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Design Considerations for a Surface Disinfection Device Using Ultraviolet-C Light-Emitting Diodes. 使用紫外线 C 发光二极管的表面消毒装置的设计考虑因素。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2022-02-16 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.045
Pratibha Sharma, Pao Chen, Saya Han, Peter Chung, Jungpin Chen, Justin Tseng, Chang Han

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation, spanning wavelengths between 200 nm and 280 nm, has proven germicidal qualities and medical, industrial, and environmental applications. The need for new disinfection technologies and the prospect of eliminating mercury-based radiation sources compels research on ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). UV-LED technology could be used for customized and point-of-use products for disinfection and sterilization. We focused on the design and development of a surface disinfection device using UV-C LEDs, including potential user targets, important design parameters, and final validation methods. Optical and thermal simulations were used to illustrate the design process and associated challenges. A sample device prototype was developed, and microbial validation results are presented.

波长介于 200 纳米和 280 纳米之间的紫外线-C(UV-C)辐射已被证明具有杀菌效果,可用于医疗、工业和环境领域。对新消毒技术的需求和消除汞基辐射源的前景迫使人们对紫外线(UV)发光二极管(LED)进行研究。紫外线发光二极管技术可用于定制和使用点产品的消毒和灭菌。我们重点研究了使用紫外线-C LED 的表面消毒设备的设计和开发,包括潜在用户目标、重要设计参数和最终验证方法。我们使用光学和热模拟来说明设计过程和相关挑战。开发了一个样品设备原型,并介绍了微生物验证结果。
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引用次数: 0
AbsorbanceQ: An App for Generating Absorbance Images from Brightfield Images. AbsorbanceQ:从明场图像生成吸收率图像的应用程序。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2022-01-04 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.039
Stephen M Zimmerman, Carl G Simon, Greta Babakhanova
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引用次数: 0
Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy as a Potential Label-Free Method to Rapidly Verify Ultraviolet-C Radiation Disinfection. 宽带介电光谱法是一种潜在的无标签方法,可用于快速验证紫外线-C 辐射消毒。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-08-20 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.022
Yaw S Obeng, Brian J Nablo, Darwin R Reyes, Dianne L Poster, Michael T Postek

Microwave (MW) sensing offers noninvasive, real-time detection of the electromagnetic properties of biological materials via the highly concentrated electromagnetic fields, for which advantages include wide bandwidth, small size, and cost-effective fabrication. In this paper, we present the application of MW broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) coupled to a fabricated biological thin film for evaluating ultraviolet-C (UV-C) exposure effects. The BDS thin film technique could be deployed as a biological indicator for assessing whole-room UV-C surface disinfection. The disinfection process is monitored by BDS as changes in the electrical properties of surface-confined biological thin films photodegraded with UV-C radiation. Fetal bovine serum (FBS, a surrogate for protein) and bacteriophage lambda double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) were continuously monitored with BDS during UV-C radiation exposure. The electrical resistance of FBS films yielded promising yet imprecise readings, whereas the resistance of dsDNA films discernibly decreased with UV-C exposure. The observations are consistent with the expected photo-oxidation and photodecomposition of protein and DNA. While further research is needed to characterize these measurements, this study presents the first application of BDS to evaluate the electrical properties of solid-state biological thin films. This technique shows promise toward the development of a test method and a standard biological test to determine the efficacy of UV-C disinfection. Such a test with biological indicators could easily be applied to hospital rooms between patient occupancy for a multipoint evaluation to determine if a room meets a disinfection threshold set for new patients.

微波(MW)传感可通过高度集中的电磁场对生物材料的电磁特性进行非侵入式实时检测,其优点包括带宽宽、体积小和制造成本低。在本文中,我们介绍了将微波宽带介电光谱(BDS)与制备的生物薄膜相结合,用于评估紫外线-C(UV-C)照射效应的应用。BDS 薄膜技术可用作评估整个房间紫外线-C 表面消毒效果的生物指标。BDS 监测的消毒过程是在紫外线-C 辐射下光降解的表面封闭生物薄膜的电特性变化。在紫外线-C 辐射照射期间,用 BDS 连续监测胎牛血清(FBS,蛋白质的替代物)和噬菌体 lambda 双链脱氧核糖核酸(dsDNA)。FBS 薄膜的电阻读数很有希望,但并不精确,而 dsDNA 薄膜的电阻则随着紫外线-C 的照射明显下降。这些观察结果与蛋白质和 DNA 的预期光氧化和光分解相一致。虽然还需要进一步研究来确定这些测量结果的特征,但本研究首次应用 BDS 评估了固态生物薄膜的电学特性。这项技术显示了开发测试方法和标准生物测试以确定紫外线-C 消毒效果的前景。这种带有生物指标的测试可以很容易地应用于病人入住期间的病房,进行多点评估,以确定病房是否达到为新病人设定的消毒阈值。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives and Recommendations Regarding Standards for Ultraviolet-C Whole-Room Disinfection in Healthcare. 关于医疗保健中紫外线-C 全室消毒标准的观点和建议。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-08-20 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.015
Arthur Kreitenberg, Richard A Martinello

Patient well-being must be the driving force for determining standards for disinfection systems based on ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation. Reductions of inoculated bacteria on carriers is the optimal method of validating a UV-C-emitting system. We make specific, evidence-based recommendations regarding room description, organism selection, carrier material, quantity, orientations, and locations. Criteria for a satisfactory performance are discussed. Adoption of these requirements will ensure that devices intended for room disinfection provide the greatest chances for prevention of environmentally derived healthcare-associated infections.

在确定基于紫外线-C(UV-C)辐射的消毒系统的标准时,必须以患者的健康为驱动力。减少载体上的接种细菌是验证紫外线-C 辐射系统的最佳方法。我们就房间描述、生物体选择、载体材料、数量、方向和位置提出了具体的循证建议。我们还讨论了令人满意的性能标准。采用这些要求将确保用于房间消毒的设备能最大程度地预防由环境引起的医疗相关感染。
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引用次数: 0
Atomic Model Structure of the NIST Monoclonal Antibody (NISTmAb) Reference Material. NIST 单克隆抗体 (NISTmAb) 标准物质的原子模型结构。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-07-15 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.012
Christina Bergonzo, D Travis Gallagher
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引用次数: 0
Porosity, Powder X-Ray Diffraction Patterns, Skeletal Density, and Thermal Stability of NIST Zeolitic Reference Materials RM 8850, RM 8851, and RM 8852. NIST沸石标准物质RM 8850、RM 8851和RM 8852的孔隙度、粉末x射线衍射模式、骨架密度和热稳定性。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.047
Huong Giang T Nguyen, Ran Tao, Roger D van Zee

This paper reports the powder X-ray diffraction patterns, argon isotherms at 87 K, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas, pore size distributions, pore volumes, skeletal densities, and thermal gravimetric analyses for three National Institute of Standards and Technology zeolitic reference materials, RM 8850 (zeolite Y), RM 8851 (zeolite A), and RM 8852 (ZSM-5).

本文报道了三种美国国家标准与技术研究院沸石标准物质RM 8850 (Y型沸石)、RM 8851 (A型沸石)和RM 8852 (ZSM-5)的粉末x射线衍射图、87 K氩气等温线、brunauer - emmet - teller表面积、孔径分布、孔隙体积、骨架密度和热重分析。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluations of a Detector-Limited Digital Impedance Bridge. 检测器限制数字阻抗桥的评估。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.006
Mona Feige, Stephan Schlamminger, Bryan Waltrip, Michael Berilla, Yicheng Wang

We tested a simple digital impedance bridge using two nominally equal resistors to form a 1:1 ratio. We focused on resolution and stability of the detectors. Fluctuations of the source voltages were largely removed through postprocessing of the digitized data, and the measurement results were limited by the detector noise. This detector-limited operating condition was first demonstrated using three modified Keysight 3458A multimeters for measurements of the voltage ratios, achieving 0.01 μV/V type A uncertainty in less than 15 min at 1 kHz. In an effort to extend the applicable frequency range and develop a system with off-the-shelf components, we tested a system using three lock-in detectors for measuring small deviations from the perfect AC ratio of unity magnitude, achieving stabilities and resolutions of 0.1 μV/V in a few hours for each point from 1 kHz to 5 kHz.

我们测试了一个简单的数字阻抗桥,使用两个名义上相等的电阻形成1:1的比例。我们关注的是探测器的分辨率和稳定性。通过对数字化数据的后处理,很大程度上消除了源电压的波动,测量结果受检测器噪声的限制。这种检测器限制的工作条件首先使用三个改进的Keysight 3458A万用表进行电压比测量,在1 kHz下,在不到15分钟的时间内实现0.01 μV/V A型不确定度。为了扩大适用频率范围并开发具有现成组件的系统,我们使用三个锁相检测器测试了一个系统,用于测量单位量级的完美交流比的小偏差,在1 kHz至5 kHz的每个点上,在几个小时内实现了0.1 μV/V的稳定性和分辨率。
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引用次数: 2
An Analysis of an Inventory of Community Resilience Frameworks. 社区复原力框架清单分析。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.031
Jarrod Loerzel, Maria Dillard
This data article provides details of an analysis of an inventory of 56 community resilience frameworks. In this article, a description of how the inventory data was catalogued is presented. Section 3 outlines the categories used to analyze the frameworks as well as the categories used to bin the indicators and measures used in each. Section 3.1 describes the results of the categorization process for the 56 resilience frameworks. Section 3.2 outlines the results of the categorization of the 3,298 indicators used in each framework. Section 3.3 describes the 7,165 measures used in the 56 frameworks.
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引用次数: 4
Efficacy of Ultraviolet-C Devices for the Disinfection of Personal Protective Equipment Fabrics and N95 Respirators. 紫外线- c装置对个人防护用品织物和N95口罩消毒效果的研究
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.023
Kumari Moothedath Chandran, Praveen C Ramamurthy, Kawkab Kanjo, Rohan Narayan, S Raghu Menon

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a plethora of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) disinfection products have come to market, especially in emerging economies. UV-C-based disinfection products for mobile phones, food packaging, face masks and personal protective equipment (PPE), and other everyday objects are available in popular electronic-commerce platforms as consumer products. Product designers from multinational to startup companies began to design UV-C disinfection products but had no prior-art reference, user feedback, or validation of product efficacy, which are important stages in product design. A UV-C disinfection product cannot be assessed by most consumers for its viricidal efficacy. Many firms entered the domain of UV-C products and were unaware of the necessary validation requirements. Lack of availability and access to virology laboratories, due to lockdowns in countries, and lack of standards and certification for UV-C disinfection products limited product designers and firms in benchmarking their UV-C-based devices before market release. This work evaluates two UV-C disinfection devices for viricidal efficacy on PPE fabric and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified N95 respirators through controlled experiments using the H1N1 virus, which is enveloped and is transmitted via the respiratory route similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19. The experiment also evaluated the effectiveness of chemical disinfectants along with and versus UV-C disinfection. Experiments for material selection, UV dose calculation, and UV endurance of PPE samples to be disinfected are also discussed. The outcome of this work establishes a systematic method to validate the efficacy of UV-C disinfection products. The design guidelines would benefit product designers in designing UV-C-based disinfection products.

自2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行爆发以来,大量紫外线c (UV-C)消毒产品进入市场,尤其是在新兴经济体。手机、食品包装、口罩和个人防护用品等日常用品的uv -c消毒产品作为消费品在流行的电子商务平台上销售。从跨国公司到初创公司的产品设计师开始设计UV-C消毒产品,但没有现有技术参考,用户反馈或产品功效验证,这是产品设计的重要阶段。紫外线- c消毒产品的杀病毒效果不能被大多数消费者评估。许多公司进入UV-C产品领域,不知道必要的验证要求。由于各国封锁,缺乏病毒学实验室的可用性和可及性,以及缺乏UV-C消毒产品的标准和认证,限制了产品设计师和公司在投放市场之前对其基于UV-C的设备进行基准测试。本工作通过对照实验,评估了两种UV-C消毒装置对PPE织物和美国国家职业安全与卫生研究所(NIOSH)认证的N95口罩的杀病毒效果。H1N1病毒被包裹,并通过与导致COVID-19的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)相似的呼吸途径传播。该实验还评估了化学消毒剂与UV-C消毒的效果。讨论了PPE消毒样品的材料选择、紫外线剂量计算和紫外线耐久试验。本工作的结果建立了一个系统的方法来验证UV-C消毒产品的功效。设计指南将有利于产品设计师设计基于uv - c的消毒产品。
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引用次数: 7
Optical Fiber Time Delay Comparison Between NIST and LAMETRO. NIST与LAMETRO光纤时延比较。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.040
T Dennis, J Jimenez

We describe the results of a bilateral measurement comparison of optical fiber time delay between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and Laboratorio de Metrología, Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (LAMETRO-ICE, Costa Rica), which was conducted on a single-mode optical fiber reference spool at wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The measurement results showed the largest difference to be less than 0.93 ns, which is within the combined standard uncertainty (coverage factor k = 1) for the measurement systems at the two laboratories.

我们描述了在波长为1310 nm和1550 nm的单模光纤参考线轴上,美国国家标准与技术研究所(NIST, USA)和哥斯达黎加电力研究所(lamero - ice, Costa Rica)实验室Metrología对光纤时间延迟的双边测量比较结果。测量结果显示,最大差异小于0.93 ns,在两个实验室测量系统的综合标准不确定度(覆盖因子k = 1)范围内。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
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