry and the retention of larvae in the estuary as well as the conditions experienced by young stages. Secondly, larval growth and survival depend on key environmental factors (e.g. salinity, water temperature, freshwater inputs, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration). Knowledge of the larval dynamics in temperate estuaries is scarce for some topics and biased towards some species or geographical areas. The main goal of the present literature review is to synthesise existing knowledge regarding spawning timing and location and larval ecology for fish species occurring in coasts and estuaries, identifying the main patterns, consensus or conflicting hypotheses and highlighting major gaps. Research needs and future perspectives were outlined.
{"title":"Fish larvae dynamics in temperate estuaries: A review on processes, patterns and factors that determine recruitment","authors":"Elorri Arevalo, Henrique N. Cabral, Bertrand Villeneuve, Carl Possémé, Mario Lepage","doi":"10.1111/faf.12740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12740","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Early life stages of fish (eggs and larvae) are particularly vulnerable with mortality rates of up to 99% recorded for a large number of species. High mortality rates result from the limited swimming ability of larvae preventing them from escaping sub-optimal environmental conditions, predators or low prey density areas. In this context, estuaries are key nursery areas for larval and juvenile fish. Estuarine habitats offer environmental conditions favourable to the survival and growth of early stages, through abundant good-quality prey and protection from predators. A vast literature on larvae occurring in temperate estuaries exists, but an overall perspective is lacking. The occurrence of fish larvae in temperate estuaries depends on several factors. First, the choice of spawning time and location is primordial, as they have evolved to optimise the entry and the retention of larvae in the estuary as well as the conditions experienced by young stages. Secondly, larval growth and survival depend on key environmental factors (e.g. salinity, water temperature, freshwater inputs, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration). Knowledge of the larval dynamics in temperate estuaries is scarce for some topics and biased towards some species or geographical areas. The main goal of the present literature review is to synthesise existing knowledge regarding spawning timing and location and larval ecology for fish species occurring in coasts and estuaries, identifying the main patterns, consensus or conflicting hypotheses and highlighting major gaps. Research needs and future perspectives were outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/faf.12740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6192784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frequent fishing activities are causing overfishing, destroying the habitat of marine life, and threatening global marine biodiversity. Understanding the dynamics of fishing activities and their drivers is crucial for designing and implementing effective ocean management. The fishing activities in the open sea are reported to be characterized by high spatial variability in local waters; however, it is still unclear whether their high spatial variability is random or regulated by oceanographic variations. Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous swirling currents that dominate locally biogeochemical processes. Previous case studies presented an ongoing debate regarding how eddies exert impacts on high trophic organisms, which imposes limitations on understanding the dynamics of fishing activities based on the bottom-top control hypothesis from eddies to fish and fishing activities. By combining global fishing activities from deep learning and oceanic eddy atlases from satellite monitoring, we showed that the spatial variations in fishing activities were closely related to mesoscale eddies in the global midlatitude ocean, confirming that fishing activities primarily targeting tuna, were aggregated in (repelled from) anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy cores. This eddy-fishing activity relationship was opposite to satellite-observed primary production but corresponded well with the temperature and oxygen content in deeper water. By integrating existing evidence, we attribute eddy-related fishing activities to a reasonable hypothesis that warm and oxygen-rich deeper water in anticyclonic eddies relieves the thermal and anoxic constraints for diving predation by tuna while the constraints are aggravated in cold and oxygen-poor cyclonic eddies.
{"title":"Mesoscale eddies modulate the dynamics of human fishing activities in the global midlatitude ocean","authors":"Qinwang Xing, Haiqing Yu, Hui Wang, Shin-ichi Ito, Fei Chai","doi":"10.1111/faf.12742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12742","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Frequent fishing activities are causing overfishing, destroying the habitat of marine life, and threatening global marine biodiversity. Understanding the dynamics of fishing activities and their drivers is crucial for designing and implementing effective ocean management. The fishing activities in the open sea are reported to be characterized by high spatial variability in local waters; however, it is still unclear whether their high spatial variability is random or regulated by oceanographic variations. Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous swirling currents that dominate locally biogeochemical processes. Previous case studies presented an ongoing debate regarding how eddies exert impacts on high trophic organisms, which imposes limitations on understanding the dynamics of fishing activities based on the bottom-top control hypothesis from eddies to fish and fishing activities. By combining global fishing activities from deep learning and oceanic eddy atlases from satellite monitoring, we showed that the spatial variations in fishing activities were closely related to mesoscale eddies in the global midlatitude ocean, confirming that fishing activities primarily targeting tuna, were aggregated in (repelled from) anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy cores. This eddy-fishing activity relationship was opposite to satellite-observed primary production but corresponded well with the temperature and oxygen content in deeper water. By integrating existing evidence, we attribute eddy-related fishing activities to a reasonable hypothesis that warm and oxygen-rich deeper water in anticyclonic eddies relieves the thermal and anoxic constraints for diving predation by tuna while the constraints are aggravated in cold and oxygen-poor cyclonic eddies.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6142666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Nahuelhual, Tomás Vallejos, Gonzalo Campos, Ximena Vergara, Stefan Gelcich, Rodrigo Estévez
Wicked problems are typically social justice and social change problems, complex and messy. They mobilize opposed views about the essential nature of the issues, their relative importance and adequate responses. We assert that illegal fishing in small-scale fisheries (SSF) can be considered a wicked problem and our aim is to test this assertion. We relied on a conceptual framework that defines wicked problems as (1) indefinable and non-generalizable, (2) ambiguously bounded, (3) temporally exacting, (4) repercussive, (5) doubly hermeneutic and (6) morally consequential. We applied a qualitative research approach based on field data comprising three illustrative Chilean SSF, whereas secondary data complemented the analysis. The results demonstrate that illegal fishing fits most of the requirements of a wicked policy problem. It is indefinable and non-generalizable, with different representations and uncertainty about its nature, magnitude and effects. Depictions of the nature of the problem varied from a lack of regulations' legitimacy, to a ‘combat’ to be won. It is ambiguously bounded, caused by interrelated sub-problems (e.g. poverty, access), involving multiple policy sectors, administrative scales and actors. It is also temporally exacting and repercussive as it lacks criteria to prove that a solution has been reached and the implications of alternative solutions (e.g. self-regulation) are unknown. As long as illegal fishing is reframed as a wicked problem, the stakeholders involved can also recognize that there are no perfect solutions and therefore promote a mix of substandard governance approaches.
{"title":"Reframing illegal fishing in small-scale fisheries as a wicked problem","authors":"Laura Nahuelhual, Tomás Vallejos, Gonzalo Campos, Ximena Vergara, Stefan Gelcich, Rodrigo Estévez","doi":"10.1111/faf.12741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12741","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wicked problems are typically social justice and social change problems, complex and messy. They mobilize opposed views about the essential nature of the issues, their relative importance and adequate responses. We assert that illegal fishing in small-scale fisheries (SSF) can be considered a wicked problem and our aim is to test this assertion. We relied on a conceptual framework that defines wicked problems as (1) indefinable and non-generalizable, (2) ambiguously bounded, (3) temporally exacting, (4) repercussive, (5) doubly hermeneutic and (6) morally consequential. We applied a qualitative research approach based on field data comprising three illustrative Chilean SSF, whereas secondary data complemented the analysis. The results demonstrate that illegal fishing fits most of the requirements of a wicked policy problem. It is indefinable and non-generalizable, with different representations and uncertainty about its nature, magnitude and effects. Depictions of the nature of the problem varied from a lack of regulations' legitimacy, to a ‘combat’ to be won. It is ambiguously bounded, caused by interrelated sub-problems (e.g. poverty, access), involving multiple policy sectors, administrative scales and actors. It is also temporally exacting and repercussive as it lacks criteria to prove that a solution has been reached and the implications of alternative solutions (e.g. self-regulation) are unknown. As long as illegal fishing is reframed as a wicked problem, the stakeholders involved can also recognize that there are no perfect solutions and therefore promote a mix of substandard governance approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6035687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J. Malick, James P. Losee, Gary Marston, Mickey Agha, Barry A. Berejikian, Brian R. Beckman, Matthew Cooper
Fecundity is an important demographic parameter that contributes to the productivity of anadromous fish stock dynamics. Yet, studies on fecundity patterns in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) often only include a few years of data, limiting our ability to understand spatio-temporal trends. Here, we used data on 43 hatchery Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha, Salmonidae) populations in Washington State to evaluate whether average fecundity changed over the past three decades. We then used data from a subset of stocks (18) to evaluate the relationship between fecundity and body length. Our results revealed significant changes in fecundity across the 25-year study period with most stocks showing declines in fecundity over the past decade. Results further showed that Chinook salmon have decreased in length over this same period and that annual variation in mean length explains a majority (62%) of annual variation in mean fecundity. Specifically, we estimated that a 1-mm reduction in length results in 7.8 fewer eggs (95% CI = 6.6–8.9). Given that the majority of Pacific Northwest Chinook salmon in the environment and harvested in fisheries originate from hatchery releases and that nearby hatchery and wild populations generally have similar ocean distributions, these results likely reflect patterns for many populations not included. Combined, our results highlight the need to consider changes in body size and egg production when assessing the dynamics of anadromous fish populations and designing management or conservation plans, particularly for depressed populations.
繁殖力是一个重要的人口统计学参数,它对溯河产卵鱼类种群的动态生产力有贡献。然而,对太平洋鲑鱼(Oncorhynchus spp.)繁殖力模式的研究通常只包括几年的数据,限制了我们理解时空趋势的能力。在这里,我们使用了华盛顿州43个孵化场奇努克鲑鱼(O. tshawytscha,鲑科)种群的数据来评估过去30年平均繁殖力是否发生了变化。然后,我们使用了一个种群子集的数据(18)来评估繁殖力和体长之间的关系。我们的研究结果显示,在过去25年的研究期间,大多数种群的繁殖力在过去十年中呈现下降趋势。结果进一步表明,在同一时期,奇努克鲑鱼的长度减少了,平均长度的年变化解释了平均繁殖力的年变化的大部分(62%)。具体来说,我们估计长度减少1毫米会导致7.8个卵减少(95% CI = 6.6-8.9)。考虑到环境中的太平洋西北奇努克鲑鱼和渔业收获的大多数来自孵化场的放生,以及附近的孵化场和野生种群通常具有相似的海洋分布,这些结果可能反映了许多未包括在内的种群的模式。综上所述,我们的研究结果强调,在评估溯海产卵鱼类种群的动态和设计管理或保护计划时,特别是对种群数量下降的鱼类,需要考虑体型和产卵量的变化。
{"title":"Fecundity trends of Chinook salmon in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"Michael J. Malick, James P. Losee, Gary Marston, Mickey Agha, Barry A. Berejikian, Brian R. Beckman, Matthew Cooper","doi":"10.1111/faf.12738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12738","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fecundity is an important demographic parameter that contributes to the productivity of anadromous fish stock dynamics. Yet, studies on fecundity patterns in Pacific salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> spp.) often only include a few years of data, limiting our ability to understand spatio-temporal trends. Here, we used data on 43 hatchery Chinook salmon (<i>O</i>. <i>tshawytscha</i>, Salmonidae) populations in Washington State to evaluate whether average fecundity changed over the past three decades. We then used data from a subset of stocks (18) to evaluate the relationship between fecundity and body length. Our results revealed significant changes in fecundity across the 25-year study period with most stocks showing declines in fecundity over the past decade. Results further showed that Chinook salmon have decreased in length over this same period and that annual variation in mean length explains a majority (62%) of annual variation in mean fecundity. Specifically, we estimated that a 1-mm reduction in length results in 7.8 fewer eggs (95% CI = 6.6–8.9). Given that the majority of Pacific Northwest Chinook salmon in the environment and harvested in fisheries originate from hatchery releases and that nearby hatchery and wild populations generally have similar ocean distributions, these results likely reflect patterns for many populations not included. Combined, our results highlight the need to consider changes in body size and egg production when assessing the dynamics of anadromous fish populations and designing management or conservation plans, particularly for depressed populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":169,"journal":{"name":"Fish and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5654336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}