In recent years, plano continuous annular polishing machines have become popular in achieving ultra-flat optical surfaces. These machines offer the advantages of achieving fractional wavelength accuracies in very short times and with minimum operator attention, as well as giving exceptionally low levels of fine structure, which in turn gives minimum scatter light -- a factor important in laser or ultraviolet light applications.
{"title":"Spherical Continuous Annular Polishing Machine","authors":"Donald D. Nord","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.tub1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.tub1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, plano continuous annular polishing machines have become popular in achieving ultra-flat optical surfaces. These machines offer the advantages of achieving fractional wavelength accuracies in very short times and with minimum operator attention, as well as giving exceptionally low levels of fine structure, which in turn gives minimum scatter light -- a factor important in laser or ultraviolet light applications.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122090016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasonic machining or impact grinding is the use of ultrasonically induced vibrations delivered to a designed tool combined with an abrasive slurry, to produce accurate cavities of regular and odd shapes in hard brittle materials such as: fused quartz, glass, crystal, ceramic, carbides and various metals. Ultrasonic machining is a non-thermal, non-chemical, non-electrical process, and creates no change in the metallurgical, chemical or physical properties of the substrate.
{"title":"ULTRASONIC MACHINING (Impact Grinding)*","authors":"Hartford L. Rutan","doi":"10.1364/oft.1984.thda5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1984.thda5","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic machining or impact grinding is the use of ultrasonically induced vibrations delivered to a designed tool combined with an abrasive slurry, to produce accurate cavities of regular and odd shapes in hard brittle materials such as: fused quartz, glass, crystal, ceramic, carbides and various metals. Ultrasonic machining is a non-thermal, non-chemical, non-electrical process, and creates no change in the metallurgical, chemical or physical properties of the substrate.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122768552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal-Kinematic Design Considerations","authors":"Jack T. Smith","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.tub6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.tub6","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124269329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various techniques have been used to test the optical figure and radius of curvature of optical flats and long focal length optics1. If optical flats become too large to be handled manually, they are often measured using a variant of the Ritchie-Common test, although Fizeau and Twyman-Green interferometers have also been used. The familiar knife-edge test is an excellent means for measuring the optical figure of a flat qualitatively using a well-corrected large parabola on an optical bench. It is also useful for measuring the figure and radius of curvature of concave spherical mirrors. If the radius of curvature is in the 10- to 100-m range, however, as is common for laser optics, air turbulence reduces the accuracy of the measurement. A more quantitative technique for recording the optical figure of long focal length optics and determining their radius of curvature is to use a "transmission sphere," basically a Fizeau interferometer modified for converging or diverging light. Parallel light incident on the transmission sphere is focussed by the lens, whose surface on the sample side is accurately normal to the exiting light beams. It thus is the reference surface in the modified Fizeau interferometer. Transmission spheres can be obtained in a variety of focal lengths and f numbers, but they are quite expensive and are specific for a relatively short range of f numbers in the mirrors tested. Air turbulence is a problem for long radius of curvature mirrors just as it is in the knife-edge test. The Zygo Corporation, which manufactures transmission spheres, also manufactures large beam expanders for testing optical flats of 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter or more. However, such large beam expanders are quite expensive. This paper describes a relatively inexpensive technique using the Zygo interferometer and one or more transmission spheres together with a large parabolic mirror or well-corrected lens and a fringe analysis system for testing both large optical flats and large, long focal length concave or convex mirrors. A range of focal lengths extending to infinity can be measured without utilizing long path lengths, thus minimizing air turbulence problems. Both concave and convex mirrors can be measured using the same transmission sphere, and unlike most other techniques for measuring long focal length optics, the longer the focal length the better the system operates.
{"title":"Compact Optical Test Facility for Evaluating Very Long Focal Length Mirrors","authors":"H. E. Bennett, J. J. Shaffer","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.ffa8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.ffa8","url":null,"abstract":"Various techniques have been used to test the optical figure and radius of curvature of optical flats and long focal length optics1. If optical flats become too large to be handled manually, they are often measured using a variant of the Ritchie-Common test, although Fizeau and Twyman-Green interferometers have also been used. The familiar knife-edge test is an excellent means for measuring the optical figure of a flat qualitatively using a well-corrected large parabola on an optical bench. It is also useful for measuring the figure and radius of curvature of concave spherical mirrors. If the radius of curvature is in the 10- to 100-m range, however, as is common for laser optics, air turbulence reduces the accuracy of the measurement. A more quantitative technique for recording the optical figure of long focal length optics and determining their radius of curvature is to use a \"transmission sphere,\" basically a Fizeau interferometer modified for converging or diverging light. Parallel light incident on the transmission sphere is focussed by the lens, whose surface on the sample side is accurately normal to the exiting light beams. It thus is the reference surface in the modified Fizeau interferometer. Transmission spheres can be obtained in a variety of focal lengths and f numbers, but they are quite expensive and are specific for a relatively short range of f numbers in the mirrors tested. Air turbulence is a problem for long radius of curvature mirrors just as it is in the knife-edge test. The Zygo Corporation, which manufactures transmission spheres, also manufactures large beam expanders for testing optical flats of 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter or more. However, such large beam expanders are quite expensive. This paper describes a relatively inexpensive technique using the Zygo interferometer and one or more transmission spheres together with a large parabolic mirror or well-corrected lens and a fringe analysis system for testing both large optical flats and large, long focal length concave or convex mirrors. A range of focal lengths extending to infinity can be measured without utilizing long path lengths, thus minimizing air turbulence problems. Both concave and convex mirrors can be measured using the same transmission sphere, and unlike most other techniques for measuring long focal length optics, the longer the focal length the better the system operates.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"21 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126104867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The trend in optical materials can be easily and accurately predicted -- optical materials will be better, cheaper, and more complex in the future. This summary may be too simple and perhaps all of these trends will not be true of all optical material. However, recent experience shows that significant progress has been made in preparing high quality optical materials. Especially impressive are the solid state laser host materials which include single crystals and glasses and optical components for infrared lasers fabricated from alkali halides, alkaline earth fluorides, sapphire, and CVD ZnSe. Demands for low cost molded optics for consumer products have lead to the expanded use of plastics and the development of precision molding processes. Similar trends are developing for infrared optics; for example, the pressing of lenses. Aspheric surfaces machined by single point diamond turning are an example of the improved capability for producing complex components. Sol gel, MBE techniques for the production of graded index antireflection coatings, surface strengthening of optical materials and the production of gradient index optics are emerging materials processes that will probably play a growing role in the fabrication of optical components.
{"title":"Trends in Optical Materials","authors":"J. A. Detrio","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.tua2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.tua2","url":null,"abstract":"The trend in optical materials can be easily and accurately predicted -- optical materials will be better, cheaper, and more complex in the future. This summary may be too simple and perhaps all of these trends will not be true of all optical material. However, recent experience shows that significant progress has been made in preparing high quality optical materials. Especially impressive are the solid state laser host materials which include single crystals and glasses and optical components for infrared lasers fabricated from alkali halides, alkaline earth fluorides, sapphire, and CVD ZnSe. Demands for low cost molded optics for consumer products have lead to the expanded use of plastics and the development of precision molding processes. Similar trends are developing for infrared optics; for example, the pressing of lenses. Aspheric surfaces machined by single point diamond turning are an example of the improved capability for producing complex components. Sol gel, MBE techniques for the production of graded index antireflection coatings, surface strengthening of optical materials and the production of gradient index optics are emerging materials processes that will probably play a growing role in the fabrication of optical components.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126054489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Guha, W. Southwell, R. Mickish, J. L. Martin, C. Johnson, M. Bobb, H. Ready, J. Chambers
A diamond turned aluminum cone was coated with a multilayer dielectric coating which was designed to produce a 90° phase shift at 10.6 μm between the S and P components on reflection.
在金刚石加工的铝锥上涂上多层介质涂层，使反射时S和P分量在10.6 μm处产生90°相移。
{"title":"Coating and Metrology of a 90° Phase Shift Coated Cone","authors":"J. Guha, W. Southwell, R. Mickish, J. L. Martin, C. Johnson, M. Bobb, H. Ready, J. Chambers","doi":"10.1364/oft.1981.fd2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1981.fd2","url":null,"abstract":"A diamond turned aluminum cone was coated with a multilayer dielectric coating which was designed to produce a 90° phase shift at 10.6 μm between the S and P components on reflection.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"365 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124581243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new type of birefringent filter, called a dispersive birefringent filter (DBF), has been described by Yeh1. A DBF requires a material whose birefringence is dispersive in the wavelength region of interest. In the region from 5300 to 5500 Angstroms (Å), cadmium sulfide (CdS) has this property. Early calculations showed that a DBF made from CdS could be made to have a very narrow passband (approximately 2 Å) and very wide field-of-view (80 to 90 degrees half-angle). At a wavelength of 5320 Å (doubled Nd:YAG) this filter would require flat and parallel CdS plates as thin as 35 microns. When such plates were made, it was found that the absorption coefficient was several orders of magnitude larger than expected. This excessive absorption was traced to mechanically induced surface damage of the CdS. As a result, the ability to produce thin, parallel, and relatively damage-free CdS plates became crucial to the success of the DBF development effort.
{"title":"Surface Damage in Cadmium Sulfide","authors":"R. L. Hall, J. Foschaar, W. Gunning","doi":"10.1364/oft.1984.fdb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1984.fdb1","url":null,"abstract":"A new type of birefringent filter, called a dispersive birefringent filter (DBF), has been described by Yeh1. A DBF requires a material whose birefringence is dispersive in the wavelength region of interest. In the region from 5300 to 5500 Angstroms (Å), cadmium sulfide (CdS) has this property. Early calculations showed that a DBF made from CdS could be made to have a very narrow passband (approximately 2 Å) and very wide field-of-view (80 to 90 degrees half-angle). At a wavelength of 5320 Å (doubled Nd:YAG) this filter would require flat and parallel CdS plates as thin as 35 microns. When such plates were made, it was found that the absorption coefficient was several orders of magnitude larger than expected. This excessive absorption was traced to mechanically induced surface damage of the CdS. As a result, the ability to produce thin, parallel, and relatively damage-free CdS plates became crucial to the success of the DBF development effort.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125091512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reliable performance of an individual component intended for use in an optical system can only be predicted after making one or more characterizing measurements. Some of those important measurements are figure, reflectance, and scatter. The intent of this paper is to describe instrumentation and techniques used in determining those factors for reflectors ranging in size up to 0.4 meters in diameter.
{"title":"Optical Instrumentation for Large Mirror Measurements","authors":"P. Archibald","doi":"10.1364/oft.1981.tc6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1981.tc6","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable performance of an individual component intended for use in an optical system can only be predicted after making one or more characterizing measurements. Some of those important measurements are figure, reflectance, and scatter. The intent of this paper is to describe instrumentation and techniques used in determining those factors for reflectors ranging in size up to 0.4 meters in diameter.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122509584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the digital heterodyne interferometer, the single frequency output of a laser is split, and each component is frequency shifted by separate Bragg cells. The difference of the frequency shifts can be 0 Hz for conventional "see the fringe" operation, or 1 MHz for accurate phase measurement. One of these components then has its polarization rotated by 90°, and the two are combined without loss by a polarization selective beam combiner cube. The composite beam is expanded to 2 cm, and injected into a polarization selective Twyman-Green interferometer. Each arm has a quarter-wave plate oriented such that the return radiation has its polarization rotated 90°, and the two beams then exit the interferometer. Thus, at the interference plane there exists light of orthogonal polarizations with one polarization having traveled the reference path and one the test path; and the polarizations have a 1 MHz frequency difference. A linear polarizer oriented at a 45° angle to these polarizations causes the beams to mix.
{"title":"Optical Testing with the Digital Heterodyne Interferometer","authors":"N. A. Massie","doi":"10.1364/oft.1981.wa7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1981.wa7","url":null,"abstract":"In the digital heterodyne interferometer, the single frequency output of a laser is split, and each component is frequency shifted by separate Bragg cells. The difference of the frequency shifts can be 0 Hz for conventional \"see the fringe\" operation, or 1 MHz for accurate phase measurement. One of these components then has its polarization rotated by 90°, and the two are combined without loss by a polarization selective beam combiner cube. The composite beam is expanded to 2 cm, and injected into a polarization selective Twyman-Green interferometer. Each arm has a quarter-wave plate oriented such that the return radiation has its polarization rotated 90°, and the two beams then exit the interferometer. Thus, at the interference plane there exists light of orthogonal polarizations with one polarization having traveled the reference path and one the test path; and the polarizations have a 1 MHz frequency difference. A linear polarizer oriented at a 45° angle to these polarizations causes the beams to mix.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122515218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Reid surface-grinder, available in many university shops has been economically modified for the fabrication of cylindrical surfaces, either convex or concave, with radii of curvature in the 5 to 10 meter range (0.4 to 0.2 diopter). The generation of larger radii of curvature requires only a slight modification of the current apparatus.
{"title":"A Low-Budget Cylindrical-Surface Generator","authors":"J. F. McGee, Craig M. Mierkowski","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.ffc2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.ffc2","url":null,"abstract":"A Reid surface-grinder, available in many university shops has been economically modified for the fabrication of cylindrical surfaces, either convex or concave, with radii of curvature in the 5 to 10 meter range (0.4 to 0.2 diopter). The generation of larger radii of curvature requires only a slight modification of the current apparatus.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122308138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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