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An Octacalcium Phosphate Forming Cement. 八磷酸钙形成水泥。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-07-01 Epub Date: 2010-08-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.019
M Markovic, L C Chow

The osteoconductive and possibly osteoinductive characteristics of OCP increased the interest in preparation of bone graft materials that contain OCP in its composition. Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) were prepared using a mixture of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), with α-TCP / DCPA molar ratio of 1/1 and distilled water or 0.5 mol / L phosphate aqueous solution (pH = 6.1 ± 0.1) as the cement liquid. Hardening time was (30 ± 1) min for the CPC mixed with water and (5 ± 1) min for the CPC mixed with phosphate solution. Diametral tensile strength (DTS), porosity (P), and phase composition (powder x-ray diffraction) were determined after the hardened specimens had been immersed in a physiological-like solution (PLS) for 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d. In CPC specimens prepared with water, calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) was formed and DTS and P were (9.03 ± 0.48) MPa and (37.05 ± 0.20) vol % after 1 d, respectively, and (9.15 ± 0.45) MPa and (37.24 ± 0.63) vol % after 3 d, respectively. In CPC specimens prepared with phosphate solution OCP and HA were formed and DTS and P were (4.38 ± 0.49) MPa and (41.44 ± 1.25) vol % after 1 d, respectively,(4.38 ± 0.29) MPa and (42.52 ± 2.15) vol % after 3 d, respectively, and (4.30 ± 0.60) MPa and (41.38 ± 1.65) vol % after 7 d, respectively. For each group DTS and P did not change with PLS immersion time. DTS was significantly higher and P was significantly lower for CPCs prepared with water. HA formation slightly increased with immersion time from 40 mass % after 1 d to 50 mass % after 3 d in CPCs prepared with water. OCP + HA formation increased with immersion time from 30 mass % after 1 d to 35 mass % after 3 d and to 45 mass % after 7 d in CPCs prepared with 0.5 mol / L phosphate solution.

OCP的骨导电性和可能的骨诱导特性增加了在其组成中含有OCP的骨移植材料制备的兴趣。以α-磷酸三钙(α-TCP)和无水磷酸二钙(DCPA)为原料,α-TCP / DCPA的摩尔比为1/1,以蒸馏水或0.5 mol / L磷酸水溶液(pH = 6.1±0.1)为水泥液制备磷酸钙水泥(CPCs)。与水混合的CPC硬化时间为(30±1)min,与磷酸盐溶液混合的CPC硬化时间为(5±1)min。径向抗张强度(DTS)、孔隙度(P)和相组成(粉末x射线衍射)测定硬化后标本一直沉浸在physiological-like解决方案(PLS) 1 d、3 d,和7 d。在中国共产党标本准备水,钙羟磷灰石(HA)成立和DTS和P(9.03±0.48)MPa和(37.05±0.20)% 1 d后卷,分别和(9.15±0.45)MPa和(37.24±0.63)%卷3 d后,分别。磷酸溶液制备的CPC标本OCP和HA形成,1d后DTS和P分别为(4.38±0.49)MPa和(41.44±1.25)vol %, 3d后DTS和P分别为(4.38±0.29)MPa和(42.52±2.15)vol %, 7d后分别为(4.30±0.60)MPa和(41.38±1.65)vol %。各组DTS和P均不随PLS浸泡时间变化。经水处理的CPCs的DTS显著升高,P显著降低。羟基磷灰石的形成随着浸泡时间的增加而略有增加,从1 d后的40%质量%增加到3 d后的50%质量%。在0.5 mol / L磷酸溶液中,OCP + HA的形成随浸泡时间的增加而增加,从浸泡1 d后的30质量%增加到浸泡3 d后的35质量%,浸泡7 d后增加到45质量%。
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引用次数: 21
Software Assurance Using Structured Assurance Case Models. 使用结构化保证案例模型的软件保证。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-06-01 Print Date: 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.013
Thomas Rhodes, Frederick Boland, Elizabeth Fong, Michael Kass

Software assurance is an important part of the software development process to reduce risks and ensure that the software is dependable and trustworthy. Software defects and weaknesses can often lead to software errors and failures and to exploitation by malicious users. Testing, certification and accreditation have been traditionally used in the software assurance process to attempt to improve software trustworthiness. In this paper, we examine a methodology known as a structured assurance model, which has been widely used for assuring system safety, for its potential application to software assurance. We describe the structured assurance model and examine its application and use for software assurance. We identify strengths and weaknesses of this approach and suggest areas for further investigation and testing.

软件保障是软件开发过程中降低风险、确保软件可靠和值得信赖的重要组成部分。软件缺陷和弱点通常会导致软件错误和失败,并被恶意用户利用。测试、认证和鉴定传统上用于软件保证过程,试图提高软件的可信度。在本文中,我们研究了一种被称为结构化保证模型的方法,它被广泛用于保证系统安全,因为它可能应用于软件保证。我们描述了结构化保证模型,并研究了它在软件保证中的应用和使用。我们确定了这种方法的优点和缺点,并提出了进一步调查和测试的领域。
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引用次数: 32
Estimating Volumes of Near-Spherical Molded Artifacts. 估计近球形模塑制品的体积。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-06-01 Print Date: 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.009
David E Gilsinn, Bruce R Borchardt, Amelia Tebbe
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is conducting research on developing reference lung cancer lesions, called phantoms, to test computed tomography (CT) scanners and their software. FDA loaned two semi-spherical phantoms to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), called Green and Pink, and asked to have the phantoms’ volumes estimated. This report describes in detail both the metrology and computational methods used to estimate the phantoms’ volumes. Three sets of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) measured data were produced. One set of data involved reference surface data measurements of a known calibrated metal sphere. The other two sets were measurements of the two FDA phantoms at two densities, called the coarse set and the dense set. Two computational approaches were applied to the data. In the first approach spherical models were fit to the calibrated sphere data and to the phantom data. The second approach was to model the data points on the boundaries of the spheres with surface B-splines and then use the Divergence Theorem to estimate the volumes. Fitting a B-spline model to the calibrated sphere data was done as a reference check on the algorithm performance. It gave assurance that the volumes estimated for the phantoms would be meaningful. The results for the coarse and dense data sets tended to predict the volumes as expected and the results did show that the Green phantom was very near spherical. This was confirmed by both computational methods. The spherical model did not fit the Pink phantom as well and the B-spline approach provided a better estimate of the volume in that case.
美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)正在进行一项研究,研究一种被称为“幽灵”的肺癌病变,以测试计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描仪及其软件。FDA向美国国家标准与技术研究所(NIST)借出了两个半球形的“绿色”和“粉色”幽灵,并要求对它们的体积进行估算。本报告详细描述了用于估算幽灵体积的计量学和计算方法。生成了三套三坐标测量机(CMM)测量数据。其中一组数据涉及已知校准金属球的参考表面数据测量。另外两组是两个FDA幻影在两种密度下的测量值,称为粗集和密集。对数据采用了两种计算方法。在第一种方法中,球面模型拟合校准后的球面数据和幻影数据。第二种方法是用曲面b样条对球体边界上的数据点进行建模,然后使用散度定理来估计体积。对标定后的球面数据拟合b样条模型作为算法性能的参考检验。它保证了为幽灵估计的数量是有意义的。粗糙和密集数据集的结果倾向于预测预期的体积,结果确实表明绿色幻影非常接近球形。两种计算方法都证实了这一点。球形模型不适合粉红色幻影以及b样条方法提供了更好的估计体积在这种情况下。
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引用次数: 2
Precision and Accuracy in Scientific Imaging. 科学成像的精度和准确性。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-06-01 Print Date: 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.011
Russell A Kirsch

Digital images are commonly used to represent scientific data. Typically, high resolution images with many square pixels are considered to be necessary under the assumption that the increased precision of such images yields increased accuracy to the viewer. We question this assumption by demonstrating improved accuracy in viewing digital images without requiring increased resolution by demonstrating how pixels with variable shapes chosen to best represent an image constitute a significant improvement over the square pixels in enhancing the accuracy of viewing such digital images.

数字图像通常用于表示科学数据。通常情况下,高分辨率图像与许多方形像素被认为是必要的假设下,这些图像的精度增加产生增加的精度,以观看者。我们质疑这一假设,通过展示在不需要增加分辨率的情况下观看数字图像的精度提高,通过展示如何选择具有可变形状的像素来最好地代表图像,在提高观看此类数字图像的精度方面构成了比正方形像素的显着改进。
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引用次数: 4
Linking the Results of CIPM and RMO Key Comparisons With Linear Trends. 将CIPM和RMO关键比较结果与线性趋势联系起来。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-06-01 Print Date: 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.010
Nien Fan Zhang

A statistical approach to link the results of interlaboratory comparisons with linear trends is proposed. This approach can be applied to the case that the comparison artifacts have the same nominal values or the measured quantities have the same magnitudes. The degrees of equivalence between the pairs of National Metrology Institutes that have not participated in the same comparisons, and their corresponding uncertainties are established. The approach is applied to link the CCEM-K2 and SIM.EM-K2 comparisons for resistance at 1 G Ω level.

提出了一种将实验室间比较结果与线性趋势联系起来的统计方法。这种方法可以应用于比较工件具有相同标称值或测量量具有相同幅度的情况。建立了未参与同一比较的国家计量院对之间的等值度及其相应的不确定度。将该方法应用于CCEM-K2与SIM的连接。EM-K2在1g Ω水平下的电阻比较。
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引用次数: 2
Interim Report on the Examination of Corrosion Damage in Homes Constructed With Imported Wallboard: Examination of Samples Received September 28, 2009. 进口墙板房屋腐蚀损害检查中期报告:2009年9月28日收到的样品检查。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-06-01 Print Date: 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.012
D J Pitchure, R E Ricker, M E Williams, S A Claggett

Since many household systems are fabricated out of metallic materials, changes to the household environment that accelerate corrosion rates will increase the frequency of failures in these systems. Recently, it has been reported that homes constructed with imported wallboard have increased failure rates in appliances, air conditioner heat exchanger coils, and visible corrosion on electrical wiring and other metal components. At the request of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) became involved through the Interagency Agreement CPSC-1-09-0023 to perform metallurgical analyses on samples and corrosion products removed from homes constructed using imported wallboard. This document reports on the analysis of the first group of samples received by NIST from CPSC. The samples received by NIST on September 28, 2009 consisted of copper tubing for supplying natural gas and two air conditioner heat exchanger coils. The examinations performed by NIST consisted of photography, metallurgical cross-sectioning, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Leak tests were also performed on the air conditioner heat exchanger coils. The objective of these examinations was to determine extent and nature of the corrosive attack, the chemical composition of the corrosion product, and the potential chemical reactions or environmental species responsible for accelerated corrosion. A thin black corrosion product was found on samples of the copper tubing. The XRD analysis of this layer indicated that this corrosion product was a copper sulfide phase and the diffraction peaks corresponded with those for the mineral digenite (Cu9S5). Corrosion products were also observed on other types of metals in the air conditioner coils where condensation would frequently wet the metals. The thickness of the corrosion product layer on a copper natural gas supply pipe with a wall thickness of 1.2 mm ± 0.2 mm was between 5 μm and 10 μm. These results indicate that a chemical compound that contains reduced sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is present in the environment to which these samples were exposed. The literature indicates that these species strongly influence corrosion rates of most metals and alloys even at low concentrations. None of the samples examined were failed components, and no evidence of imminent failure was found on any of the samples examined. All of the corrosion damage observed to date is consistent with a general attack form of corrosion that will progress in a uniform and relatively predictable manner. No evidence of localized attack was found, but these forms of attack typically require an incubation period before they initiate. Therefore, the number of samples examined to date is too small to draw a conclusion on the relative probability of these forms of corrosion being able to cause or not cause failure. Samples from failed systems or from l

由于许多家用系统是由金属材料制成的,因此家庭环境的变化会加速腐蚀速率,从而增加这些系统故障的频率。最近,有报道称,用进口墙板建造的住宅的电器、空调热交换器盘管的故障率增加,电线和其他金属部件也出现了明显的腐蚀。应消费者产品安全委员会(CPSC)的要求,美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)通过机构间协议CPSC-1-09-0023参与了对从使用进口墙板建造的房屋中取出的样品和腐蚀产物进行冶金分析。本文件报告了NIST从CPSC收到的第一组样品的分析。NIST于2009年9月28日收到的样品包括供应天然气的铜管和两个空调热交换器盘管。由NIST进行的检查包括摄影,冶金横截面,光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和x射线衍射(XRD)。对空调热交换器盘管进行了泄漏试验。这些检查的目的是确定腐蚀侵蚀的程度和性质,腐蚀产物的化学成分,以及导致加速腐蚀的潜在化学反应或环境物种。在铜管样品上发现了一种薄薄的黑色腐蚀产物。该层的XRD分析表明,该腐蚀产物为硫化铜相,其衍射峰与矿物辉长岩(Cu9S5)的衍射峰一致。在空调盘管中的其他类型的金属上也观察到腐蚀产物,这些金属经常被冷凝弄湿。当管道壁厚为1.2 mm±0.2 mm时,腐蚀产物层厚度在5 μm ~ 10 μm之间。这些结果表明,在这些样品暴露的环境中存在一种含有还原硫的化合物,如硫化氢(H2S)。文献表明,即使在低浓度下,这些物种也会强烈影响大多数金属和合金的腐蚀速率。检查的样品中没有一个是不合格的部件,也没有在检查的任何样品中发现即将失效的证据。迄今为止观察到的所有腐蚀损伤都与腐蚀的一般攻击形式一致,腐蚀将以统一且相对可预测的方式进行。没有发现局部攻击的证据,但这些形式的攻击通常需要一段潜伏期才能开始。因此,迄今为止检验的样品数量太少,无法得出这些形式的腐蚀能够导致或不会导致失效的相对概率的结论。将需要从失效系统或在各种冶金和环境条件下进行的实验室测试中获得样品,以评估这些其他形式的腐蚀导致失效的可能性。
{"title":"Interim Report on the Examination of Corrosion Damage in Homes Constructed With Imported Wallboard: Examination of Samples Received September 28, 2009.","authors":"D J Pitchure,&nbsp;R E Ricker,&nbsp;M E Williams,&nbsp;S A Claggett","doi":"10.6028/jres.115.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.115.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since many household systems are fabricated out of metallic materials, changes to the household environment that accelerate corrosion rates will increase the frequency of failures in these systems. Recently, it has been reported that homes constructed with imported wallboard have increased failure rates in appliances, air conditioner heat exchanger coils, and visible corrosion on electrical wiring and other metal components. At the request of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) became involved through the Interagency Agreement CPSC-1-09-0023 to perform metallurgical analyses on samples and corrosion products removed from homes constructed using imported wallboard. This document reports on the analysis of the first group of samples received by NIST from CPSC. The samples received by NIST on September 28, 2009 consisted of copper tubing for supplying natural gas and two air conditioner heat exchanger coils. The examinations performed by NIST consisted of photography, metallurgical cross-sectioning, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Leak tests were also performed on the air conditioner heat exchanger coils. The objective of these examinations was to determine extent and nature of the corrosive attack, the chemical composition of the corrosion product, and the potential chemical reactions or environmental species responsible for accelerated corrosion. A thin black corrosion product was found on samples of the copper tubing. The XRD analysis of this layer indicated that this corrosion product was a copper sulfide phase and the diffraction peaks corresponded with those for the mineral digenite (Cu9S5). Corrosion products were also observed on other types of metals in the air conditioner coils where condensation would frequently wet the metals. The thickness of the corrosion product layer on a copper natural gas supply pipe with a wall thickness of 1.2 mm ± 0.2 mm was between 5 μm and 10 μm. These results indicate that a chemical compound that contains reduced sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is present in the environment to which these samples were exposed. The literature indicates that these species strongly influence corrosion rates of most metals and alloys even at low concentrations. None of the samples examined were failed components, and no evidence of imminent failure was found on any of the samples examined. All of the corrosion damage observed to date is consistent with a general attack form of corrosion that will progress in a uniform and relatively predictable manner. No evidence of localized attack was found, but these forms of attack typically require an incubation period before they initiate. Therefore, the number of samples examined to date is too small to draw a conclusion on the relative probability of these forms of corrosion being able to cause or not cause failure. Samples from failed systems or from l","PeriodicalId":17039,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology","volume":"115 3","pages":"201-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34509413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues. 改进接触x射线显微摄影法测量牙硬组织矿物质密度。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-04-01 Print Date: 2010-03-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.006
B D Schmuck, C M Carey

Contact X-ray microradiography is the current gold standard for measuring mineral densities of partially demineralized tooth specimens. The X-ray sensitive film specified in the last J Res NIST publication on the subject is no longer commercially available. OBJECTIVES: Develop a new microradiographic method by identifying a commercially available film with greater than 3000 lines per millimeter resolution, which is sensitive to X rays, and develop correct film processing for X-ray microradiographic application. METHODS: A holographic film was identified as a potential replacement film. Proper exposure was determined utilizing a thick nickel plate to create test-strips. Film development was bracketed around manufacturer suggestions. Film linearity was determined with aluminum step-wedges. Microradiographs of 100 µm thick tooth sections, before and after acidic challenges, were a final test for film. Magnified images were captured with a digital microscope camera with 0.305 micrometers per pixel resolution. RESULTS: The appropriate film exposure was 30 minutes at 80 kV(p) and 3 mA with a development time of 2 minutes. Step-wedge experiments show the system to be linear in terms of pixel intensities with respect to x-ray attenuation for normalized pixel intensity values that are 10% to 90% of full scale (r(2) = 0.997) which encompasses the full exposure region of tooth tissue. Enamel sections were analyzed and show distinctive differences between erosion and demineralization. The image capture device resolution of 0.305 micrometers per pixel limits the system resolution. CONCLUSION: Use of the identified holographic film when combined with the described processing modifications has resulted in an improved X-ray microradiographic method for the measurement of mineral density of dental hard tissues. The method described can be further improved by using a higher resolution digitization system. The method is appropriate for quantitatively measuring changes in mineral density and erosion.

接触式x射线显微摄影是目前测量部分脱矿牙齿标本矿物质密度的金标准。在jres NIST关于该主题的最新出版物中指定的x射线敏感胶片已不再在商业上可用。目的:通过识别对X射线敏感的大于3000线/毫米分辨率的市售胶片,开发一种新的微射线照相方法,并开发用于X射线微射线照相应用的正确胶片处理方法。方法:全息膜被确定为一种潜在的替代膜。适当的曝光是确定利用厚镍板创建测试条。胶卷的冲洗是围绕制造商的建议进行的。用铝阶梯楔测定薄膜线性度。100µm厚的牙齿切片的微射线照片,在酸性挑战之前和之后,是对胶片的最后测试。用分辨率为0.305微米/像素的数码显微镜相机拍摄放大图像。结果:适当的显影时间为2分钟,80 kV(p), 3 mA,曝光时间为30分钟。阶梯形实验表明,当归一化像素强度值为满量程的10%至90% (r(2) = 0.997)时,该系统的像素强度与x射线衰减呈线性关系,该归一化像素强度值包含牙齿组织的全暴露区域。牙釉质切片分析显示出侵蚀和脱矿的明显差异。每像素0.305微米的图像捕获设备分辨率限制了系统分辨率。结论:使用鉴定的全息胶片与所描述的处理修改相结合,导致了一种改进的用于测量牙齿硬组织矿物质密度的x射线显微放射学方法。通过使用更高分辨率的数字化系统,可以进一步改进所描述的方法。该方法适用于定量测量矿物密度和侵蚀的变化。
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引用次数: 9
Development and Demonstration of a Method to Evaluate Bio-Sampling Strategies Using Building Simulation and Sample Planning Software. 一种利用建筑模拟和样本规划软件评估生物采样策略的方法的开发和演示。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-04-01 Print Date: 2010-03-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.008
W Stuart Dols, Andrew K Persily, Jayne B Morrow, Brett D Matzke, Landon H Sego, Lisa L Nuffer, Brent A Pulsipher

In an effort to validate and demonstrate response and recovery sampling approaches and technologies, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), along with several other agencies, have simulated a biothreat agent release within a facility at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on two separate occasions in the fall of 2007 and the fall of 2008. Because these events constitute only two realizations of many possible scenarios, increased understanding of sampling strategies can be obtained by virtually examining a wide variety of release and dispersion scenarios using computer simulations. This research effort demonstrates the use of two software tools, CONTAM, developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and Visual Sample Plan (VSP), developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The CONTAM modeling software was used to virtually contaminate a model of the INL test building under various release and dissemination scenarios as well as a range of building design and operation parameters. The results of these CONTAM simulations were then used to investigate the relevance and performance of various sampling strategies using VSP. One of the fundamental outcomes of this project was the demonstration of how CONTAM and VSP can be used together to effectively develop sampling plans to support the various stages of response to an airborne chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear event. Following such an event (or prior to an event), incident details and the conceptual site model could be used to create an ensemble of CONTAM simulations which model contaminant dispersion within a building. These predictions could then be used to identify priority area zones within the building and then sampling designs and strategies could be developed based on those zones.

为了验证和演示响应和恢复采样方法和技术,美国国土安全部(DHS)与其他几个机构在2007年秋季和2008年秋季分别在爱达荷国家实验室(INL)的一个设施内模拟了一次生物威胁剂的释放。由于这些事件仅构成许多可能情景的两种实现,因此可以通过使用计算机模拟虚拟地检查各种各样的释放和分散情景来增加对抽样策略的理解。这项研究工作演示了两种软件工具的使用,CONTAM由美国国家标准与技术研究所(NIST)开发,VSP由太平洋西北国家实验室(PNNL)开发。使用CONTAM建模软件在各种释放和传播场景以及一系列建筑设计和操作参数下对INL测试建筑模型进行虚拟污染。然后使用这些CONTAM模拟的结果来研究使用VSP的各种采样策略的相关性和性能。该项目的一个基本成果是演示了CONTAM和VSP如何一起有效地制定采样计划,以支持对空气中化学、生物、放射性或核事件的各个阶段的响应。在这样的事件发生之后(或事件发生之前),事件细节和概念现场模型可以用来创建一个CONTAM模拟的集合,该模型可以模拟建筑物内的污染物扩散。这些预测可以用来确定建筑物内的优先区域,然后可以根据这些区域制定抽样设计和策略。
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引用次数: 2
Polyelectrolyte Multilayer-Treated Electrodes for Real-Time Electronic Sensing of Cell Proliferation. 用于细胞增殖实时电子传感的聚电解质多层处理电极。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-04-01 Print Date: 2010-03-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.005
Geraldine I Mijares, Darwin R Reyes, Jon Geist, Michael Gaitan, Brian J Polk, Don L DeVoe

We report on the use of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings as a non-biological surface preparation to facilitate uniform cell attachment and growth on patterned thin-film gold (Au) electrodes on glass for impedance-based measurements. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are commonly utilized as cell adhesion promoters for electrodes; however, they exhibit degradation over time, thereby imposing limitations on the duration of conductance-based biosensor experiments. The motivation for the use of PEM coatings arises from their long-term surface stability as promoters for cell attachment, patterning, and culture. In this work, a cell proliferation monitoring device was fabricated. It consisted of thin-film Au electrodes deposited with a titanium-tungsten (TiW) adhesion layer that were patterned on a glass substrate and passivated to create active electrode areas. The electrode surfaces were then treated with a poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) anchoring layer and subsequent bilayers of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were cultured on the device, observed by optical microscopy, and showed uniform growth characteristics similar to those observed on a traditional polystyrene cell culture dish. The optical observations were correlated to electrical measurements on the PEM-treated electrodes, which exhibited a rise in impedance with cell proliferation and stabilized to an approximate 15 % increase as the culture approached confluency. In conclusion, cells proliferate uniformly over gold and glass PEM-treated surfaces, making them useful for continuous impedance-based, real-time monitoring of cell proliferation and for the determination of cell growth rate in cellular assays.

我们报道了使用聚电解质多层(PEM)涂层作为非生物表面制备,以促进均匀的细胞附着和生长在玻璃上的图图化薄膜金(Au)电极上,用于基于阻抗的测量。细胞外基质(ECM)蛋白通常被用作电极的细胞粘附促进剂;然而,随着时间的推移,它们表现出降解,从而限制了基于电导的生物传感器实验的持续时间。使用PEM涂层的动机源于其作为细胞附着、成图化和培养促进剂的长期表面稳定性。在这项工作中,制作了一个细胞增殖监测装置。它由镀有钛钨(TiW)粘附层的薄膜金电极组成,该层被图案化在玻璃衬底上并钝化以产生活性电极区域。然后用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)锚定层和随后的聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)和聚丙烯胺盐酸盐(PAH)双层处理电极表面。在该装置上培养NIH-3T3小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,通过光学显微镜观察,显示出与传统聚苯乙烯细胞培养皿相似的均匀生长特征。光学观察结果与经pem处理的电极的电学测量结果相关联,电极的阻抗随着细胞增殖而上升,并在培养接近汇合时稳定在约15%的水平。总之,细胞在金和玻璃pem处理的表面上均匀增殖,使它们用于基于阻抗的细胞增殖的连续实时监测和细胞测定中细胞生长速率的测定。
{"title":"Polyelectrolyte Multilayer-Treated Electrodes for Real-Time Electronic Sensing of Cell Proliferation.","authors":"Geraldine I Mijares,&nbsp;Darwin R Reyes,&nbsp;Jon Geist,&nbsp;Michael Gaitan,&nbsp;Brian J Polk,&nbsp;Don L DeVoe","doi":"10.6028/jres.115.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.115.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report on the use of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings as a non-biological surface preparation to facilitate uniform cell attachment and growth on patterned thin-film gold (Au) electrodes on glass for impedance-based measurements. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are commonly utilized as cell adhesion promoters for electrodes; however, they exhibit degradation over time, thereby imposing limitations on the duration of conductance-based biosensor experiments. The motivation for the use of PEM coatings arises from their long-term surface stability as promoters for cell attachment, patterning, and culture. In this work, a cell proliferation monitoring device was fabricated. It consisted of thin-film Au electrodes deposited with a titanium-tungsten (TiW) adhesion layer that were patterned on a glass substrate and passivated to create active electrode areas. The electrode surfaces were then treated with a poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) anchoring layer and subsequent bilayers of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were cultured on the device, observed by optical microscopy, and showed uniform growth characteristics similar to those observed on a traditional polystyrene cell culture dish. The optical observations were correlated to electrical measurements on the PEM-treated electrodes, which exhibited a rise in impedance with cell proliferation and stabilized to an approximate 15 % increase as the culture approached confluency. In conclusion, cells proliferate uniformly over gold and glass PEM-treated surfaces, making them useful for continuous impedance-based, real-time monitoring of cell proliferation and for the determination of cell growth rate in cellular assays.</p>","PeriodicalId":17039,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology","volume":"115 2","pages":"61-73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.6028/jres.115.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34446792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
NIST Gas Hydrate Research Database and Web Dissemination Channel. NIST 气体水合物研究数据库和网络传播渠道。
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2010-04-01 Print Date: 2010-03-01 DOI: 10.6028/jres.115.007
K Kroenlein, C D Muzny, A Kazakov, V V Diky, R D Chirico, M Frenkel, E D Sloan

To facilitate advances in application of technologies pertaining to gas hydrates, a freely available data resource containing experimentally derived information about those materials was developed. This work was performed by the Thermodynamic Research Center (TRC) paralleling a highly successful database of thermodynamic and transport properties of molecular pure compounds and their mixtures. Population of the gas-hydrates database required development of guided data capture (GDC) software designed to convert experimental data and metadata into a well organized electronic format, as well as a relational database schema to accommodate all types of numerical and metadata within the scope of the project. To guarantee utility for the broad gas hydrate research community, TRC worked closely with the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) task group for Data on Natural Gas Hydrates, an international data sharing effort, in developing a gas hydrate markup language (GHML). The fruits of these efforts are disseminated through the NIST Sandard Reference Data Program [1] as the Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database (SRD #156). A web-based interface for this database, as well as scientific results from the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program [2], is deployed at http://gashydrates.nist.gov.

为了促进天然气水合物相关技术的应用,我们开发了一个可免费获取的数据资源,其中包含通过实验获得的有关这些材料的信息。这项工作由热力学研究中心(TRC)与一个非常成功的分子纯化合物及其混合物热力学和传输特性数据库同步进行。气体水合物数据库的建立需要开发引导数据捕获(GDC)软件,该软件旨在将实验数据和元数据转换为组织良好的电子格式,以及一个关系数据库模式,以容纳项目范围内的所有类型的数值和元数据。为保证天然气水合物研究界的广泛使用,研究中心与国际数据共享委员会(CODATA)天然气水合物数据工作组密切合作,开发了天然气水合物标记语言(GHML)。这些努力的成果通过 NIST Sandard Reference Data Program [1] 作为 Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database(SRD #156)发布。该数据库的网络界面以及 Mallik 2002 天然气水合物生产研究井计划[2]的科学成果已部署在 http://gashydrates.nist.gov 上。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
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