Journal of Rural Studies最新文献_第9页

State politics and food alternatives in the post-socialist food regime in Czechia 捷克后社会主义食品制度中的国家政治和食品选择

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103972

Christina Plank , Michaela Pixová

The contemporary food regime, driven by the capitalist market and nation states, is not sustainable. Different alternative food initiatives counteract its unsustainable character. Yet, what kind of food alternatives thrive in this actual market-state nexus constellation defining the food regime has become a site of contestation and depends on state politics. This article explores the role of state politics in relation to food alternatives in the post-socialist food regime in Czechia. In line with food regime approaches and drawing on critical state theory understanding of the state as a contested terrain, we use qualitative expert interviews and document analyses to identify three different political projects that support different kinds of food alternatives. Both, a liberal project driving for an international market economy and a nationalist project with its own major capital, foster food alternatives as part of “food from nowhere” in the current food regime, i.e., industrial world agriculture, and “food from here”, i.e., regional food. The alternative project builds initiatives in the sense of “food from somewhere” following agroecological principles and fostering rural development. Major conflicts are centered around the issues of agricultural subsidies favoring large-scale agricultural enterprises and transnational retail chains offering consumers in Czechia cheap and convenient food. Support from state politics is needed to make agroecological food alternatives in the sense of “food from somewhere” thrive.

由资本主义市场和民族国家驱动的当代食品制度是不可持续的。不同的替代食品倡议抵消了其不可持续的特点。然而，什么样的食物替代品在这个实际的市场-国家关系星座中茁壮成长，定义了食品制度，已经成为争论的焦点，并取决于国家政治。本文探讨了国家政治在捷克后社会主义食品制度中与食品替代品有关的作用。根据食物制度方法和对国家作为一个有争议的地形的临界状态理论的理解，我们使用定性专家访谈和文件分析来确定支持不同种类食物替代品的三种不同的政治项目。一个推动国际市场经济的自由主义项目和一个拥有自己主要资本的民族主义项目，都在当前的粮食制度中，将食物替代品作为“来自任何地方的食物”的一部分，即工业化世界的农业，以及“来自这里的食物”，即地区食物。另一种方案是根据农业生态原则和促进农村发展，在“某处的食物”的意义上建立倡议。主要冲突集中在农业补贴问题上，农业补贴偏向大型农业企业和跨国零售连锁店，为捷克消费者提供廉价方便的食品。要使“来自某处的食物”的农业生态食品替代品蓬勃发展，需要国家政治的支持。

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引用次数: 0

‘They don't know what they're doing.’ epistemic divides and rural consciousness in Switzerland 他们不知道自己在做什么。瑞士的认知鸿沟与乡村意识

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103953

Maurits Heumann

Established frameworks of rural resentment help explain right-wing voting behavior and anti-establishment attitudes, but they struggle to account for the rural link to skepticism toward expert knowledge, anti-intellectualism, and resistance to policies in knowledge-intensive fields such as agriculture, climate regulation, and public health. Drawing on group discussions in six rural Swiss communities, this study addresses that gap by demonstrating how rural consciousness operates not merely as a moral system—rooted in traditional values and rural lifestyles—but also as a distinct epistemic framework. Through thematic analysis of seven group discussions, three core themes emerge—proximity to nature, hands-on (practical) work, and common sense—that legitimize traditional, experience-based rural knowledge while disqualifying scientific, expert-driven knowledge. Far from mere anti-intellectualism, these findings reveal a deeper epistemic divide between locally embedded forms of knowledge, closely associated with rural areas, and abstract, overtly academic expertise, typically linked to urban centers. Distinguishing the moral and epistemic dimensions of rural consciousness helps clarify how contrasting knowledge claims shape political and policy attitudes in contemporary knowledge societies, ultimately contributing both empirical insights and conceptual refinement to the literature on the urban–rural divide, rural consciousness, and place-based resentment.

农村怨恨的既定框架有助于解释右翼投票行为和反建制态度，但它们很难解释农村与对专家知识的怀疑、反智主义以及对农业、气候调节和公共卫生等知识密集型领域政策的抵制之间的联系。通过在瑞士六个农村社区的小组讨论，本研究通过展示农村意识如何不仅作为一种植根于传统价值观和农村生活方式的道德体系，而且作为一种独特的认知框架来解决这一差距。通过对七个小组讨论的专题分析，出现了三个核心主题——接近自然、动手（实际）工作和常识——它们使传统的、基于经验的农村知识合法化，同时使科学的、专家驱动的知识失去资格。这些发现远非单纯的反智主义，而是揭示了一种更深层次的认知鸿沟，即与农村地区密切相关的本地嵌入形式的知识，与通常与城市中心相关的抽象的、公开的学术专业知识。区分农村意识的道德和认知维度，有助于澄清在当代知识社会中，不同的知识主张是如何塑造政治和政策态度的，最终为城乡鸿沟、农村意识和基于地方的怨恨的文献提供经验见解和概念提炼。

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引用次数: 0

Reindeer husbandry is more than herding – Contemporary roles of women in reindeer husbandry in Finland 驯鹿饲养不仅仅是放牧——当代芬兰女性在驯鹿饲养中的角色

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103968

Minna Turunen , Sirpa Rasmus , Teresa Komu , Iida Melamies , Tuulia Väärälä , Vesa-Pekka Inget

Women's role in reindeer husbandry has received little attention and women have been largely excluded from the public image and management of the livelihood in Finland. We adopted a mixed-methods approach to examine the role of women in reindeer husbandry, focusing on the practices and agency of female herders from the 1980s to the present. Although women have historically been underrepresented in official roles and decision-making related to reindeer husbandry, this is changing. Changes in society and attitudes, herding traditions as well as increased gender equality and a higher educational level and technological development, among others, have affected the practices and agency of women in reindeer husbandry. In addition, challenges related to rapid land-use expansion and intensification as well as climate change require extra work from both men and women. Our study suggests that increased diversification in reindeer husbandry has created new opportunities and roles for women. In addition to physical work, such as gathering herds and round-ups, the contemporary tasks of women include office work, work in supplementary livelihoods and housekeeping round the year. In the 2020s, the proportion of women in reindeer husbandry, both as practitioners and in management roles, is still low. However, along with the changing role of women, the share of female reindeer owners and the number of reindeer they own is gradually increasing, as is the share of female trustees and herding district employees. A new trend of young and educated women entering the livelihood and having more active and diverse roles than earlier is clearly emerging.

妇女在驯鹿饲养中的作用很少受到重视，妇女在很大程度上被排除在芬兰的公共形象和生计管理之外。我们采用了一种混合方法来研究女性在驯鹿养殖中的作用，重点关注从20世纪80年代到现在女性牧民的做法和代理。尽管历史上女性在与驯鹿饲养有关的官方职位和决策中所占比例不足，但这种情况正在改变。社会和态度的变化、放牧传统以及性别平等程度的提高、教育水平的提高和技术的发展等因素影响了妇女在驯鹿养殖中的做法和作用。此外，与土地利用迅速扩大和集约化以及气候变化有关的挑战需要男性和女性付出额外的努力。我们的研究表明，驯鹿养殖多样化的增加为妇女创造了新的机会和角色。除了诸如放牧和围捕等体力劳动外，妇女的当代任务还包括办公室工作、辅助生计的工作以及全年的家务劳动。在本世纪20年代，女性在驯鹿畜牧业中的比例，无论是作为从业者还是管理角色，仍然很低。然而，随着女性角色的变化，女性驯鹿主人的比例和她们拥有的驯鹿数量正在逐渐增加，女性受托人和牧区雇员的比例也在逐渐增加。年轻和受过教育的妇女进入生计并发挥比以前更积极和更多样化的作用的新趋势正在明显出现。

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引用次数: 0

“Understanding the impact of rural in-migrants on locals’ architectural tastes: Cultural assimilation or identity reinforcement” “理解农村移民对当地人建筑品味的影响：文化同化或身份强化”

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103941

Na Zhang , Ni Yan , Song Han , Canxu Zeng , Yi Zhou , Zhengxu Zhou

Rural in-migrants often introduce distinctive architectural aesthetics, driving gentrification processes in rural areas. While this new aesthetic influences local residents' architectural preferences, the factors related to these preferences remain unclear. This study investigates how interactions with rural in-migrants are associated with locals' architectural tastes and identifies other socio-cultural factors. We developed an innovative two-dimensional matrix framework for assessing architectural preferences in rural in-migration contexts, integrating rural in-migration theory with acculturation theory and validated through phototesting techniques. Through a theory-building case study, we focused on 3 villages in Dali, China, which share similar cultural backgrounds but exhibit different architectural changes in response to rural in-migration. We surveyed 335 locals and 218 migrants across these villages in 2021.

The results show that increased social interactions between locals and migrants are significantly associated with strengthened local preferences for locality-based architectural styles over globalized ones, accompanied by a narrowing of the aesthetic distance between the two groups. These findings suggest that cultural interaction processes may reinforce rather than replace local aesthetic preferences. However, this effect varies among locals due to differences in community characteristics, urban experience, future residential intentions, age, education, and marital status. This study shows that local residents demonstrate agency in cultural adaptation rather than remain passive recipients, suggesting potential pathways for communities to resist marginalization in the gentrification process.

农村移民经常引入独特的建筑美学，推动农村地区的中产阶级化进程。虽然这种新的审美影响了当地居民的建筑偏好，但与这些偏好相关的因素仍不清楚。本研究调查了与农村移民的互动如何与当地人的建筑品味相关联，并确定了其他社会文化因素。我们开发了一个创新的二维矩阵框架，用于评估农村移民背景下的建筑偏好，将农村移民理论与文化适应理论相结合，并通过光测试技术进行验证。通过理论构建案例研究，我们关注了中国大理的三个村庄，它们有着相似的文化背景，但在农村人口流动中表现出不同的建筑变化。我们在2021年对这些村庄的335名当地人和218名移民进行了调查。结果表明，本地人和移民之间的社会互动增加，与当地人对基于本地的建筑风格的偏好增强显著相关，而不是全球化的建筑风格，同时两个群体之间的审美距离也在缩小。这些发现表明，文化互动过程可能会加强而不是取代当地的审美偏好。然而，由于社区特征、城市经验、未来居住意向、年龄、教育程度和婚姻状况的差异，这种影响在当地人之间有所不同。这项研究表明，当地居民在文化适应中表现出能动性，而不是被动的接受者，这为社区在士绅化过程中抵制边缘化提供了潜在的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Agricultural tenancies in Scotland: how much does the legislative framework affect the power balance between landowners and tenants? 苏格兰的农业租赁：立法框架在多大程度上影响了土地所有者和租户之间的权力平衡？

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103947

Katrin Prager , Catherine Bury , Hector Inglis

Competing demands for land in Europe and what it can deliver is set to intensify over the coming decades, and no more so than in Scotland. In the context of farming, rights to land are shared between landowners and tenants. The balance of these respective property rights has been a target for Scottish Government legislation since devolution in 1999, with the stated aim to address the decline in the amount of agricultural land available for rent, to encourage new entrants to agriculture and progress land reform. We analyse how the legislation influenced the relationship between landlords and tenants by changing their respective rights and obligations. Views of tenant farmers, landlords, industry professionals and land agents were explored in semi-structured interviews. The actual and perceived power shifts associated with agricultural tenancy law and land reform vary considerably as a result of specific rules in the legislation. For landowners, the unpredictable nature of government policy making with constant references to tenant's rights and diluting land ownership, led to a loss of trust and reluctance to let due to the perceived insecurity of property rights. This is hampering new entrant access to farm land, but perhaps has affected existing landlord-tenant relationships less negatively than expected. Such relationships are impacted by factors other than those regulated in legislation and leeway exists within the legislative framework to interpret rules on the ground in a practical way. Ultimately, this paper shows how the perception of legislation and Government messaging can be as important as the changes themselves.

未来几十年，欧洲对土地及其所能提供的东西的竞争需求将会加剧，苏格兰的情况最为严重。在农业方面，土地所有权由土地所有者和佃户共享。自1999年权力下放以来，平衡这些各自的财产权一直是苏格兰政府立法的目标，其目的是解决可供出租的农业用地数量下降的问题，鼓励新进入农业和推进土地改革。我们分析了立法如何通过改变业主和租户各自的权利和义务来影响他们之间的关系。通过半结构化访谈，探讨了佃农、房东、行业专业人士和土地代理商的观点。由于立法中的具体规则，与农业租赁法和土地改革相关的实际和感知的权力转移差别很大。对于土地所有者来说，政府政策制定的不可预测性，以及不断提及承租人的权利和稀释土地所有权，导致信任的丧失和不愿出租，因为他们认为财产权不安全。这阻碍了新进入者获得农地，但可能对现有的地主-租客关系的负面影响比预期的要小。这种关系受到立法规定以外的因素的影响，在立法框架内存在以实际方式解释规则的余地。最后，本文显示了立法和政府信息传递的看法如何与变革本身一样重要。

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引用次数: 0

Transformation of cultivated land for enhanced quality in northeast China: Theoretical interpretation and practical evaluation 东北地区耕地质量提升转型：理论解释与实践评价

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103969

Jia Gao, Rongrong Zhao, Zirao Guo, Yu Yang

Improving the quality of cultivated land is crucial for ensuring food security. Current studies have mostly focused on the process of cultivated land quality degradation, whereas cultivated land quality enhancement (CLQE) has received relatively little attention. This study used Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China as the study area. Using methods such as principal component analysis and objective weighting, and models such as optimal parameter geographical detector and geographically weighted regression (GWR), we constructed an evaluation system for CLQE from the aspects of genetic and variation quality, aiming to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of CLQE in Shenyang from 2010 to 2023. The results show that (1) on a temporal scale, 73.97 % of the cultivated land achieved CLQE in the study area. The spatial distribution of CLQE showed a pattern of being high in the west and north and low in the east and south. (2) Natural factors have the strongest explanatory power for CLQE. The impacts of natural factors, socioeconomic factors, and land-use intensity on CLQE exhibit significant regional heterogeneity. (3) In response to the spatial heterogeneity of CLQE evolution and the impact of driving factors, implementing targeted precision management strategies based on local conditions is the key to achieving regional cultivated land protection and sustainable agricultural development. This study deepens our understanding of the dynamic changes in cultivated land quality from the perspective of CLQE and provides a scientific basis and decision-making reference for formulating targeted cultivated land protection and improvement strategies in northeast China and similar regions worldwide.

提高耕地质量是保障粮食安全的关键。目前的研究主要集中在耕地质量退化的过程上，而耕地质量提升的研究相对较少。本研究以中国辽宁省沈阳市为研究区。采用主成分分析和客观加权等方法，结合最优参数地理检测器和地理加权回归（GWR）等模型，从遗传质量和变异质量两个方面构建了沈阳市CLQE的评价体系，旨在探讨2010 - 2023年沈阳市CLQE的时空特征及其驱动机制。结果表明：(1)在时间尺度上，研究区73.97%的耕地达到了CLQE。CLQE的空间分布呈现西北高、东南低的格局。(2)自然因子对CLQE的解释力最强。自然因素、社会经济因素和土地利用强度对CLQE的影响具有显著的区域异质性。(3)针对CLQE演变的空间异质性和驱动因素的影响，因地制宜地实施有针对性的精准管理策略是实现区域耕地保护和农业可持续发展的关键。本研究加深了我们从CLQE视角对耕地质量动态变化的认识，为东北及世界类似地区制定有针对性的耕地保护与改善策略提供科学依据和决策参考。

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引用次数: 0

Empowerment unveiled: Gender dynamics and the impact of nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam 赋权揭晓：性别动态和营养敏感农业干预在越南北部少数民族群体的影响

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103948

Lan Thuy T. Nguyen , Marrit van den Berg , TjeerdJan Stomph , Deborah Nabuuma , Berber Kramer

Gender equality and women's empowerment are key global agendas, yet women often face marginalization compared to men. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions (NSAs) often aim to benefit women but their impacts on women's empowerment remain unclear. This study focuses on: 1) assessing the empowerment levels of women and men from three ethnic minorities in rural northern Vietnam (Thai, H'Mong and Dao) with the Project-level women's empowerment in agriculture index (Pro-WEAI); 2) examining the potential of NSA to improve women's empowerment during COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) applying an intersectional lens by analyzing how empowerment and treatment effects vary by ethnic subgroups. We conducted a Randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving around 600 rural households from 36 clusters that were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatment arms: receiving agriculture and nutrition training; receiving seed provision on top of the training; and a control group. We found that both men and women experienced disempowerment, due to ethnicity and systemic ethnical marginalization. While no significant gender discrimination in resource access was found, women faced limited mobility, overburdened workload and diminished agencies. Empowerment experiences varied across ethnicities. The NSAs improved women's mobility and group membership, yet carried different implications across ethnicities, potentially due to the interaction between the intervention, initial contextual conditions and the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, NSAs alone cannot achieve structural empowerment. Meaningful and lasting empowerment requires integrated approaches that address interconnected social, political, and cultural factors.

性别平等和增强妇女权能是关键的全球议程，但与男性相比，女性往往面临边缘化。营养敏感型农业干预措施往往旨在使妇女受益，但其对赋予妇女权力的影响尚不清楚。本研究的重点是：1)用项目级农业妇女赋权指数（Pro-WEAI）评估越南北部农村三个少数民族（泰国、苗族和岛族）妇女和男子的赋权水平；2)研究国家安全局在COVID-19大流行期间改善妇女赋权的潜力；3)运用交叉视角，分析不同族群间赋权和治疗效果的差异。我们进行了一项随机对照试验（RCT），涉及来自36个分组的约600个农村家庭，这些家庭被随机分配到以下三个治疗组之一：接受农业和营养培训；在培训的基础上接受种子供应；还有一个对照组。我们发现，由于种族和系统性的种族边缘化，男性和女性都经历了权力剥夺。虽然在获得资源方面没有发现明显的性别歧视，但妇女的流动性有限，工作量过重，机构减少。赋予权力的经历因种族而异。nssa改善了女性的流动性和群体成员资格，但在不同种族之间产生了不同的影响，这可能是由于干预措施、初始背景条件和COVID-19大流行之间的相互作用。然而，仅靠nsa无法实现结构性赋权。有意义和持久的赋权需要综合处理相互关联的社会、政治和文化因素。

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引用次数: 0

Revitalizing rural areas: A review of vivacity indicators and the potential of generative AI in rural development analysis 乡村振兴：活力指标综述及生成式人工智能在乡村发展分析中的潜力

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103957

Emilio Hernández-López, Laura Martínez-Carrasco, Margarita Brugarolas

Over the past several decades, rural areas in Spain and the European Union have experienced progressive population decline that has fostered negative discourse and generated a loss of interest among the population, exacerbating these issues. Therefore, it is essential to promote a new and optimistic narrative that highlights the potential of rural areas and its present and future development possibilities to provide a positive image of rural territories. This concept, which we have termed 'vivacity', reflects the level of opportunities for inhabitants to achieve a sustainable future that encourages their settlement in rural areas and the development of their lives without location-related difficulties. This study aims to identify the most suitable rural development indicators for measuring the vivacity of rural territories. Therefore, a qualitative analysis of the literature on rural development indicators was conducted, and the potential of a generative artificial intelligence tool (ChatGPT 4) is examined to assist researchers in conducting such analysis. The study's findings indicate that economic and social wellbeing indicators are relevant to the dynamism or vivacity of rural territories. Furthermore, ChatGPT currently does not meet the standards of human analysts although it can facilitate directed analysis with close scrutiny of the results.

在过去的几十年里，西班牙和欧盟的农村地区经历了人口的逐渐减少，这助长了负面的话语，并使人口失去了兴趣，加剧了这些问题。因此，必须提倡一种新的和乐观的叙述，突出农村地区的潜力及其目前和未来的发展可能性，以提供农村地区的积极形象。这个概念，我们称之为“活力”，反映了居民实现可持续未来的机会水平，鼓励他们在农村地区定居，并在没有与位置相关的困难的情况下发展他们的生活。本研究旨在确定最适合衡量农村地区活力的农村发展指标。因此，我们对农村发展指标的文献进行了定性分析，并研究了生成式人工智能工具（ChatGPT 4）的潜力，以协助研究人员进行此类分析。研究结果表明，经济和社会福利指标与农村地区的活力或活力有关。此外，ChatGPT目前不符合人类分析师的标准，尽管它可以通过对结果的密切审查来促进直接分析。

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引用次数: 0

Frontier-making and Campesino resistance in the Northern Colombian Amazon 哥伦比亚北部亚马逊地区的拓荒与抵抗

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103955

Francesca Letizia Maetzke , Irene Vélez-Torres , Fabian Méndez-Paz

引用次数: 0

Between illicit economies and having a dream: Exploring rural youth aspirations and life-courses in a rural municipality in Colombia 在非法经济和拥有梦想之间：探索哥伦比亚农村城市农村青年的愿望和人生历程

IF 5.7 1区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Journal of Rural Studies

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103944

Margarita Fontecha, Silvia Sarapura-Escobar, Ryan Gibson

Rural youth's aspirations and life-courses are shaped by complex interplays of external (social, economic, historical) and internal (agency-driven) factors. In rural Colombia, characterized by illicit economic pressures and a legacy of armed conflict, structural realities may constrain youth's ability to achieve transformative life trajectories. This study investigates how these influence youths' life-course decision making-in a remote village. The Possible Selves and intersectionality theories guided the study by addressing overlapping social identities and power structures that shape youth's lived experiences. Employing a participatory photovoice initiative, participants led data interpretation and thematic analysis; five themes emerged: youth, ecosystem, entrepreneurism, agriculture and livestock production, and effort and joy. Findings illustrate a tension between youth aspirations—characterized by hopes for stability, education, and community engagement—and the structural constraints imposed by marginalizing economic systems and a history of internal conflict. Neoliberal and illicit economic frameworks, coupled with conflict legacies, undermine rural youth agency and curtail opportunities for meaningful participation. Under these conditions, aspirations tend toward survival oriented -goals rather than transformative social change, perpetuating cycles of poverty and exclusion. To foster rural youth's aspirations, interventions must strengthen agency through improved access to quality education and inclusive participation in decision-making- processes.

农村青年的抱负和人生历程受到外部（社会、经济、历史）和内部（机构驱动）因素复杂的相互作用的影响。在以非法经济压力和武装冲突遗留问题为特征的哥伦比亚农村，结构性现实可能限制青年实现转型生活轨迹的能力。本研究探讨这些因素如何影响一个偏远村庄的青少年的生命历程决策。“可能自我”理论和交叉性理论通过解决影响青年生活经历的重叠社会身份和权力结构来指导研究。采用参与式photovoice倡议，参与者主导数据解释和专题分析；五个主题出现了：青年、生态系统、创业精神、农业和畜牧业生产、努力和快乐。调查结果表明，年轻人的愿望（以希望稳定、教育和社区参与为特征）与边缘化经济体系和内部冲突历史所造成的结构性限制之间存在紧张关系。新自由主义和非法经济框架，加上冲突遗留问题，削弱了农村青年的能动性，减少了有意义参与的机会。在这种情况下，人们的愿望往往是面向生存的目标，而不是变革性的社会变革，从而使贫穷和排斥的循环永久化。为了促进农村青年的愿望，干预措施必须通过改善获得优质教育的机会和包容性参与决策进程来加强能动性。

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引用次数: 0